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TESIS ALFONSO PADILLA.Pdf UNIVERSIDAD INTERNACIONAL SEK FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS JURÍDICAS Y SOCIALES Trabajo de fin de carrera titulado: “LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS CONOCIMIENTOS ANCESTRALES DENTRO DEL MARCO JURÍDICO DE LA COMUNIDAD ANDINA” Realizado por: EDISON ALFONSO PADILLA LOAYZA Director del trabajo: DR. MARCELO VARGAS MENDOZA Como requisito para la obtención del título de ABOGADO DE LOS TRIBUNALES Y JUZGADOS DE LA REPÚBLICA DEL ECUADOR QUITO, ABRIL DEL 2015 Universidad Internacional SEK “LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS CONOCIMIENTOS ANCESTRALES DENTRO DEL MARCO JURÍDICO DE LA COMUNIDAD ANDINA” DECLARACIÓN JURAMENTADA Yo Edison Alfonso Padilla Loayza, declaro bajo juramento que el trabajo aquí descrito es de mi autoría; que no ha sido previamente presentada para ningún grado o calificación profesional; y, que he consultado las referencias bibliográficas que se incluyen en este documento. A través de la presente declaración cedo mis derechos de propiedad intelectual Correspondientes a este trabajo, a la UNIVERSIDAD INTERNACIONAL SEK, según lo establecido por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, por su Reglamento y por la normatividad institucional vigente. ………………………………… Edison Alfonso Padilla Loayza C.C. 171538955-5 ii Universidad Internacional SEK “LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS CONOCIMIENTOS ANCESTRALES DENTRO DEL MARCO JURÍDICO DE LA COMUNIDAD ANDINA” DECLARATORIA El presente trabajo de investigación de fin de carrera, titulado LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS CONOCIMIENTOS ANCESTRALES DENTRO DEL MARCO JURÍDICO DE LA COMUNIDAD ANDINA Realizado por el alumno EDISON ALFONSO PADILLA LOAYZA Como requisito para la obtención del título de ABOGADO Ha sido dirigido por el profesor Msc. MARCELO VARGAS MENDOZA Quien considera que constituye un trabajo original de su Autor. …………………………………………………………. Msc. MARCELO VARGAS MENDOZA Director iii Universidad Internacional SEK “LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS CONOCIMIENTOS ANCESTRALES DENTRO DEL MARCO JURÍDICO DE LA COMUNIDAD ANDINA” Los profesores informantes Dra. Lorena Bermúdez, y Dra. Carolina Dorado Después de revisar el trabajo escrito presentado, lo han calificado como apto para su defensa oral ante el tribunal examinador. ………………………… ..………… …………………………………… Dra. LORENA BERMUDEZ Dra. CAROLINA DORADO iv Universidad Internacional SEK “LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS CONOCIMIENTOS ANCESTRALES DENTRO DEL MARCO JURÍDICO DE LA COMUNIDAD ANDINA” DEDICATORIA Dedico este trabajo a mis Padres, por todo su apoyo durante estos años de estudio, por enseñarme el valor de la responsabilidad y de la preparación diaria para enfrentar el porvenir. Espero haber retribuido todo el esfuerzo que han entregado día a día. A Leslie Santamaría, la persona que me ha brindado su amor durante estos seis años, gracias por todo tu apoyo incondicional, por todas tus enseñanzas y por el impulso que das cada día a mi vida. v Universidad Internacional SEK “LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS CONOCIMIENTOS ANCESTRALES DENTRO DEL MARCO JURÍDICO DE LA COMUNIDAD ANDINA AGRADECIMIENTO A mis profesores, espero haber sido recíproco con el esfuerzo realizado por preparar de la mejor manera a las futuras generaciones de profesionales. vi Universidad Internacional SEK “LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS CONOCIMIENTOS ANCESTRALES DENTRO DEL MARCO JURÍDICO DE LA COMUNIDAD ANDINA” RESUMEN EJECUTIVO En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis de la normativa jurídica andina sobre los avances en cuanto a acceso, uso y utilización de conocimientos tradicionales; así como a los mecanismos de protección que las comunidades indígenas y locales han utilizado para controlar, proteger y conservar el uso y utilización apropiada de los conocimientos enunciados, desde su conceptualización y sus elementos de distinción, hasta los diferentes instrumentos jurídicos de carácter nacional, comunitario andino e internacional, tomando en cuenta también doctrinas y el grado de conocimiento sobre el tema que tengan los miembros de comunidades ancestrales, pueblos indígenas o nacionalidades; logrando identificar cada una de las falencias y fortalezas de dichos sistemas, para, finalmente, lograr una propuesta de Decisión que se ubicará dentro del marco del jurídico del Derecho Comunitario Andino tendiente a lograr una protección integral de los conocimientos tradicionales. vii Universidad Internacional SEK “LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS CONOCIMIENTOS ANCESTRALES DENTRO DEL MARCO JURÍDICO DE LA COMUNIDAD ANDINA” ABSTRACT In this paper an analysis of the Andean legal rules on the progress that normative have had accomplished about the access, use and utilization of traditional knowledge, is made; as well as an analysis of the protection mechanisms that indigenous and local communities have used to control, protect and conserve the use and appropriate utilization of the knowledge stated above; from its concept and elements of distinction, to the several legal instruments of national, Andean Community and international normative, reviewing doctrines and considering the degree of knowledge on the subject that the members of traditional communities, indigenous peoples and nationalities have; resulting in identifying each of the flaws and strengths of these systems, to finally succeed to propose a decision to be applied within the legal framework of the Andean Community Law aimed to achieve a comprehensive protection of traditional knowledge. viii Universidad Internacional SEK “LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS CONOCIMIENTOS ANCESTRALES DENTRO DEL MARCO JURÍDICO DE LA COMUNIDAD ANDINA” Tabla de Contenido INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................. 1 CAPÍTULO PRIMERO ..................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Comunidades Ancestrales [Comunas, comunidades, pueblos y nacionalidades indígenas]. ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.1.1 Definición: ................................................................................................... 8 1.1.2 Comunidades Ancestrales dentro del territorio ecuatoriano. ..................... 9 1.2 Conocimientos Tradicionales. .................................................................... 14 1.2.1 Definición: ................................................................................................. 14 a. Titularidad Colectiva. ………………………………………………………... 32 b. Oralidad. .................................................................................................... 21 c. Producción Empírica. ................................................................................. 22 d. Sistema de Creencias. ................................................................................ 23 1.2.2 Naturaleza Jurídica. .................................................................................. 23 1.2.3 Evolución Histórica. ……..………………………………………………39 1.2.4 Ámbito de aplicación de los Conocimientos Tradicionales. ...................... 31 1.2.5 Sistema de protección sui generis de los Conocimientos Tradicionales…45 CAPÍTULO SEGUNDO .................................................................................................. 36 LA LEGISLACION INTERNACIONAL SOBRE LOS CONOCIMIENTOS TRADICIONALES. ........................................................................................................ 36 2.1 Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo.- Convenio 169 Sobre Pueblos Indígenas y Tribales en Países Independientes. (1989). .............................................. 36 2.2 Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica.- CDB (1992). ........................ 42 2.3 Declaración Universal de la UNESCO sobre la Diversidad Cultural (2001)47 2.4 Declaración de Cancún de Países Megadiversos Afines. (2002) ............... 53 2.5 Declaración del Cusco sobre Acceso a Recursos Genéticos, Conocimiento Tradicional y Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual de los Países Megadiversos Afines 55 ix Universidad Internacional SEK “LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS CONOCIMIENTOS ANCESTRALES DENTRO DEL MARCO JURÍDICO DE LA COMUNIDAD ANDINA” 2.6 Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas (2007). ......................................................................................................... 58 2.6.1 Foro Permanente, Mecanismos de Expertos y Relator Especial. ............. 58 2.6.2 Análisis de la Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas. ................................................................................................... 62 2.7 Protocolo de Swakopmund sobre la Protección de Conocimientos Tradicionales y las expresiones de folclore en el Marco de la Organización Regional Africana de la Propiedad Intelectual (ARIPO) ............................................................ 71 CAPITULO TERCERO .................................................................................................. 73 NORMATIVA COMUNITARIA ANDINA SOBRE CONOCIMIENTOS TRADICIONALES ......................................................................................................... 73 3.1 Comunidad Andina. – CAN. ...................................................................... 73 1. Decisión 391 sobre Régimen Común sobre Acceso a los Recursos Genéticos 81 2. Decisión 486 Régimen Común de Propiedad Industrial. .......................... 85 3. Decisión 351 sobre Régimen Común sobre Derecho de Autor y Derechos Conexos. ................................................................................................................... 88 4. Taller Subregional sobre el Folclore y los Conocimientos
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