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Late Pleistocene Human Remains from Wezmeh Cave, Western Iran

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Late Pleistocene Human Remains from Wezmeh Cave, Western Iran AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 000:000–000 (2007) Late Pleistocene Human Remains From Wezmeh Cave, Western Iran Erik Trinkaus,1* Fereidoun Biglari,2 Marjan Mashkour,3 Herve´ Monchot,4 Jean-Louis Reyss,5 He´le` ne Rougier,6 Saman Heydari,7 and Kamyar Abdi8 1Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis MO 63130-4899 2Center for Paleolithic Research, National Museum of Iran, Iran Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization, P.O. Box 11365/4364, Tehran, Iran 3De´partement d’Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversite´, UMR 5197/CNRS, Baˆtiment d’Anatomie Compare´e, Muse´um national d’Histoire naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France 4De´partement de Pre´histoire, UMR 5198/CNRS, Institut de Pale´ontologie Humaine, Muse´um national d’Histoire naturelle, 1 rue Rene´ Panhard, 75013 Paris, France 5Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, UMR CEA-CNRS, Domaine du CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France 6Laboratoire d’Anthropologie des Populations du Passe´, UMR 5199 PACEA, Universite´ de Bordeaux 1, Avenue des Faculte´s, 33405 Talence cedex, France 7Abteilung A¨ ltere Urgeschichte und Quarta¨ro¨kologie, Institut fu¨r Ur-und Fru¨hgeschichte und Archa¨ologie des Mittelalters, Universita¨t Tu¨ bingen, Schloss Hohentu¨bingen, 72070 Tu¨bingen, Germany 8Department of Anthropology, 6047 Silsby Hall, Dartmouth Colleg, Hanover NH 03755 KEY WORDS human paleontology; modern humans; Neandertals; dentition; carnivores; Zagros ABSTRACT Paleontological analysis of remains from phology is not diagnostic of late archaic versus early Wezmeh Cave in western Iran have yielded a Holocene modern human affinities, but its buccolingual diameter Chalcolithic archeological assemblage, a rich Late Pleis- places it at the upper limits of Late Pleistocene human tocene carnivore faunal assemblage, and an isolated un- P3 and P4 dimensions and separate from a terminal erupted human maxillary premolar (P3 or possibly P4). Pleistocene regional sample. Wezmeh Cave therefore Species representation and U-series dating of faunal provides additional Paleolithic human remains from the teeth place the carnivore assemblage during oxygen iso- Zagros Mountains and further documents Late Pleisto- tope stages (OIS) 3 and 2, and noninvasive gamma spec- cene human association with otherwise carnivore-domi- trometry dating of the human premolar places it at least nated cave assemblages. Am J Phys Anthropol 000:000– as old as early OIS 2. The human premolar crown mor- 000, 2007. VC 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Despite long term interest and excavation of sites in of the Qazivand Mountains, about 60 m above the valley the Zagros Mountains of western Iran and eastern Iraq, floor on a steep slope with a dip of ca. 368. From the en- Paleolithic human remains have rarely been found. The trance, for 12 m back, the cave is relatively straight. At principal exception is the 10 partial Neandertal skele- ca. 15 m from its mouth, the cave makes a sharp turn tons excavated in Shanidar Cave (Iraq) between 1953 towards the west and extends for about 5 m in which and 1960 (Solecki, 1963; Trinkaus, 1983; Cowgill et al., the height of the ceiling gradually increases. The floor of 2007). Of the Middle Paleolithic fragmentary remains this section also has a 138 slope downwards, which led to from Bisitun and Tamtama caves (Iran) excavated by a large pit (ca. 4 3 2m2) excavated by clandestine dig- Coon (1951), only the Bisitun 1 radial diaphysis is gers. This section of the cave extends for 5 m and then human (Trinkaus, 2006; Trinkaus and Biglari, 2006). makes a turn towards the southwest and extends for Fragments of earlier Upper Paleolithic humans have another 7 m with a steep slope downwards. also been noted from Gar Arjeneh (Iran) but are unde- The cave was discovered in 1999 during archeological scribed (Hole and Flannery, 1967). It is in this context survey of the Islamabad Plain, when it was realized that that we report here an isolated human premolar from Wezmeh Cave, Iran, associated with a rich Late Pleisto- cene faunal assemblage dominated by carnivores. Grant sponsor: Muse´um national d’Histoire Naturelle. *Correspondence to: Erik Trinkaus, Washington University, WEZMEH CAVE Department of Anthropology, Campus Box 1114, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899. Wezmeh Cave is a small cave (Figs. 1–3), with a sur- E-mail: [email protected] face area of ca. 45 m2, a depth of 27 m, and a current opening of 2 m wide by 1.2 m high. It is located ca. Received 26 June 2007; accepted 28 September 2007 12 km southeast of the town of Islamabad-e Gharb and 0 3.5 km northeast of the village of Tajar-e Akbar (348 03 DOI 10.1002/ajpa.20753 0 20@ N and 468 38 42@ E). The cave faces north at an ele- Published online in Wiley InterScience vation of 1,430 m a.s.l., 100 m lower than the summit (www.interscience.wiley.com). VC 2007 WILEY-LISS, INC. 2 E. TRINKAUS ET AL. Fig. 1. Map of the central Zagros Mountains showing the locations of known Upper Pleis- tocene sites that have yielded human remains. Fig. 2. General view of the narrow valley at the Qazivand Mountain where the Wezmeh Cave is located. The site is indi- cated by a circle. part of the cave’s contents at the rear chamber had been could not be attributed to any Paleolithic industry. The displaced onto the slope in 1995 by local people looking faunal remains, however, consist of two samples, one for artifacts (Abdi et al., 2002). The survey discovered clearly Holocene based on its preservation, and the other Early and Middle Chalcolithic material mixed with a distinctively more patinated and mineralized and there- large mammal fauna and some human remains. The ma- fore appearing substantially older [Mashkour et al. (sub- jority of the fragmentary human remains appear preser- mitted)]. vationally and morphologically recent, and they most In light of these findings, in 2001 a short field season likely derived from the Chalcolithic occupation of the was undertaken, during which faunal remains out of cave. Three lithic artifacts were found, one amorphous context were collected from the exterior slope, a 3 3 flake, one simple flake, and a rough blade, but they 3m2 trench was excavated to bedrock on the terrace im- American Journal of Physical Anthropology—DOI 10.1002/ajpa WEZMEH HUMAN PREMOLAR 3 Fig. 3. Plan of the Wezmeh Cave with the areas of excava- tion (after Abdi et al., 2002). The area of the clandestine excavation is indicated at the top, as are the positions of the six test pits within the cave and the larger trench at the en- trance to the cave. mediately outside of the cave entrance, and six test pits excavations on the terrace and within the cave yielded at 2-m intervals were dug to bedrock within the cave an abundant faunal assemblage, particularly rich in car- (Fig. 3). The excavated trench and other small test pits nivore remains and including a human premolar of pos- yielded Chalcolithic material consisting of sherds, two sibly Pleistocene age and the three lithic artifacts, flint blades, beads, bone tools, and some faunal remains. [Mashkour et al. (submitted)] (Mashkour, in Abdi et al., But the surface collecting on the exterior slope and the 2002). American Journal of Physical Anthropology—DOI 10.1002/ajpa 4 E. TRINKAUS ET AL. Fig. 4. Minimum number of individuals (MNI) for the Wez- Fig. 5. Mesial (M), distal (D), buccal (B), lingual (L), and meh Cave Late Pleistocene faunal assemblage, showing the pre- occlusal views of the Wezmeh 1 maxillary premolar. Scale in dominance of carnivore species (numbers 1–11 to the left). 1: millimeters. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, Crocuta crocuta;2:Ursus arctos;3:Panthera leo;4:P. pardus; which is available at www.interscience.wiley.com.] 5: Caracal/Lynx/Felis;6:Felis silvestris;7:Canis lupus;8: Vulpes vulpes;9:Meles meles; 10: Mustela putorius;11:Martes martes (foina?); 12: Herpestes sp.; 13: Dicerorhinus sp.; 14: Equus caballus; 15: Hemionus/E. asinus; 16: Bos primigenius; 17: Sus scrofa; 18: Cervus elaphus; 19: Gazella sp.; 20: Ovis ori- (N 5 1,734) of the NISP and 74.1% of the total minimum entalis; 21: Capra aegagrus. number of individuals (carnivores and ungulates). This ratio is always at least 20% in carnivore dens; in con- trast, it is less than 10% in archeological assemblages (Klein and Cruz-Uribe, 1984). Among the carnivores it is the four cave-denning species, C. crocuta, U. arctos, THE VERTEBRATE FAUNAL CONTEXT Canis lupus and Vulpes vulpes, which dominate the Age of the faunal assemblage assemblage. These four denning species have NISP to MNI ratios of 25.9–43.7, reflecting the high level of skel- The mixed faunal remains were sorted into those that etal part representation for these individuals; they are appeared Holocene (or Chalcolithic) in age and those nonetheless approached by several of the Artiodactyl that were likely to be considerably older. Among the lat- species, especially Sus scrofa (24.3) and Ovis orientalis ter (Fig. 4) were three species that suggested an early or (21.2), even though there are far fewer individuals for pre-Holocene age for the assemblage. The hyena repre- those species. The carnivore remains include all anatom- sented (the spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta) underwent a ical regions of the skeleton, whereas the herbivore significant decrease in prevalence during the last glacial remains consist principally of the distal portions of the and disappeared from southwestern Asia (including the extremities, suggesting scavenging of the latter. In addi- Iranian Plateau) around 13–11 ka cal BP (Stuart, 1991; tion, there were a few hyena coprolites in the cave Stiner, 2004).
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