8 - 1 4 V o l. 78 N o . 1 A C T A G E O L O G IC A S IN IC A F eb . 2 0 0 4

Sequence of the C enozoic M anunalian F aunas of the L inxia B asin in G a n su , C h i n a

D E N G T a o ', W ANG Xiaoming1,2, N IX ijunta nd LIU Lipingl 1 Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academ y of Sciences, B eijing 100044, C hina; E -m ail. dengtao@ ivpp.ac.cn 2 N atural H istory M useum of Los A ngeles C ounty, Los A ngeles, CA 90007, U SA

A bstract In the Linxia B asin on the northeast m argin oft he Tibetan Plateau,t he C enozoic strata are very thick an d w ell exposed. A bundan t m am m alian fossils are discovered in the deposits from the L ate O ligocene to the E arly Pleistocene The D zungariothenum fauna com es from the san dstones of the Jiaozigou Form ation,i ncluding m any representative Late O ligocene taxa.T he Platybelodon fauna com es fro m the sandstones of the D ongxian g Form ation an d the conglom erates of the Laogou Form ation, an d its fossils are ty pical M iddle M iocene form s,s uch as H em icyon,A mphicyon,P latybelodon Choerolophodon,A nchitherium ,a nd H ispanotherium .T he H ipparion fauna com es from the red clay of the Liushu an d H ew an gjia Form ations, an d its fossils can be distinctly divided into four levels, including three Late M iocene levels and one Early Pliocene level.I n the Linxia Basin, the H ipparion fauna has the richest mam malian fossils.T he Equus fauna com es from the W ucheng Loess, an d it is slightly older than that of the classical Early Pleistocene N ihew an Fauna.T he m am m alian faunas from the Linxia B asin provide the reliable evidence to divide the Cenozoic strata of this basin and correlate them w ith European m am m alian sequence.

K ey w ords: Linxia B asin,C enozoic,s tr atigraphy,m am m alian fossil,G ansu,C hina

1 In tro d u ction 2 L ate O ligocene D zungariotherium fauna

T he L inxia B asin is situated in the southeastern part of T he D zungariotherium fauna of the Linxia B asin com es G ansu Province, C hina, and it is a fl exural basin bounded from the sandstones of the Late O ligocene Jiaozigou by the Leijishan fault,N orth Q inling fault,a nd the M axian Form ation (Fig. 2). Q iu et al. (1990) reported the M ountain (Fang et al.,2 003).T he lithology and structure s m am m alian fossils discovered from Jiaozigou in of the strata in the Linxia B asin are very close to those in a D ongxiang County, and this fauna included num ber of C enozoic sedim entary basins in central G an su. Gomphotherium sp., D zungariotherium orgosense, A ll of these sm all basins are called by a joint nam e, Rhinocerotidae gen. et sp. indet., and Paraentelodon Longzhong B asin. The C enozoic str ata are very thick an d m acrognathus. But the proboscidean fossil w ell exposed in the Linxia Basin, w ith a consecutive (G omphotherium ) is proved to interfuse into the Jiaozigou sedim entary sequence from the O ligocene to the H olocene. Fauna. The new ly discovere d taxa also include M ore im portantly, these deposits contain abundant Tsaganom ys sp., Allacerops sp., 助 rotodon sp. and m am m alian fossils,w hich provide the reliable evidence to Schizotherium sp.,a nd originally Rhinocerotidae gen.e t sp. divide an d correlate the C enozoic strata of 山e L inx ia B asin indet. is determ ined to be R onzotherium sp. (Fig. 1).H ow ever,t he understan ding for the stratigraphical T he giantr hinoceros is a representative m am m ali n A sia, sequence and age had a lot of contraventions previously, and infrequently discovered in Eastern Europe. The giant w ith re peated lithologic nam es an d confused fossil rhinocero s w as diversified in the m iddle O ligocene, and it evidence. In the field w ork of the recent years, w e clean ed becam e very advanced in the Late O ligocene. up the sedim entary sequence in order, and determ ined D zungariotherium orgosense w as first found fr om the again the corresponding geological age of each lithologic Junggar B asin in X injiang, w ith a large size, rudim ental un it on the b asis of the sufficient evidence of m am m alian low er incisors,w ell-developed antecro chets,a nd w ide foot fossils (Table 1). In the Linxia B asin, the Late O ligocene bones. In X injiang, n orgosense coexists w ith D zungariotherium fauna, the M iddle M iocene Lophim eryx, and the last re cord of the latter is from the Platybelodon fauna, the Late M iocene H ipparion fauna, m iddle late Stam pian A ge in Europe (Q iu et al., 1990) an d the Early Pleistocene Fquus fauna are the m ost Allacerops was a rhinocerotid form living in the O ligocene a卜}m 门ant of A sia, and it w as found fro m the O ligocene in the

万方数据 V o l. 7 9 N o . I A C T A G E O L O G IC A S IN IC A F e b . 2 0 0 4 9

A pparently, the age of the Jiaozigou Fauna is Late O li gocene. DRiavxeira. D ongxiang 厂夕一 6 liaozigou I.in - / / 3 M iddle M iocene Platybelodon fauna 丫\ 卉 T he Platy belodon fauna of the Linxia Basin is 1\ 、 re presented by the Laogou locality in H ezheng C ounty , 、 m ainly from the conglom erates of the late M iddle M iocene 气D飞0 dgdan _ 一一/ 一 厂 G uanghe L aogou Form ation, and tw o sandstone fossil beds of the / * Yangjiashan early M iddle M iocene D ongxian g Form ation at D alan ggou 9 L ao g o ilid u an d W an gshijie in G uan ghe C ounty are com bined into the ! H ezheng Laogou Fauna (Fig.2 ).T his fauna includes A lloptox sp.,A . G aang tong R iver m inor, M egaericetodon sinensis, Protalactaga tunggurensis, Sayimys cf. obliquidens, Pliopithecus sp

黔ashengo奋 tm 0} o H em icyon teilhardi,A m phicyon tairum ensis, G obicyon sp Percrocuta tungurensis, Pseudaelurus guangheensis, Choerolophodon sp., G omphotherium sp., Platybelodon Fig. l. R epresentative fossil localities of the C enozoic in th e L in x ia B a sin grangeri, Zygolophodon sp., A nchitherium gobiensis, A licorn ops sp.,H ispanotherium m atritense, Calicotherium Lanzhou B asin adjacent to the Linxia B asin (Q iu an d sp., K ubanochoerus gigas, Listriodon m ongoliensis, W an g, 1999). Schizotherium w as also a characteristic D orcatherium sp.,M oschus sp.,P alaeotragus tunguensis, O ligocene form in C hina, and it w as found from the and Turcocem s sp.( G uan, 1988;D eng,2 003). O ligocene N an poping Fauna in the Lanzhou Basin (Q iu et T he fossils of the Laogou Fauna are the typical M iddle al., 1998). Aprotodon w as previously found only from M iocene form s, represented by Tunggurian Plaiybelodon Pakistan, K azakhstan, an d the L anzhou B asin , and it and Anchitherium (Q iu and Q iu, 1995).T he shared genera coexisted w ith the giant rhinocero s in these three regions betw een the Laogou and Tunggur Faunas include A lloptox, (Q iu an d X ie, 1997) like in the Jiaozigou Form ation of the H em icyon, A mphicyon, Platybelodon, Zygolophodon, Linxia Basin. Ronzotherium w as found only in the A nchitherium , H ispanotherium , K ubanochoem s, O ligocene of Eurasia (H eissig, 1969).T he entelodont w as Listriodon, Palaeotragus, and Turcocerus. A lloptox w as the m ost diversified during the San noisian and the early- w idespread found fr om the M iddle M iocene faunas in m iddle Stam pian Ages, and Paraentelodon m acrognathus China,s uch as Tunggur in Inner M ongolia (Y oung, 1932), w as very abundant in the Jiaozigou Fauna. Tsaganom ys Lengshuigou in Lantian, Shaanxi (Li, 1978), Qijia in appeared first in the late Early O ligocene, an d its assured M inhe, Q inghai (Q iu et al., 1981), and D ingjia'ergou in record ended in the early Late O li gocene. A s a result, Tongxin, N ingxia (W u et al., 1991). Pliopithecus existed Tsaganom ys is one of the index fossils for the A sian during M N 5-9 in Europe, and it w as found from the O ligocene (W ang, 2001). Tsaganom ys w as found from the D ingiia'ergou and H alam agai (Junggar, X injiang) Faunas Oligocene N anpoping Fauna in the Lan zhou B asin. of the M iddle M iocene in C hina (Q iu and G uan, 1986;W u

T able 1 Di visions of th e C ep- M e strata in the r tw +a B asin

G PIB , 1965 x ie, 199 1 L i et al., 1995 P resent paper

C 卜ryty Q . D onp hm Fm Q , W ucheng Loe ss Q , Q L oe ss Conglom erate N z J ish i F n N z Jish i F m

N i H ew angjia Fm . N ,' H ew angjia Fm 4th M _ L inxia F m N l L in x ia F m N L iushu F m L iushu F m N Laogou Fm N , D ongxiang Fm N ; Std M .L nxiz F m N l D ongxiang B ed D otgxiang Fm . N ; Shangzhueng Fm

2nd M ..L inxia Fm N } Zhm tgzhuang Fm E}-?N ; Jiaozigw Fm N { J .‘“J硬 石U u l u l 1st M ..L in xia F m 嘴 T ala F 田 '+E,' T ala F m ,

万方数据 10 C enozoic M ans- -lian F aunas of the L inxia B asin in G ansu, C hina D eng et al

Early Pleistocene W ucheng Loess i L ongdan (E q u us) Fauna 1，.’ ' ，.’ ' L ate P lio ce n e J ish i F m (5m00)}心《心心 E arly Pliocene 11- angiia Fm 姗 Shilidun (H ipparion) Fauna

4 0 0 Yangjiashan (H ipparion) Fauna

L ate M iocen e L iu sh u F m D ashengou (H ipparion)F auna

G uonigon 月功pars on) Fauna Laagou Fm . 3 0 0 干燕霏L eo gou (P laty bel, don ) Fauna

M id d le M io c e n e 卜~ 阵丽才 W angshijie (H ispanotherium ) B ed D ougxiang Fm 卜- - - - - 井 L} D .Ianggou (C h oeroInp hndnn )B ed

20n 吮 万砚一已艺

Early M iocene?

Jiaozigou Fm

Late O ligocene 卜酉币 Jiaozigou (D zung ariotheriu m ) F auna 10 0 }嚣 沁

Early O ligocene? 丁a la F m 率 、 、 、 、 }髯幼 ^ 皿 1几，J 月、，1 1 皿1M 姗皿 匡9 匡困 匡困 C 团 2 3 4 5 6 7 匹困 巨三召 三日 巨至 仁亘〕 「三日 9 10 11 12 13 14

co lu m n in th e Linda B asin Fig. 2. C enozoic suatigraphic 3 1. M alan loess; 2. W ucheng Ice s ; 1R led clay; 4. M udstone; 5. Silw one; 6. Sandstone; 7. Conglom erate; 8. G ranite; 9 C arbon ate conc reti ons: 10 . M arlite : Palm sol; 12.L enti cular body; 13.F ossil bed; 14. Unconfonnity, et al ., 2003). In Eurasia, H ispanotherium matritense w as Shaanxi). Therefore, K ubanochoerus is a typical M iddle found in Spain,P ortugala nd France of Europe,a nd Turkey, M iocene form . Pakistan, M ongolia and C hina of A sia. In C hina, H . m atritense distributed w idespread, found from the M iddle 4 L ate M iocene-E arly Pliocene H ipparion M iocene D ingjia'ergou, Lengshuigou and Erlanggang fa u n a (Fangxian, H ubei) Faunas (Zhai, 1978; Y an, 1979; G uan, 1988)一H . m atriten.se is sm aller than H . tungurense of the Q iu et al . (1987b, 1988, 1991) described the Late Tunggur Fauna (C erdeno, 1996; D eng, 2003).A licorn ops M io cene m am m al ian fo ssils disco vered fro m the L inxia distributed w idespre ad in Europe during M N 6-10 (Cerdeno B asin, including D inocrocuta gigantea, Agriotherium and Sanehez, 2000), and it w as found fr om the M iddle inexpetans, H ipparion sp., A eerorhinus hezhengensis, M iocene strata in T urkey (H eissig, 1976). K ubanochoerus Chilotherium sp., Cervavitus sp ，and H onanotherium sp. appeared in the strata of M N 6 in C aucasia,a nd it w as found Since recent years,w e have found m ore abundant fossils of at D ingjia'ergou, T unggur and K oujiacun (L anti an, 山e H ipparion fauna from the red clay of the L ate M iocene

万方数据 V ol. 7 8 N o . I A C T A G E O L O G IC A S IN IC A F eb .2 0 04 1 1

Liushu Form ation an d the Early Pli ocene H ew an gjia Form ation.T hese fossils can be distinctly divided into fow 4.2 D ashengou F aun a levels, represented by G uonigou (D ongxian g County ), T he D ashengou Fauna com es from the m iddle part of the D ashengou (H ezheng C ounty), Y an gjiashan (H ezheng L iushu Form ation.Q iu et al.( 1987b, 1988,2 000) described C ounty ), an d Shilidun (G uan ghe C ounty) respectively (Fig A cerorhinus hezhengensis, D inocrocuta gigantea, and 2) H ezhengia bohlini in the D ashengou Fauna,a nd other taxa include Pararhizom ys hipparionum , Prom ephitis sp., 尸. 4.1 G uonigou F auna hootoni, M elodon m ajori, Sinictis sp., Ictitherium sp., T he G uonigou Fauna com es from the low er part of the Hyaenictitherium w ongii, H . hyaenoides, M achairodus L iushu F orm ation, and its fossils include D inocrocuta palanderi, Felis sp., Tetralopodon exoletus, H ipparion gigantea,M achairodus sp., Tetralophodon sp., H ipparion chiai, H . w eihoensis, Chilotherium w im ani, Iranotherium dongxiangense, Parelasm otherium sim p lum , P. linxiaense, m organi, C hleua.s tochoerus stehlini, D icrocerus sp and Shaanxispira sp. Sam otherium sp., H onanotherium schlosseri, G azella sp., T he G uonigou Fauna is characteristic of early Late and M iotragocem s sp. M iocene age.D inocrocuta gigantea is a representative of T he Dashengou fauna is still com posed of early Late the early H ipparion fauna in A sia, an d it is discovered M iocene taxa, such as D inocrocuta gigantea, w hich fi rst m ainly from the early Late M iocene, corre sponding to the appeared in the G uonigou Fauna. O th er im portant E uropean V al lesian A ge or M N 9-10 (H ow ell an d Peter, com ponents of the Babe Fauna are relatively richly 1985). T he m aterials discovered in C hina show the sam e re presented in the D ashengou Fauna, such as H ipparion trend . T he fossils of D inocrocuta w ere found fro m B abe in weihoense and 拄 chiai. These tw o species of H ipparion Lan tian, Shaan xi (Liu et al., 1978;Z han g et al ，2002) an d have a large size,d eep preorbital fossae far from the orbit, B ulong in Biru,T ibet (Zheng, 1980), an d they cam e fr om and narrow and long protocones. These characters show strata corresponding to the V allesian (Li et al., 1984; Q iu that both of them apparently belong to the H .p rim igenius and Q iu, 1995). D inocrocuta w as al so report ed from group, and the hipparionines of this group in Europe and Songshan in Tianzhu, G an su (Zheng, 1982) and A frica are predom inantly V allesian in age (Q iu et al., Laogaochuan in Fugu, Shaan xi (Xue et al ., 1995; Zhang 1987a). The shared species in the B abe and D ashengou and X ue, 1996), and the tw o local ities w ere considered to Faunas also include Tetralophodon exoletus and be equival ent to the European Turolian Age.H ow ever,t he Chleuastochoem s stehlini (Liu et al., 1978). H ezhengia specim ens of the form er cam e from a drug store, an d the bohlini is one of the m ost typical taxa in the D ashengou age of the latter need further studies. The size of H . Fauna. The hom cores of H ezhengia are obviously less dongxiangense is sm al ler than that of H . parvum , the specialized than those of the m iddle-late Late M iocene sm allest know n species of H ipparion in C hina, an d its ovibovines, such as P lesiaddax, and its prem olars are characteristic structures of the hypocone an d the hypocone relatively long, w ith stro ng ribs and sty les. Therefore, the groove frequently occur am ong the M iddle M iocene prim itive characters of H .b ohlinii m ply that its age should hipparionines from N orth A m erica, but are infre quent be earlier than that of the m iddle-late L ate M iocene am ong the late hipparionines. A s a result, H . ovibovines (Q iu et al., 2000). A cerorhinus hezhengensis dongxiangense indicates an earlier age (Q iu an d X ie,1 998) has a very narro w m andibular sym physis and little Parelasm otherium is m ore prim itive than Sinotherium , the separated parietal cre sts to form a high sagittal crest, and representative taxon in the B aode Fauna, an d the form er is thus it is close to A . tsaidam ensis in the Q aidam Fauna but the earliest m em ber of the giant elas m othere developing differentfr om A.p alaeosinensis in the B aode Fauna (Q iu et tow ard hypsodont teeth (Q iu an d X ie, 1998; D eng, 2001c) al., 1987b). Judging from the w hole com ponents of the Shaanxispira also appeared in the Babe Fauna (Liu et al D ashengou Fauna, it should be correlated to the late 1978; Zhang et al., 2002). Consequently, the age of the V allesian A ge of Europe. B esides the Babe Fauna, the G uonigou Fauna should be early Late M iocene, Lam agou Fauna in Fugu,S haanxi (X ue eta l., 1995) m ay be corresponding to the V al lesian A ge of the Europe. contem poraneous w ith the D ashengou Fauna. There are A ccording to this correlation, the Q aidam Fauna (B ohli n, m any com m on taxa betw een the Lam agou and D ashengou 1937) m ay have the sam e evolutionary level w ith the Faunas,i ncluding D inocrocuta gigantea,H yaenictitherium G uonigou Fauna (Q iu and Q iu, 1995; Q iu et al., 1999). wongii, H ipparion chiai, Chilotherium wim ani, H ow ever, both faunas do not have m any taxa, and the Sam otherium sp., and M iotragocerus sp. M oreover, shared genera include only Tetralophodon and H ipparion, A cerorhinus fuguensis from L am agou also is very close to w ho se m aterials are too rare to be cert ain ab out their A . hezhengensis fr om the D ashengou Fauna (D eng, 2000) specific status.

万方数据 1 2 C enozoic M am m alian Faunas of the Linxia B asin in G ansu, C hina D eng et al

4.3 Y angjiashan Fauna sp . T he Y angjiashan Fauna com es from the upper parto f the C hasm aporthetes sp.a nd Shansirhinus ringstrom i new ly Liushu Form ation, and its f o s sils include H ystrix appeared in the Shilidun Fauna, w hile the extrem ely gansuensis, Pararhizom ys hipparionum , Sim ocyon sp., dom inant Chilotherium in the L ate M iocene H ipparion Parataxidea sinenssis, Prom ephitis sp., P . h o o toni, fauna disappeared in this fauna.O ther m em bers of the Late Plesiogulo sp., fetitherium sp., Hyaenictitherium w ongii, M iocene H ipparion fauna, such as Adcrocuta,l ctitherium H . hyaenoides,A dcrocuta variabilis, M achairodus sp.,从 an d C hleuatochoerus are ab sen t in th e S hilidun F auna. palanderi, M etailurus sp., M . m inor, Felis sp., H ipparion Chasm aporthetes has a w idespread distribution in the sp., H . coelophyes, H . derm atorhinum , A cerorhinus w orld, and its fossils w ere discovered from E urope, A sia, hezhengensis, C hilotherium w im ani, D icerorhinus A frica, and N ort h A m erica; it first appeared in the Early ringstrom i, Ancylotherium sp., Chleuastochoerus stehlini, Pliocene,c orre sponding to the Ruscinian A ge of Europe.i n M icrostonyx m ajor, M etacervulus sp., C erv avitus C hina, Chasm aporthetes was discovered from Y ushe and novorossiae, H onanotherium schlosseri, P alaeotragus Shenyang in Shanxi, N ihew an in H ebei, and M ianchi in m icrodon,M iotragocerus sp.,S inotragus sp.,P rotory x sp H enan (Q iu, 1987). In the Y ushe B asin, Chasm aporthetes and G azeila sp appeared first in the G aozhuang Fauna w ith a I n the Y angjiashan Fauna, the early L ate M iocene paleom agnetic age of 5.2-3.4 M a, w hen Chilotherium had representatives, such as D inocrocuta gigantea and disappeared (Q iu, 1987). T he G aozhuang Fauna should be H ezhengia bohlini have disappeared. The Y angjiashan correlated to M N 14-15 of the European m am m ala ges (Q iu Fauna is sim ilar to the B aode Fauna,t he typical fauna of the and Q iu, 1995). K retzoi (1942) established a new genus late Late M iocene in China. They share m any m a, S hansirh in us on the b asis of R hinoceros bran co i descri bed including Sim ocyon sp., Plesiogulo sp., Parataxidea by Schlosser (1903) as the type species, and renam ed sinensis,P rom ephitis hootoni,H yaenictitherium w ongii, H . Rhinoceros aff.R . brancoi described by Ringstrom (1927) hyaenoides, Adcrocuta variabilis, M achairodus sp., as S.r ingstrom i.S .b rancoid oes noth ave exact locality and M etailurus m inor, D icerorhinus ringsstrom i, horizon.S .r ingstrom ii s collected from H uangshigou in the Chleuaslochoerus stehlini, M icrostonyx m ajor, C erv avitus N ihe district of the Y ushe B asin. Q iu et al. (1987a) novorossiac, Palaeotragus m icrodon, H onanotherium indicated that the m am m al fo ssils in the N ihe district cam e schlosseri, and Sinotragus sp. Like the B aode fauna, m ainly fr om the G aozhuang Form ation,. so.t he age of S. rhinocerotids are absolutely dom inant in the Y angjiashan ringstrom i should be Early Pliocene. Som e com m on Fauna, although both of them are nam ed as the H ipparion species of the Late M iocene H ipparion fauna, such as faunas.O n the other hand,t he m ore pri m itive Chilotherium H ystrix gansuensis, C erv avitus novorossiae, and wim ani in the Y angjiashan Fauna is replaced by the m ore Sinotragus sp. still survived in the Shilidun Fauna, while deri ved C. anderssoni in the Baode Fauna. The pri m itive the deri ved taxa in the G aozhuang Fauna, such as Ursus, characters ofc wim ani include the low position of orbit, Nyctereutes, Canis, H ipparion houfenense, and Sus have w ell-developed supraorbital tubercle, w eak postorbital notb een found in the Shilidun Fauna.A s a re sult,t he age of process,c oncave dorsal skullp rofile,l ittle separate pari etal the Shilidun Fauna m ay be early Early Pliocene, crests, narrow braincase, and strong paracone ri b on approxim ately corresponding to M N 14. prem olars (D eng,2 001a ,b ),w hile the deri ved characters of C.a nderssonii nclude the high position of orbit,a bsence of 5 E arly Pleistocene E quus fauna supraorbital tubercle, w ell-developed postorbital process, flat dorsal skull profil e, bro adly separate parietal cre sts, T he Early Pleistocene D ongshan Form ation is com posed rounded braincase, and w eak or absent paracone ri b on of lacustrine siltstones, but strata corresponding to the pre m olars (R ingstrbm , 1924).月jutrlr,A ncylotherium and Low er M em ber oft he D ongshan Form ation in the east side M etacerv ulus appeared in the Y angjiashan Fauna. In of this basin is loess deposits,i .e .,t he W ucheng Loess (Fig. conclusion, the Y an自iashan Fauna m ay be appreciably 2). The Early Pleistocene Equus fauna com es from the earlier th an the B aode F auna W ucheng Loess at Longdan in D ongxiang C ounty, and its fossils include A epyosciurus orientalis, M arm ara sp 4.4 S h ilid u n F au n a M im om ys cf. gansunicus, Bahom ys sp., Sericolagus T he Shilidun Fauna com es from the H ew an创is brachypus, M acaca anderssoni, Paradolichopithecus sp. Form ation, and its fossils include Hystrix gansuensis, Vulpes chikushanensis, Canis sp., M eles sp., P rom ephitis sp., C hasm aporthetes sp., H yaenictitherium Chasm aporthetes progressus, Pachycrocuta licenti, w ongii,月切parion sp.,S hansirhinus ringstr om i, C erv avitus C rocuta honanensis, H om otherium crenatidens, novorossiae,P alaeotragus sp.,S inotragus sp.,a nd G azella M egantereon nihowanense, Sivapanthera sp., Panthera

万方数据 V o l 7 8 N o . 1 A C T A G E O L O G IC A S IN IC A F eb 2 0 04 1 3

palaeosinensis, Felis teilhardi, Lynx shansius, H ipparion D eng, T., 2001a. N ew m aterials of Chilotherium winutni sinense, Equus sp . , Coelodonta nihowanensis, ( P erissodacty la, R hinocerotidae) fro m the Late M iocene of F ugu,S haanxi.V ert.P aLAsiat.,3 9: 129-138. H esperotherium sp.,N ipponicerv us sp., G azella ef.b lackii , D eng, T ., 2001b. Cranial ontogenesis of Chilotherium wim ani Leptobos brevicornis,an d H em ibos sp. ( P erissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae). Proc. Ann. M eet. Chinese T he existence of true horse an d the absence of typical S o c . Vert.尸a leont., 8: 10 1- 112. M iddle Pleistocene form s, like Paehycrocuta sinensis, Deng, T., 2001c. New rem ains of Parelasmotherium Sinam egaceros, Bos and Bubalus, im m ediately put the ( P erissodactyla, Rhinocero tidae) fr om the Late M iocene in Longdan fauna in the Early Pleistocene. The Longdan D ongxiang,G ansu,C hina. Vert.P abisiar,3 9:3 06-311. D eng, T., 2003. N ew m aterial of H ispanotherium m atritense Fauna is slightly older than that of the N ihew an Fauna ( R hinocero tidae, Perissodacty la) fr om Laogou of H ezheng (Teilhard an d Piveteau, 1930) based on the follow ing C ounty (G ansu, C hina), w ith special reference to the C hinese observ ations.A lthough congeneric,t he evolutionary levels M iddle M iocene elasm othere s. G eobios,3 6: 14 1- 150. m ay be different. M eles sp., Sivapanthera sp.an d G azella Fang,X .M .,G arzione,C .,V an der Voo,R .,L i,J .J .,a nd Fan,M .J . cf.b lacki of the Longdan fauna are certainly m ore prim iti ve 2 003. Flexural subsidence by 29 M a on the N E edge of Tibet than their counterpart s of the N ihew an fauna. Som e f r om the m agnetostratigraphy of Linxia B asin, C hina. Earth P lanet. Sci. Let.,2 10:5 45-560. prim iti ve form s appeared in the Longdan fauna, but are G ansu Provincial Investigative Brigade (G PIB), 1965. absent in the N ihew an fauna, like Panthera palaeosinensis, I n troduction to 1 : 200000 G eological M ap of the People's Leptobos brevicornis and N ipponicervus sp.I n N ihew an no R epublic of China (Linxia ). Beijing: G eology Publishing P anthera and Leptobos w ere found, and C ervus (R usa) H ouse. 1-4 0 (in C hinese) elegans m ay be a m ore advan ced species of N ipponicervus G uars ,J ., 1988.T he M iocene strata and m am m als fr om Tongxin, N ingxia and G uanghe, G ansu. M em . Beijing N at. H ist. M us O n the other hand,a large num ber of m ore advan ced form s, 4 2: 1-21 (in Chinese w ith E nglish sum m ary ). especially the cervids,a ppeared in the N ihew an Fauna,l ike H eissig, K ., 1969. D ie Rhinocerotidae (M am m alia) aus der A xis shansius, E laphurus bifurcatus, E ucladoceros boulei, o b eroligozdnen Spaltenfallung von G aim ersheim bei B ison palaeosinensis, Paleoloxodon nam adicus etc. T he I n golstadti n Bayern and ihre phylogenetische Stellung,B ayer. extrem ely large horse,助uus sp.f rom Longdan,m ay be a A kad . W iss. M ath-N atur. K las.,A b九，从 “.F ol., 138:1-133 horse species appeared earlier in age than E. sanm eniensis H eissig, K ., 1976. R hinocerotidae (M am m alia) aus de r A nch itherium -F auna A natoliens. G eol. Jahr., 19: 1- 121 from N ihew an. Sim ilar case can be seen in E urope, w here H owell,F .C .,a nd Petter,G ., 1985.C om parative observations on the earliest horse, E . livenzovensis, is also larger than the s o m e M iddle and U pper M iocene hyaenids.G eobios, 18:4 19- typicalV illafran ehian horse,E .s tenonis 4 7 6 K retzoi,M ，1942.B em erkungen zum System der nachm iozdnen A cknow ledgem ents N ashom -G attungen.F old.K 6zl.,7 2:4 -12. Li, C . K ., 1978. T w o new lagom orphs from the M iocene of L antian, Shensi. P rofes. P ap. Stratigr Palaeont., 7: 143-148 T his w ork is supported by the N ational N atural Science ( i n Chinese) Foundation of China (N o.4 0232023),C hinese A cadem y of Li, C . K ., W u, W . Y ，an d 切u, Z. D ., 1984. Chinese N eogene: Sciences (N o. K Z C X 2-103 and RJZ 2001-105), an d s u bdivision an d correlati on. Vert. P alA siat., 22: 163-178 (in M inistry of Science an d Technology of China (N o. C hinese w ith English sum m ary ). G 2000077700). Li,J .J .,e ta l ，1995.U plifto f Q inghai-X iZang (Tibet)P lateau and G lobalC hange.L an zhou:L anzhou U niv.P ress,2 07 L iu,T .S ., Li, C .K .,an d Zhai,R .J ., 1978.P liocene vert ebrates of M anuscriptr eceived M ay 15,2 00 3 L antian , Shensi.P rofes.八p. Stratigr Palaeont., 7: 149-20 0 ac c e p te d O c t. 13,2 00 3 ( i n C hinese). ed i te d b y M e G uan glian Q iu,Z .D .,L i,C .K .,an d W an g,S .J ，1981.M iocene m am m alian f o ssils fr om X ining B asin, Q inghai. Vert.P a[A siat., 19: 156- R eferen ces 1 7 3 (in C hinese w ith English sum m ary ) Q iu, Z. X ., 1987. D ie H yaeniden aus dem Ruscinium and B ohlin, B ，1937 Fine T ertiare Saugetier-Fauna aus T saidam V illafran chium C hinas.M unchner. G eow i.ss.A bh.,R eihe A ,9 : 八 rlaeontol. Sin., Sec C , 14: 1- 111 I - 1 10 . Cerdeno, E ., 1996. Rhinoceroddae from the M iddle M iocene of q u, Z. X ., an d G um , J., 1986. A low er m olar of Pliopithecus t h e Tung-gur Form ation, Inner M ongolia (C hina). Am . M us. fr om Tongxin, N ingxia H ui A utonom ous R egion. A cta N ovit., 31料:14 3. A nthropol.S in.,5 :2 01-207 (in Chinese with English abstract). C erdedo, E., and M nchez, B ., 2000. Intraspecific vari ation and Q iu, Z. X ., H uang, W . L., an d G uo, Z . H ., 1987a. The C hinese e v olutionary trends of A licornops sim orrense (R hinocerotidae) hipparionine fossils.P alaeont.S in., N ew Ser.C , 25 1-250 (in i n Spain.Z ool.S crip.,2 9:2 75-305. Chinese w ith English sum m ary ). D eng, T., 2000. A new species of Acerorhinus (Peri ssodacty la, Q iu, Z. X ., and Q iu, Z . D ., 1995. C hronological sequence an d R hinocero tidae) from the Late M iocene in Fugu, Shaanxi, s u bdivision of Chinese N eogene m am m alian faunas C hina. Vert. PalAsiat., 38: 203-217 (in Chinese w ith English s u m m ary ). P alaeogeogr. Palaeoclim at. Palaeoecol., 116:4 1-70.

万方数据 14 C enozoic M am m alian Faunas of the L inxia B asin in G an su, C hin a D eng et al

Q iu, Z . X ., and W an g, B .Y ., 1999.A llacero ps (R hinocero toidea, Schlosser, M ., 1903.D ie fossilen Saugethiere Chinas nebst euner P erissodactyla), its discovery in C hina an d its system atic O dontographie der recenten A ntilopen.A bh.K on.B ayer.A kad. p osition. Yen . P alA siat., 37: 48-61 (in C hinese w ith Engli sh W issen..2 2: 1-221. s u m m ary ). T eilhard de C hardin, P., an d Piveteau, J., 1930. L es m am m if6m s 切u, Z. X .,W an g,B . Y.,a nd X ie, H P., 2000.P relim inary report f o ssils de N ihow an (C hine).A nn. Palgont., 19: I- 134. o n a new genus of O vibovinae fr om H ezheng district,G an su, W an g,B .Y ,2 001.O n Tsagan om yidae (Rodentia,M am m alia) of C hina. Verr. PalA siat.,3 8: 128-134 (in C hinese w ith English A sia.A m . M us.N ovit., 3317: 1-50. s u m m ary ). 认勺，W 丫，M eng, J ，an d Ye, J., 2003. T he discovery of 伍u, Z . X ., W an g, B . Y , an d X ie, J 丫，1998. M id-Tert iary P liopithecus fro m northern Junggar B asin, X injian g. Bert. c h aticothere (Perissodactyla) fossils from L anzhou, G ansu, 八 习lA siat.. 41: 76-86. C hina. Vert. PaM siat., 36: 297-318 (in C hinese w ith E nglish W u,W Y ,Y e,J .,an d Zhu,B .C ., 1991.O n A llop tox (Lagom orpha, s u m m at飞). O chotonidae) fr om the M iddle M iocene of Tongxun, N ingxia Q iu, Z ., X , W u, W -丫，and Q iu, Z . D ., 1999.M iocene m am m al H ui A utonom ous Region,C hina. Vert. PalAsiat.,2 9:2 04-229 f a unal sequence of China: palaeozoogeography an d Eurasian ( i n Chinese w ith English sum m ary ). r e lationships. In: R ii ssner G E, H eissig K (eds.), The M iocene X ie,J .Y ., 1991.T he Late Tertiary strata an d m am m alian fossils of L and M am m als of Euro pe.M unchen:V erlag D r.F riedrich Pfeil, G ansu,C hina.J .S tratigr., 15:3 6-4 1 (in C hinese). 4 4 3-4 5 5 . X ue, X . X ., Zhang, Y .X ., an d Yoe, L. P., 1995. Discovery an d Q iu, Z. X ., and X ie, J. Y ., 1997. A new species of Aprotodon c h ronologicald ivision of the H ipparion fauna in Laogaochuan ( P erissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) fr om Lanzhou B asin,G an su, V illage,F ugu,County,S haanxi.C hinese Sri.B ull.,4 0:9 26- 929. C hina. Vert.P alA siat., 35: 250-267 (in C hinese w ith English Yan , D . F., 1979. Einige der Fossilen M ioziinen Saugetiere der s u m m ary ). K reis von Fangxian in D er Provinz H opei.p ert.P alA siat, 17: 幼u,Z .X .,an d X ie,J . Y ，1998.N otes on Parelasm otherium an d 1 8 9- 199 (in C hinese w ith G erm an sum m ary ). H ipparion fossils from W angji, D ongxian g, G an su. Vert, Y oung,C .C ., 1932-O n a new ochotonid from north Suiyuan .B ull. P aM siat.,3 6: 13-23 (in C hinese w ith English sum m ary ). G eol .So, C hina, 11:2 55-258. Q iu, Z. X .,X ie, J. Y ., Y an, D . F., 1987b. A new chilothere skull Z hai, R .J ., 1978. A prim itive elasm othere from the M iocene of f r om H ezheng, G ansu, C hina, w ith special reference to the L inm ng, Shensi. Pro fes. Pap. Stratigr Palaeont., 7: 122-126 C hinese "D iceratherium ".S ci.S in.,( 5):5 45-552 (in Chinese). ( i n C hinese w ith English sum m ary ) Q iu,Z .X .,X ie,J .Y ., Y an ,D . F., 1988.D iscovery of the skull of Z hang, Y . X ., an d X ue, X . X ., 1996. N ew m aterials of D inocrocuta gigantea. Vert. PalA siat., 26: 128- 138 (in D inocrocuta gigantea found in Fugu County,S haan xiP rovince C hinese w ith English sum m ary ) V e rt PaM siat.,3 4: 18-26 (in Chinese w ith E nglish abstr act). Q iu, Z. X .,X ie, J.Y .,an d Y an, D . F., 1990.D iscovery of som e Z han g,Z .Q .,G entry ,A .W .,K aakinen,A .,L iu,L .P .,L unkka,J .P . E arly M iocene m am m alian fossils fro m D ongxian g, G an su Q uu, Z.D .,S en,S .,S cott,R .S .,W erdelin,L .,Z heng,S .H .,an d V ert.P aM siat.,2 8:9 -24 (in Chinese w ith English sum m ary ). F ortelius,M .,2 002.L and m am m alf aunal sequence of the Late Q iu, Z .X ，X ie, 1. Y ，an d Y an , D .F ., 1991. D iscovery of Late M iocene of C hina: new evidence from Lan tian , Shaan xi M iocene Agriotherium fr om Jiegou,G an su,an d its taxonom ic P rovince. Vert.P alA siar, 40 : 165- 176 i m plications. Vert. Pah4siat., 29: 286-295 (in Chinese w ith Zheng, S.H ., 1980.T he H ipparion fauna of Bulong B as in, Bum , E nglish sum m ary). X izan g.I n:P alaeontology ofX izang,B ook l.B eijing:S cience Ringstr om , T., 1924. N ashorner der H ipparion-Fauna N ord- P r ess,3 3-47 (in Chinese w ith E nglish abstr act) C hinas.P alaeontol. Sin., Set.C , 1 (4): I- 159. Zheng, S. H ., 1982. Som e Pliocene m am m alian fossils from Ringstr om , T., 1927. Gber quart are and jungterdare S ongshan -2 and -3 (Tian zhu,G an su) an d the Songshan Fauna. R hinocerotiden aus C hina and der M ongolei. Palaeont. Sin V e rt. PalAsiat, 20: 216-227 (in Chinese w ith E nglish S er. C , 4 (3): 1一 1. s u m m ary ).

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