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Lectotypification of Larus Smithsonianus Coues, 1862 (Aves: Laridae)

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Lectotypification of Larus Smithsonianus Coues, 1862 (Aves: Laridae) PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 120(4):382-386. 2007. Lectotypification of Larus smithsonianus Coues, 1862 (Aves: Laridae) Storrs L. Olson* and Richard C. Banks Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, U.S.A. Abstract.•The gull Larus smithsonianus Coues, 1862 was based on specimens in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, but no type material has been identified and the type locality was never restricted beyond the eastern and western coasts of North America. We here designate USNM 18216 as lectotype, and the restricted type locality thus becomes Henley Harbour, Strait of Belle Isle, Newfoundland Labrador, Canada. It is proposed that Larus smithsonianus be treated as specifically distinct from the Old World Herring Gull Larus argentatus and take the English name Smithsonian Gull. Taxonomy of the so-called white-head- 1957; Pierotti & Good 1994). Recent ed gull complex involves some of the research suggests, however, that species more persistent problems in avian sys- status for L. smithsonianus needs to be tematics. Molecular studies are beginning reconsidered (Crochet et al. 2002, 2003; to reveal more complicated evolutionary Liebers et al. 2004; Pons et al. 2005). patterns than were previously discerned Furthermore, it is also possible that through studies of morphology, behavior, American birds may be divisible into hybridization, etc. (Crochet et al. 2002, more than one subspecies. Banks and 2003; Liebers et al. 2004; Pons et al. M. R. Browning (pers. obs.) noted 2005), and numerous taxa previously differences in mantle color between east- recognized at the subspecies level have ern Canadian and interior populations. now been suggested to be full species. Jonsson & Mactavish (2001) documented Central to the problem is the complex differences in wing tip patterning between of large gulls that includes the Herring populations at Niagara Falls and New- Gull Larus argentatus Pontopiddan, 1763, foundland. Therefore, it becomes essen- a familiar species along European shores tial to tie the name Larus smithsonianus to and throughout most of North America. a particular population through designa- Larus argentatus was described from tion of a lectotype in the event that the Europe, with a restricted type locality of species may be divisible into more than Christians0, Denmark. The North Amer- one taxonomic unit. ican birds were also known under that Surprisingly, no type specimens of L. name until segregated by Coues (1862) as smithsonianus have ever been identified, Larus smithsonianus. Coues (1873) himself and the type locality has never been soon demoted his new taxon to a "varie- restricted, having always been quoted ty" of L. argentatus, and it has been with Coues' (1862:297) "habitat" desig- known as a variety or subspecies of L. nation of "Eastern and Western coasts of argentatus ever since (Ridgway 1919; North America." As is clear from his title, American Ornithologists' Union 1886, Coues (1862) based his revision of North American Laridae upon specimens in the * Corresponding author. Smithsonian Institution. Therefore, tech- VOLUME 120, NUMBER 4 383 nically speaking, all North American Francisco, collected in that immediate specimens of Larus "argentatus" that vicinity"; also, "specimens in the collec- were in the Smithsonian collections up tions of Messrs. Kennicott and Ross from to 1862 are possible syntypes of L. localities whose general avi-fauna [sic] is smithsonianus. However, regarding the rather of a western than of an eastern distinguishing features of his new taxon type." Coues' text makes it clear that he Coues (1862:298) stated that "in fully conceived of his new name as referring to adult birds these characters are constant" birds of eastern North America, to which (Coues' emphasis). Therefore, type status he then referred the western populations, might best be reserved for fully adult so it would be preferable to restrict the birds in Coues' series, even though dark- type locality to somewhere in eastern plumaged immature birds are more easily North America. distinguished from L. argentatus. In dedicating his new species to Ridgway (1919:617) considered Larus the Smithsonian Institution, Coues (1862: smithsonianus to be synonymous with L. 300) mentions that the Institution's ma- argentatus, made no attempt to typify the terial was "unequalled in richness and taxon, and only repeated Coues' "habi- extent." Unfortunately, the richness and tat" statement followed by "no type extent of what was available to Coues has locality designated." Dwight (1925:194), since diminished greatly, as many of the in his classic study of systematics and specimens he had to have seen were plumages of gulls, recognized the validity exchanged, given away, or otherwise can of L. smithsonianus as a subspecies of L. no longer be traced. Among these are two argentatus and considered that Coues collected by Coues himself on a govern- gave "a correct diagnosis and an able ment expedition to Labrador in 1860 discussion of the characters," but made (Coues 1861) when he was but eighteen no reference to type material. After C. E. years old (Todd 1963:9). These were Hellmayr took over the Catalogue of a male (USNM 18218) taken 3 July at Birds of the Americas, he usually at- "Sloop Harbour" (=Gore Island, Todd tempted to provide information on the 1963:809) and a female (USNM 18219) whereabouts of the types of each species taken 23 July at "Groswater Bay" (=Ham- or subspecies treated, but for Larus ilton Inlet, Todd 1963:792). According smithsonianus it was merely stated that to the Smithsonian catalog, the first of there was "no type or type locality these went to John Krider on 24 October indicated" (Hellmayr & Conover 1948: 1860 and the second is annotated as 263). Deignan (1961), who was nor- probably also having gone to Krider, mally assiduous in segregating and list- who was a Philadelphia taxidermist. ing all syntypes at the Smithsonian If this catalog information is correct, (=USNM) no matter how large the series, those specimens appear to have left the also made no attempt to typify L. Smithsonian before Coues undertook his smithsonianus. study. Coues (1862:299-300) did specifically Two of Coues' Labrador specimens mention certain specimens that can be remain in the Smithsonian collections, unequivocally stated to have been exam- but one of these (USNM 18217, Henley ined in preparation of the description of Harbour, 29 Aug) is a juvenile. The other L. smithsonianus: "In the collection of the is an adult, and it is this specimen, known United States Exploring Expedition.... to have been seen by Coues, that is a Gull labelled as having been obtained designated below as lectotype. We have in Oregon" and "very recently specimens been able to identify only five other received from J. Hepburn, Esq., of San specimens remaining in the Smithsonian 384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1.•Possible paralectotypes of Larus smithsonianus Coues, 1862, that still exist in the collections of the Divisions of Birds, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (USNM). The only basis for type status is that they are adult specimens that were in the collection prior to the publication of Coues' (1862) study. USNM number Locality Collector Date cataloged 2770 No data 1846 12587 Oregon, U.S.A. Exploring Expedition 19 July 1859 20149 Big Island, Great Slave Lake, Canada J. Reid 4 Dec 1860 20151 Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake, Canada Kennicott 4 Dec 1860 20152 Big Island, Great Slave Lake, Canada J. Reid 4 Dec 1860 collections as possible paralectotypes (Ta- primaries mentioned by Coues are worn ble 1). nearly away but distinct traces remain. The oldest specimen among the possi- Larus smithsonianus Coues, 1862 ble paralectotypes, USNM 2770, was part Lectotype.•USNM 18216, unsexed, of S. F. Baird's original collection but has adult, cataloged 6 October 1860. In no collection data, so that it is possible addition to the Smithsonian tag it bears that it is not even a North American bird. Coues' original label with "Exploration The specimen label was annotated in 1949 of the Coast of Labrador" printed in the with the identification L. a. smithsonianus upper left corner of the recto, "Jno. W. by the mammalogist Charles O. Handley, Dodge" in the upper right, and "Elliott Jr., and the wing pattern accords with Coues" in the lower right. The collector's that identification. Although the Explor- number 219 appears in pen at the top, ing Expedition specimen from Oregon beneath which is 18216, also in pen. In was specifically mentioned by Coues, the pencil is written "Larus argentatus | wings of that specimen are entirely in Henley Harbour 31 Aug." On the verso, immature plumage and so lack any also in pencil, are some presumed mea- spotting on the primaries that Coues used surements, some with obscure decimal to distinguish L. smithsonianus. The birds points "25.5 5.9 16.5" and soft part mentioned by Coues as having been taken notations: "Bill chrome yellow, spot by J. Hepburn at San Francisco appar- vermilion, point white. Iris lemon yellow, ently were never cataloged at the Smith- eyelids chrome. Legs light flesh color." sonian and are not now part of the The specimen is now dirty with a heavy USNM collection. There is a specimen sooty stain on the throat and lighter collected by Hepburn in British Colum- stains on the forehead and underparts. bia, but it was not cataloged until 1876, so Restricted type locality.•Henley Har- it can have no status as a type of L. bour, Strait of Belle Isle, Newfoundland smithsonianus. The Kennicott and Reid Labrador, Canada, 52 01'N, 55 50'W. specimens listed were doubtless among Measurements (mm) of lectotype.• those Coues attributed to Kennicott and Culmen 62.0, wing (chord) 428, tail 165, Ross, as John Ross and Bernard Reid tarsus 72.0, middle toe with claw 66.4.
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