Savings of Electricity Consumption Cost in Commercial Sector of Bangladesh
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International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 4, August 2013 Savings of Electricity Consumption Cost in Commercial Sector of Bangladesh A. Hasib Chowdhury, Nahid-Al-Masood, Manjurul Alam Fuad, Md. Asad Uz Zaman, and Ridwanur Rahman the solar PV system is implemented in commercial sector, the Abstract—Solar Photovoltaic (PV) system can be a pragmatic energy crisis of Bangladesh will be reduced to a great extent. and affordable solution for providing the large scale electrical A number of investigations associated with the design of load in any commercial place. This will reduce the load solar PV system and savings of electricity consumption cost consumption from national grid as well as this form of have been reported in literature. The design, control and Renewable Energy (RE) is totally environment friendly. This paper presents the savings of electricity consumption cost in modeling of an isolated solar PV energy generating system commercial sector of Bangladesh by supplying the lighting load are presented in [1]. The successful application of off- grid with solar PV system. In Bangladesh, presently total electrical solar PV system has reached the electricity demand and demand is about 6000 MW and 15% of it, that is, about 900 improved the living condition of local people in the remote MW is commercial load. Approximately 11% of the commercial area in Inner Mongolia [2]. A novel system based on load, that is, 100 MW is used for lighting purpose in Bangladesh. integration of solar power generator with grid for optimal Through economic analysis, it is found that in next 25 years, $ 122.4 million and $ 156.6 million can be saved for day long utilization of energy by minimizing the power drawn from supply of lighting load and peak hour supply of lighting load, grid is introduced in [3]. To promote the solar PV installation, respectively, by using solar PV system in commercial sector of a large-scale PV system installed in the Main Stadium of the Bangladesh. 2009 World Games has been investigated for the design of selling price of PV power generation in [4]. A detailed Index Terms—Commercial load, payback period, solar PV economic calculation on the cost of electricity production by system, savings of cost. a 1 kWp grid-connected organic photovoltaic system has been performed in [5]. The design method for the appropriate selection of a stand-alone photovoltaic power system for I. INTRODUCTION residential application in the absence of utility power supply The quality of human life is intimately associated with the is shown in [6]. Modeling of a combined photovoltaic and availability of energy resources. At present, the worlds’ thermal energy system is presented in [7]. A comparative energy consumption rate exceeds 6000 GW. This is expected analysis of solar PV street lighting system in three different that energy demand will grow rapidly in the next decades due lamps is illustrated in [8]. to the increase in demand from the developing countries. As Energy-saving technologies have become more readily Bangladesh is one of the developing countries with available for residential purposes. Such technologies can be population of over 164.4 million, it is going through a huge classified into two broad categories: energy generation energy crisis in recent years. Due to rapid change in climatic systems and consumption reduction solutions. A more direct conditions of the world, RE sources are becoming popular method of reducing home electricity costs would be to reduce day by day. Solar PV system is one of the sustainable and consumption. It is observed that Compact Fluorescent Lamps environment friendly RE sources. The commercial use of (CFLs) are four times less expensive to run than incandescent solar power has gained enormous acceptability over the last light bulbs. The use of CFLs, coupled with a smart lighting decade. Bangladesh is situated between 20.300 – 26.380 system that automatically shuts off when not in use, results in north and 88.040 – 92.440 east which is an ideal location for around 7% reduction of total electricity consumption at home solar energy utilization. Here daily average solar radiation [9]-[11]. varies between 4 – 6.5 kW/m2. Maximum amount of Lighting contributes the highest amount of electricity radiation is available on the month of March – April and usage in a building. Generally, lighting consumes 20% – 50% minimum on December – January. There is a good prospect of the total electricity consumption [12], [13]. The efficient of harnessing solar power in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh the and effective use of lighting can offer major energy and cost residential use of solar power is increasing at a considerable saving. An energy efficient lighting system design without rate. But the rapidity is really slow in commercial sector. If sacrificing the visual comfort and quality of lighting is presented in [14]. Replacement of older fixtures with new Manuscript received December 12, 2012; revised March 26, 2013. luminaries can greatly improve efficiency and save a A. Hasib Chowdhury and Nahid-Al-Masood are with the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of significant amount of cost in electricity consumption cost. Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh (e-mail: This paper presents the savings of electricity consumption [email protected], [email protected]). cost in commercial sector of Bangladesh. In what follows, the Manjurul Alam Fuad, Md. Asad Uz Zaman, and Ridwanur Rahman are with the Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication detailed economic analysis and total savings in electricity Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, consumption cost presented chronologically. Bangladesh. DOI: 10.7763/IJIMT.2013.V4.437 439 International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 4, August 2013 II. AVAILABILITY OF SOLAR ENERGY IN DHAKA CITY Police Plaza Concord, (37) North Tower, (38) Grand Plaza, Bangladesh is situated between 20.300 – 26.380 north and (39) Chadni Chawk Market, (40) City Heart Shopping Centre, 88.040 – 92.440 east which is an ideal location for solar (41) Gausia Market and (42) Navana Shopping Centre. energy utilization. Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh which The lighting loads for the above commercial places are is situated at 23.710 latitude and 90.400 longitudes. Monthly calculated. A numerical example to calculate the lighting solar insolation and daily average bright sunshine hours in load is presented below. Dhaka city are presented in Table I and Table II, respectively. Shimanto Square Shopping Complex has 180 shops in total. Out of them, 54 shops are high load consumers and the TABLE I: MONTHLY SOLAR INSOLATION IN DHAKA others are moderate load consumers. Table III shows the total Month Solar insolation (kWh/m2) lighting load of Shimanto Square. January 3.16 February 4.46 TABLE III: TOTAL LIGHTING LOAD OF SHIMANTO SQUARE March 4.88 Average Consumer lighting Occupied April 5.28 Total load (W) class load space (ft2) May 5.46 2 (w/ft ) June 4.22 High load 11.27 12182 137291.1 July 4.42 consumer August 4.18 Moderate September 3.74 load 4.03 28426 114556.8 consumer October 5.53 Total lighting load 251847.9 W November 3.92 December 3.17 Average 4.37 kWh/m2 In Bangladesh, presently total electrical demand is about 6000 MW and 15% of it, that is, about 900 MW is TABLE II: BRIGHT SUNSHINE HOURS IN DHAKA commercial load. Approximately 11% of the commercial Maximum Minimum load, that is, 100 MW is used for lighting purpose in Month Mean (hours) (hours) (hours) Bangladesh [15]. January 9.9 7.5 8.7 February 10.7 7.7 9.2 March 10.1 7.5 8.8 YSTEM ESIGN AND CONOMIC NALYSIS April 10.2 7.8 9 IV. S D E A May 9.7 5.7 7.7 In order to evaluate the electricity consumption cost in June 7.3 3.8 5.55 commercial sector of Bangladesh, two separate steps are July 6.7 2.6 4.65 executed. At first step, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) system August 7.1 4.1 5.6 supplied by solar PV modules is designed to illuminate the September 8.5 4.8 6.65 commercial places. At second step, the economic analysis is October 9.2 6.5 7.85 performed. The steps are presented in what follows. November 9.9 7 8.45 December 10.2 7.4 8.8 A. System Design Average 9.13 hours 6.03 hours 7.58 hours After the field survey it is observed that the commercial places can use LED lights with a flat consumption of 1.5 W/ft2. A sample design of LEDs in Shimanto Square III. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Shopping complex, supplied by solar PV system, is In order to collect the commercial load data, a field survey illustrated below. is carried out. Since Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is the Total area for the shops in Shimanto Square Shopping load centre of the country, the commercial places are selected Complex is 40,609.73 ft2. So the total lighting load within Dhaka city for survey. The following places are consumption using LED lights of Shimanto Square Shopping selected. Complex is approximately 61 kW. A standalone PV system (1) Bashundhara City, (2) Mouchak Market, (3)New shown in Fig.1 is selected to supply the LED lights. The Market, (4) Eastern Plaza, (5) Nahar Plaza, (6) Mutalib Plaza, designed system of Fig.1is expected to run for the period of (7) Karnafuly City Garden, (8) Aarong, (9) Eastern Plus, (10) 25 years. Shimanto Square, (11) Eastern Mallika, (12) Twin Tower A standalone system does not have any connection to the Shopping Complex, (13) Metro Shopping Mall, (14) Orchard electricity grid.