DOCSLIB.ORG

The$Effects$Of$Gestational$And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The$Effects$Of$Gestational$And The$Effects$of$Gestational$and$Lactational$Bisphenol$A$Exposure$on$Rat$Pup$Morphometric$ Measurements$and$on$Adrenal$Gland$Glucocorticoid$Receptor$Gene$Expression$ $ $ $ $ $ Julia&Hajjar& $ $ & Supervisors:&Dr.&Anne&T.M.&Konkle&and&Dr.&Karen&P.&Phillips& $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ School&of&Interdisciplinary&Health&Sciences& Faculty&of&Health&Sciences& University&of&Ottawa& May&2017& $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Submitted&to&the&Faculty&of&Graduate&and&Postdoctoral&Studies&in&partial&fulfillment&of&the& requirements&of&the&degree&of&Master&of&Science&in&Interdisciplinary&Health&Sciences& & & & ©&Julia&Hajjar,&Ottawa,&Canada,&2017 & $ Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. v Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables and Appendices ................................................................................................ viii Abstract ................................................................................................................................... ix Background ............................................................................................................................. x PART I: Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis ........................................................................ 1 Glucocorticoids ...................................................................................................................... 3 Glucocorticoid Receptor ......................................................................................................... 4 Negative Regulation of the HPA axis ..................................................................................... 7 Estrogen Modulation of the HPA axis .................................................................................... 9 Perinatal Development of the HPA axis…………………………………………………… 12 Fetal Stress Response During Pregnancy ............................................................................... 13 Role of Placenta on Fetal HPA axis Development ................................................................. 15 Mechanisms to Protect Fetus during Pregnancy and Perinatal Stress .................................... 18 CRH-Binding Protein .............................................................................................................. 18 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ...................................................................................... 19 Maternal Care and Pup HPA axis Hyporesponsiveness ......................................................... 20 Stress Hyporesponsive Period (SHRP) ................................................................................... 21 Corticosteroid Binding Globulin Hypothesis .......................................................................... 22 Anterior Pituitary Hypothesis ................................................................................................. 23 Adrenal Cortex Hypothesis ..................................................................................................... 24 Human Stress Hyporesponsive Period .................................................................................... 26 Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals .......................................................................... 27 Xenoestrogens ......................................................................................................................... 28 Diethylstilbestrol ..................................................................................................................... 28 Bisphenol A ............................................................................................................................ 29 Bisphenol A Mechanism ......................................................................................................... 30 Bisphenol A Metabolism ........................................................................................................ 31 Canadian Exposure to Bisphenol A ........................................................................................ 33 Significance of Bisphenol A ................................................................................................... 34 Research Question ................................................................................................................. 35 PART II : Materials and Methods .................................................................................. 36 Strain Selection ....................................................................................................................... 36 Ethics ....................................................................................................................................... 36 Animal Husbandry .................................................................................................................. 37 Exposure Model .................................................................................................................... 37 Dosing ..................................................................................................................................... 37 Exposure Solutions ................................................................................................................. 38 ii& & Exposure Protocol ................................................................................................................... 39 Sacrifice .................................................................................................................................. 39 Morphometric Measurements ............................................................................................. 40 Dams ....................................................................................................................................... 40 Offspring ................................................................................................................................. 41 Litter Size, Sex Ratio, Bodyweights ....................................................................................... 41 Crown-Rump Length .............................................................................................................. 41 Anogenital Distance ................................................................................................................ 41 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 42 Dam Bodyweight Data Analysis ............................................................................................. 42 Offspring ................................................................................................................................. 43 Litter Size Data Analysis ........................................................................................................ 43 Sex Distribution Data Analysis ............................................................................................... 43 Morphometric Data Analysis .................................................................................................. 43 Pup Bodyweight Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 44 Pup Bodyweight Progression Data Analysis .......................................................................... 44 Crown-Rump Length Data Analysis ....................................................................................... 45 Anogenital Distance Data Analysis ........................................................................................ 45 Molecular Characterization of Glucocorticoid Receptor .................................................. 46 Tissue Collection .................................................................................................................... 46 RNA Isolation ......................................................................................................................... 46 RNA Concentration and Quality ............................................................................................. 47 RNA Gel Electrophoresis ....................................................................................................... 47 Reverse Transcription ............................................................................................................. 48 Design of Target Gene Primers ............................................................................................... 48 Reference Gene Primer Design ............................................................................................... 49 Primer Validation .................................................................................................................... 51 Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) .................................................................. 52 qPCR Plate Setup ...................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cognition and Steroidogenesis in the Rhesus Macaque
    Cognition and Steroidogenesis in the Rhesus Macaque Krystina G Sorwell A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and the Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2013 School of Medicine Oregon Health & Science University CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL This is to certify that the PhD dissertation of Krystina Gerette Sorwell has been approved Henryk Urbanski Mentor/Advisor Steven Kohama Member Kathleen Grant Member Cynthia Bethea Member Deb Finn Member 1 For Lily 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 List of Figures and Tables ............................................................................................................................................. 7 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................... 10 Abstract........................................................................................................................................................................ 13 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 15 Part A: Central steroidogenesis and cognition ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • G Protein-Coupled Receptors: What a Difference a ‘Partner’ Makes
    Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 1112-1142; doi:10.3390/ijms15011112 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Review G Protein-Coupled Receptors: What a Difference a ‘Partner’ Makes Benoît T. Roux 1 and Graeme S. Cottrell 2,* 1 Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-118-378-7027; Fax: +44-118-378-4703. Received: 4 December 2013; in revised form: 20 December 2013 / Accepted: 8 January 2014 / Published: 16 January 2014 Abstract: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important cell signaling mediators, involved in essential physiological processes. GPCRs respond to a wide variety of ligands from light to large macromolecules, including hormones and small peptides. Unfortunately, mutations and dysregulation of GPCRs that induce a loss of function or alter expression can lead to disorders that are sometimes lethal. Therefore, the expression, trafficking, signaling and desensitization of GPCRs must be tightly regulated by different cellular systems to prevent disease. Although there is substantial knowledge regarding the mechanisms that regulate the desensitization and down-regulation of GPCRs, less is known about the mechanisms that regulate the trafficking and cell-surface expression of newly synthesized GPCRs. More recently, there is accumulating evidence that suggests certain GPCRs are able to interact with specific proteins that can completely change their fate and function. These interactions add on another level of regulation and flexibility between different tissue/cell-types.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Chronic Psychosocial Stress on HPA Axis Functionality in Male C57BL/6 Mice and the Impact of Trait Anxiety on the Individual Stress Vulnerability
    Effects of chronic psychosocial stress on HPA axis functionality in male C57BL/6 mice and the impact of trait anxiety on the individual stress vulnerability DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DES DOKTORGRADES DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN (DR. RER. NAT.) DER FAKULTÄT FÜR BIOLOGIE UND VORKLINISCHE MEDIZIN DER UNIVERSITÄT REGENSBURG vorgelegt von Andrea Monika Füchsl aus Straubing im Jahr 2013 Das Promotionsgesuch wurde eingereicht am: 04.10.2013 Die Arbeit wurde angeleitet von: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Inga D. Neumann Unterschrift: DISSERTATION Durchgeführt am Institut für Zoologie der Universität Regensburg TABLE OF CONTENTS I Table of Contents Chapter 1 – Introduction 1 Stress ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Stress System ..................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) ..................................................... 2 1.2.2 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis .......................................... 4 1.2 Acute vs. chronic/repeated stress ............................................................. 13 1.3 Psychosocial stress .................................................................................. 18 2 GC Signalling ....................................................................................... 20 2.1 Corticosteroid availability .......................................................................... 20 2.2 Corticosteroid receptor types in the brain .................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Expression of Μ-Opiate Receptor in Human Epidermis and Keratinocytes
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Expression of µ-Opiate Receptor in Human Epidermis and Keratinocytes Paul L. Bigliardi, Mei Bigliardi-Qi, Stanislaus Buechner, and Theo Rufli Department of Dermatology, Kantonsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland There is increasing evidence that neurotransmitters play which was more distinct in the suprabasal layers. a crucial role in skin physiology and pathology. The Immunohistochemistry using the µ-opiate receptor- expression and production of proopiomelanocortin mole- specific antibody indicates that epidermis expresses pro- cules such as β-endorphin in human epidermis suggest tein as well, and that the protein level is more elevated that an opiate receptor is present in keratinocytes. In this in the basal layer. The correlation between the locations paper we show that human epidermal keratinocytes of both mRNA and protein expression in skin indicates that the -opiate receptor has not only been transcribed express a µ-opiate receptor on both the mRNA level and µ but also has a specific function. To prove a function of the protein level. Performing polymerase chain reaction the receptor we performed a functional assay using skin with cDNA libraries from human epidermal keratinocytes organ cultures from human skin transplants. After 48 h gave the polymerase chain reaction products of the incubation with Naloxone or β-endorphin the expression expected length, which were confirmed as µ-opiate recep- of the µ-opiate receptor in epidermis was significantly tors by Southern blot analysis. Using in situ hybridization downregulated compared with the control. These results techniques with a specific probe for µ-opiate receptors show that a functional receptor indeed exists in human we detected the receptor in human epidermis.
    [Show full text]
  • Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones
    The Journal of Neuroscience, August 15, 1996, 16(16):5182–5188 Melanocortin Antagonists Define Two Distinct Pathways of Cardiovascular Control by a- and g-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones Si-Jia Li,1 Ka´ roly Varga,1 Phillip Archer,1 Victor J. Hruby,2 Shubh D. Sharma,2 Robert A. Kesterson,3 Roger D. Cone,3 and George Kunos1 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0613, 2Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and 3Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97210 Melanocortin peptides and at least two subtypes of melano- intracarotid than after intravenous administration. The effects cortin receptors (MC3-R and MC4-R) are present in brain of g-MSH (1.25 nmol) are not inhibited by the intracarotid regions involved in cardiovascular regulation. In urethane- injection of SHU9119 (1.25–12.5 nmol) or the novel MC3-R anesthetized rats, unilateral microinjection of a-melanocyte- antagonist SHU9005 (1.25–12.5 nmol). We conclude that the stimulating hormone (MSH) into the medullary dorsal–vagal hypotension and bradycardia elicited by the release of complex (DVC) causes dose-dependent (125–250 pmol) hy- a-MSH from arcuate neurons is mediated by neural melano- potension and bradycardia, whereas g-MSH is less effective. cortin receptors (MC4-R/MC3-R) located in the DVC, The effects of a-MSH are inhibited by microinjection to the whereas the similar effects of b-endorphin, a peptide derived same site of the novel MC4-R/MC3-R antagonist SHU9119 from the same precursor, are mediated by opiate receptors (2–100 pmol) but not naloxone (270 pmol), whereas the at the same site.
    [Show full text]
  • Conceptual Development of the Immune System As a Sixth Sense
    BRAIN, BEHAVIOR, and IMMUNITY Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 21 (2007) 23–33 www.elsevier.com/locate/ybrbi Named Series: Twenty Years of Brain, Behavior, and Immunity Conceptual development of the immune system as a sixth sense J. Edwin Blalock a, Eric M. Smith b,* a Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA Received 8 August 2006; received in revised form 31 August 2006; accepted 3 September 2006 Available online 7 November 2006 Abstract Understanding how and why the immune and nervous systems communicate in a bidirectional pathway has been fundamental to the development of the psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) field. This review will discuss some of the pivotal results that found the nervous and immune systems use a common chemical language for intra and inter-system communication. Specifically the nervous and immune sys- tems produce a common set of peptide and nonpeptide neurotransmitters and cytokines that provides a common repertoire of receptors and ligands between the two systems. These studies led to the concept that through the sharing of ligands and receptors the immune system could serve as a sixth sense to detect things the body cannot otherwise hear, see, smell, taste or touch. Pathogens, tumors, and allergens are detected with great sensitivity and specificity by the immune system. As a sixth sense the immune system is a means to signal and mobilize the body to respond to these types of challenges. The paper will also review in a chronological manner some of the PNI-related studies important to validating the sixth sense concept.
    [Show full text]
  • Gainesville, Florida May 24-28, 2019
    5th Biennial North American Society for Comparative Endocrinology Gainesville, Florida May 24-28, 2019 HELD JOINTLY WITH 5TH BIENNIAL CONFERENCE OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY (NASCE) AND 10TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILIAN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND NEUROBIOLOGY (ISAREN) Conference Center Layout 2 5th Biennial North American Society for Comparative Endocrinology Agenda Friday, May 24, 2019 14:00-16:30 NASCE Council Meeting 1- Hawthorne 18:00-18:15 Welcome and Opening Reception- Harn Museum of Art 18:15-21:00 Plenary Saturday, May 25, 2019 Plenary Dr. Sheue-Yann Cheng- Century Ballroom ABC 09:00-10:00 10:00-10:30 Coffee Break Room 1 Room 2 Room 3 10:30-12:30 Thyroid Hormones and Stress Axis Function: From Neuropeptide Signaling Pathways Development Mechanisms to Consequences 1 Session in Arthropods Daniel Buchholz and Aurea Bob Dores, James Carr, Kathleen Angela Lang and Ian Orchard Chair Orozco Gilmore, and Matt Vijayan 12:20-14:00 Lunch Stress Axis Function: From 14:00-16:00 Endocrinology of Domestic and Mechanisms to Consequences 2 Wild Fauna Session Topics in Comparative Endocrinology Bob Dores, James Carr, Kathleen Marta Romano Chair Gilmore, and Matt Vijayan 16:00-16:30 Coffee Break 16:30-17:30 Dr. Michael Romero- Century Ballroom ABC Plenary Poster Session 1- Odd Number 17:30-19:30 Pre-Function Space Sunday, May 26, 2019 Plenary Dr. Ian Orchard- Century Ballroom ABC 09:00-10:00 10:00-10:30 Coffee Break Room 1 Room 2 Room 3 Omics: Analysis of Genomes, 10:30-12:30 Proteomes, Transcriptomes,
    [Show full text]
  • Caractérisation De Nouveaux Gènes Et Polymorphismes Potentiellement Impliqués Dans Les Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes
    Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé THÈSE DE DOCTORAT Présentée par Charbel ABOU-KHATER Date et lieu de naissance: 08-Juilllet-1990, Zahlé, LIBAN En vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur de l’Université d’Aix-Marseille Mention: Biologie, Spécialité: Microbiologie Caractérisation de nouveaux gènes et polymorphismes potentiellement impliqués dans les interactions hôtes-pathogènes Publiquement soutenue le 5 Juillet 2017 devant le jury composé de : Pr. Daniel OLIVE Directeur de Thèse Pr. Brigitte CROUAU-ROY Rapporteur Dr. Benoît FAVIER Rapporteur Dr. Pierre PONTAROTTI Examinateur Thèse codirigée par Pr. Daniel OLIVE et Dr Laurent ABI-RACHED Laboratoires d’accueil URMITE Research Unit on Emerging Infectious and Tropical Diseases, UMR 6236, Faculty of Medicine, 27, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France CRCM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille,Inserm 1068, 27 Boulevard Leï Roure, BP 30059, 13273 Marseille Cedex 09, France 2 Acknowledgements First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, Holy Mighty, Holy Immortal, All-Holy Trinity, for His showers of blessings throughout my whole life and to whom I owe my very existence. Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit: now and ever and unto ages of ages. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisors Prof. Daniel Olive and Dr. Laurent Abi-Rached, for the continuous support, for their patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. Someday, I hope to be just like you. A special thanks to my “Godfather” who perfectly fulfilled his role, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Opposing Actions of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Glucocorticoids on UCP1-Mediated Respiration in Brown Adipocytes
    fphys-09-01931 January 14, 2019 Time: 14:42 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 17 January 2019 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01931 Opposing Actions of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Glucocorticoids on UCP1-Mediated Respiration in Brown Adipocytes Katharina Schnabl1,2,3, Julia Westermeier1,2, Yongguo Li1,2 and Martin Klingenspor1,2,3* 1 Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany, 2 EKFZ – Else Kröner-Fresenius Zentrum for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany, 3 ZIEL – Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany Brown fat is a potential target in the treatment of metabolic disorders as recruitment and activation of this thermogenic organ increases energy expenditure and promotes Edited by: Rita De Matteis, satiation. A large variety of G-protein coupled receptors, known as classical drug Università degli Studi di Urbino targets in pharmacotherapy, is expressed in brown adipocytes. In the present study, Carlo Bo, Italy we analyzed transcriptome data for the expression of these receptors to identify Reviewed by: Alessandro Bartolomucci, potential pathways for the recruitment and activation of thermogenic capacity in University of Minnesota Twin Cities, brown fat. Our analysis revealed 12 Gs-coupled receptors abundantly expressed in United States murine brown fat. We screened ligands for these receptors in brown adipocytes Vicente Lahera, Complutense University of Madrid, for their ability to stimulate UCP1-mediated respiration and Ucp1 gene expression. Spain Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a ligand for the melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R), *Correspondence: turned out to be the most potent activator of UCP1 whereas its capability to stimulate Martin Klingenspor [email protected] Ucp1 gene expression was comparably low.
    [Show full text]
  • MC2R Gene Melanocortin 2 Receptor
    MC2R gene melanocortin 2 receptor Normal Function The MC2R gene provides instructions for making a protein called adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) receptor. This protein is found primarily in the adrenal glands, which are hormone-producing glands located on top of each kidney. The ACTH receptor is embedded in the membrane of cells where it attaches (binds) to ACTH. ACTH is a hormone that is released by the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain. The binding of ACTH to its receptor triggers the adrenal glands to produce a group of hormones called glucocorticoids. These hormones, which include cortisol and corticosterone, aid in immune system function, play a role in maintaining normal blood sugar levels, help trigger nerve cell signaling in the brain, and serve many other purposes in the body. The ACTH receptor also likely plays a role in the development of the adrenal glands before birth. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes Familial glucocorticoid deficiency More than 40 mutations in the MC2R gene have been found to cause familial glucocorticoid deficiency. This condition is characterized by potentially life-threatening low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), recurrent infections, and skin coloring darker than that of other family members (hyperpigmentation). MC2R gene mutations account for approximately 25 percent of cases of this condition. Most of these mutations change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the ACTH receptor. As a result, the receptor cannot be transported to the cell membrane or bind to ACTH. Without the binding of the ACTH receptor to its hormone, there is no signal to trigger the adrenal glands to produce glucocorticoids.
    [Show full text]
  • Fine-Tuning of GPCR Activity by Receptor-Interacting Proteins
    REVIEWS Fine-tuning of GPCR activity by receptor-interacting proteins Stefanie L. Ritter and Randy A. Hall Abstract | G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate physiological responses to various ligands, such as hormones, neurotransmitters and sensory stimuli. The signalling and trafficking properties of GPCRs are often highly malleable depending on the cellular context. Such fine-tuning of GPCR function can be attributed in many cases to receptor-interacting proteins that are differentially expressed in distinct cell types. In some cases these GPCR-interacting partners directly mediate receptor signalling, whereas in other cases they act mainly as scaffolds to modulate G protein-mediated signalling. Furthermore, GPCR-interacting proteins can have a big impact on the regulation of GPCR trafficking, localization and/or pharmacological properties. Agonist G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest arrestin-mediated recruitment of signalling proteins to 2 A molecule that binds to and family of transmembrane proteins in vertebrates and they activated GPCRs . Furthermore, arrestins can directly link stimulates a receptor to trigger are the molecular targets for nearly half of the therapeutic active receptors to clathrin-coated pits to facilitate receptor a cellular response. drugs that are prescribed worldwide1. The approximately endocytosis, which is an important process controlling the 5 Clathrin-coated pit 1,000 members of the GPCR family exhibit a conserved desensitization and resensitization of GPCR activity . An invaginated membrane 7-transmembrane domain topology and can be divided Interactions with G proteins, GRKs and arrestins have structure involved in receptor into 3 main subfamilies, termed A, B and C, based on been intensively studied for numerous GPCRs and endocytosis.
    [Show full text]
  • MRAP2 Interaction with Melanocortin-4 Receptor in Snakehead (Channa Argus)
    biomolecules Article MRAP2 Interaction with Melanocortin-4 Receptor in SnakeHead (Channa argus) Zheng-Yong Wen 1,2,3,*,† , Ting Liu 4,† , Chuan-Jie Qin 1,2, Yuan-Chao Zou 1,2, Jun Wang 1,2, Rui Li 1,2 and Ya-Xiong Tao 4,* 1 Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fish Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China; [email protected] (C.-J.Q.); [email protected] (Y.-C.Z.); [email protected] (J.W.); [email protected] (R.L.) 2 College of Life Science, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China 3 BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China 4 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (Z.-Y.W.); [email protected] (Y.-X.T.); Tel.: +86-18582681220 (Z.-Y.W.); +1-3348445396 (Y.-X.T.) † These authors contributed equally. Abstract: The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays an important role in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. Melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2) modulates trafficking, ligand binding, and signaling of MC4R. The Northern snakehead (Channa argus) is an economically important freshwater fish native to East Asia. To explore potential interaction between snakehead MC4R and MRAP2, herein we cloned snakehead mc4r and mrap2. The snakehead mc4r consisted of a 984 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 327 amino acids, while snakehead Citation: Wen, Z.-Y.; Liu, T.; Qin, mrap2 contained a 693 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 230 amino acids.
    [Show full text]