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The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in thïs thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantid extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. THE PLACE-NAMES OF TRINITY BAY, NEWFOUNDLAND A SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS
by Trevor Porter
A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fùlfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts
Department of English Language and Literature Memonal University of Newfoundland
January 1999
St. John's Abstract
This paper examines the variety of structures of place-names collected during fieldwork undertaken in 102 TMUty Bay, Newfoundland communities and suggests a fiamework suitable to the grammatical classification of these names. Chapter One is an oveMew of the history of English place-name studies. It traces place-names methodology fkom England, beginning in the nineteenth century, to the United States, Canada and, particularly, to Newfoundland. A historical overview of the study area is presented in Chapter Two and Chapter Three discusses the methodological approaches used in the study. Chapter Four is a discussion of issues relevant to the examination and categorization of the data The grammatical patterns revealed in the names are discussed in Chapter Five. A complete List of patterns is assembled in Table 1, Appenduc I, and the corpus is presented, divided according to the discussed categories, in Appendix II. Acknowledgements
1 remember as a child following my father through fieshly fallen snow, wondenng at the length of his stride and tryïng to make my footprints match his. As an adulr, 1appreciate the importance of the path my parents trace in front of me and the example they provide; their steps, personal and professional, are long and dûected straight ahead.
1 am indebted to Professor Robert HoIlett and Dr. WilIiam Kirwin, whose work ethic, example and fkiendship have challenged, inspired and encouraged me during the past four years in the 'Dictionary Room' .
1 must also thank Mernorial University for providing the bding for the Tnnity Bay place-name study and the members ofthe Department of English Language and Literature for their support- Particularly, 1should like to thank Dr. Graham Shorrocks for providing necessary course offerings and guidance in the early stages of my degree.
Nothing could have been accomplished without the love of my wife, Danielle.
Trevor Porter 12 December 1998 Table of Contents
Chapter 1 A Brief History of Toponomy in English
Introduction.. -,_,-,,, - .- --a - - .--- , , ------.- -. .-. ------. +-+ - -.,- --- -,-, ,, - - ,, ,-- - - -.------L
1. ENGLAND: Early Directions in English Place-name Study ...... 1
II- THE NEW WORLD: North Amenca ,AM),,,,,,-..,---.--.~.------..*------.----~------6 m. CANADA: Scholarly Toponomy ...... 10
IV. NEWFOUNDLAND: The Toponymic Tradition ...... 1 1
Chapter 2 Trinity Bay, Nedoundland
1, Settlement Patterns-...... f 6
II. English and Irish Settlement ...... 18 m. Occupations...... 20
Chapter 3 The Project
1. Collecting the Modem Place-Names ...... -21
II. Archiving and PreseMng the Records ...... 23
Chapter 4 Issues
1. Comecting Grammar and Onornastics ...... 25
II. Formulating a Usefùl Definition of the Place-name...... --28
III. Transcnbing the Spoken Place-names ...... 3 5
m.1. Using the Apostrophe ...... -...-...... 3 5
Chapter 5 The Grammar of the Trinity Bay Place-names
Introduction...... ,,., ...... ,.,3 8
1. Simple Place-names ...... ,...... 40 II . Complex Place.names ...... 42
II.1 . Simple Specinc + Simple Generic...... 42
Il.n . Cornplex Specific + Simple Genenc ...... 46 U.n. i . Three Elements ...... -46 *- ïi.n.11. Four Elements...... 1
II.m . Simple Specific + Complex Generic ...... 58 II.m.i. Three Elements ...... 58 .. II.m.ii. Four Elements...... -61 II.rv . Complex Specific + Complex Genetic ...... 64
D.v. Names Including Prepositional Phrase Modifiers ...... 70 II.v.i. Simple Generic + Simple Specific ...... -71 II.v.ii. Simple Generic + Complex Generic...... 72 II.v.iii. Compiex Generic + Simple SpecXc ...... -76 II.v.iv . Complex Genenc + Complex Specific ...... 78
Conclusion ...... ,,,. ... 82
Bibliography ...... 87
Appendix I: Placename Categories ...... 93
Appendix LI: The Corpus ...... 96 CEEAPTER 1
A Brief History of Toponymy in English
Introduction
Throughout written history, people have associated names with geographical locations and features, as they have with individuals and objects. In order to facilitate travef and navigation, administration and law, societies have named places and collected the name references to them, often recording place-names on maps. Although names play these important roles, essential to society, scholars understand little about how names, particularly place-names, fit into the patterns of their larger superstructure, language. Aithough there has been much inquiry into the question of how English place- names can yiefd information about history, the question of how place-names fit into gramrnar, specifically syntax, has largely been ignored in favour of etyrnological treatment. After a brief survey of directions in toponymy beginning in the nineteenth century, a description of fieldwork and clarification of certain key issues, this paper attempts to describe the syntactic patterns of the place-names of Tri* Bay,
Nedoundland,
1. ENGLAND: Early Directions in Englisb Place-marne Study
The systematic collection and study of place-names in the British Isles is a relatively new phenornenon. Early writers often traced the names of cities, towns nvers and other interesting places back to individuals and events, ofien providing fmciful
1 Though histones of English place-name studies are sparse, there are adequate summarïes of place-name studies provided by Mencken (1963:662-3),Bradley (197059-124) and Spittal and Field (1990: Introduction). explanations. Collections of names in the form of guides were published for people
travelling into the country. these fiequently listing only those names thought to be a
quaint reflection of the mstic inhabitants. It wasn't until the latter half of the i9¢ury that philologists emphasized the importance of an historicd and more rïgorous approach to language and place-name studies-
A different type of collecting and treatment of English place-names can be seen when the English Didect Society (EDS) began to incorporate proper name and place- name studies into its dialect monographs. Upblding one of the Society's chief purposes
- to record the 'rapidly disappearing' dialects of England - antiquaries began examining place-names as they did other samples of speech. One of the first of these publications was W .D . Paris h's A Dictionïny of the Sussex Diulect and Collection of ProvinciaIims in use in the Cmnty of Sussex (1875). In addition to its comments on dialectal words and phrases used in Sussex, it contains short sections entitled "Anglo-saxon Names in
Sussex" (239-140) and "Sussex Surnames" (141-148)- The inclusion of these sections, recognizing names as language elements wonhy of consideration, marks a broadening of the base of English dialectology; these monographs were among the first recognition that names are important subjects of linguistic study, worthy of collection and preservation.
Until it was disbanded in 1896 and work was prepared on the English Dialecr Dicti~nary~ the Society's publications diverted to more toponymie content as members realimd that p lace-names were valuab le linguistic material. Evans's Leicestershire Words,Phrases, and Proverbs, published in 1881, contains a section labelled "Local Nomenclature" and in A Glossary of the Dialects of AIm0ndb-y and Uudaersfieî'd (1 883), Alfied Easther notes the extensive use of nicknames and bynarnes (surnames) in his area. In 1888, Sidney Oldall Addy published A Glassmy of WorrLF Used rit the Nezghbou~hodof
Sheffield Inchding a Selectzon of local Naines, ancisome Notices of Fokk-lore, Gumes, and Czisfomswhich contains a section (xliii-lxxiii) listing local place-names and field names. Like the later works by EiIert Ekwail and others, the focus of Addy's anaiysis is etymological; he not oniy lists the names, but comments on each, noting its origin. In
1894, Jesse Salisbury includes a short list of place-names in his A GZossq of Wor&
Used in Smith-E& Worcesfershire ((79-8 1). Wlesuch deveIopments are indicative of the late nineteenth century trend toward the inclusion of names in broader dialect studies, place-name studies conducted for their own sake were also adopting more scientific methodologies.
Philologists such as Isaac Taylor, Henry Bradley and, particularly, Walter Skeat, were ernphasizing that place-name studies required a more exact set of anaiytical principles. Allen Mawer, the first Director of the Survey of English Place Names, States that much of the credit for this change may be given to W.W. Skeat:
It is only within the laa twenty years or so, largely owing to the pioneer efforts of the Iate Professor Skeat, that the great tmth has been established which lies at the base of al1 place-name study, viz, that it is impossible to place any satisfactory interpretation upon the history of a name udess the records go a good way back, speculations upon its meaning are worse than useless. With the assertion of this cardinal tmth place-name shidy passed at once out ofthe phase of speculative guesswork and became an exact science in which, as far as adequate evidence has been preserved, vdid conclusions cm be drawn which may be of real value to the historian. (Infrochrctim,8-9)
In 1924, with Mawer heading the Survey, the English Place-Name Society
(EPNS) published the introductory volume of what was plamed to be a cumprehensive place-name survey of ail of the English counties. The first of fi*-two so far completed volumes, Iniroduction to the Swey of EngiltFh PIacenames outlines the progress of the various etymological and historical facets of English place-name material in a series of short essays and provides a glossary of the basic lexical elements appearing in English place-names. The volumes were designed to list aii of the wrïtten, recorded toponyms in the counties and describe the elements of the names, noting foreign language influence and the distribution of names elements throughout the counties. The Introduction has a lengthy section describing and interpreting elements common to many of the counties.
Eilert Ekwall, a Swede, a member of the English Place-Name Society and a pioneer of English toponymy, was one of the primary contributors toward the effort to treat place-names with the same scholarly interest as other aspects of the language. He first published S~udieson Place- und Personal Nmes in 193 1 in which he studied elements of place and persona1 names f?om an etymological standpoint. He later edited the Concise Oxford Dictionmy of English Place-Nmns, one of the best known early place-name dictionaries, first published in 1936, before the majority of the English Place-
Name Society's volumes were complete, with subsequent editions in 1940, 1947 and, finally, in 1960. In the "Preface to the Fourth Edition," Ekwall indicates the importance of the work of the EPNS in the field of etymology:
In the twenty-three years that have elapsed since the dictionary was first published important work has been done in the field of English name-study, and a good deal of fresh material has become available, in the first place thanks to the English Place-name Society, which throws new light on many place-narnes. A definite solution of more problems and better or more probable etymologies for many names can now be suggested than before, (v)
He finally published his own contribution to the EPNS publications, The Place-names of
Lancashire, in 1972 which follows the etymological trend established in his early works. Ekwall recognized the vaiue ofonomastics, specifically toponymy, in terms of the history of English. Much of his contribution to the field was etymologicaI. He was concemed with finding, in documents and early printed books, the earliest recorded foms of each name and drawing conclusions about Ianguage change in generd nom changes in the forms of the place-name. He also recognized that the identification of precise orthographie changes in particular place-names over a given period of time could provide information about the historical events which directeci them, thus derivhg information about an area's history. This approach has since been used to determine historical trends not obvious from other sources. Spittal and Field point out that the earliest mention of
Anglo-saxon place-names is fkom Roman and Greek coinage whereas Medieval manu scripts (e-g.AngZo-Smon Chronicie, Domesùiy Book, charters, writs, and wills) provide most of the evidence of English place-names (1990, 9- 11). Martyn Wakelin
( 19 89) compares spelling dflerences in place-names fiom such documents, postulating vowel and consonant changes characteristic of the period (106-107). The inclusion of place-names in manuscripts is an important source of evidence for linguistic change in earlier stages of English. Scholars such as Skeat, Mawer, and later Wakelin, recognized that narnes are a vital resource in uncovering historical information about the development of the language. II. THE NEW WORLD: North Americrr
Interest in Indian names spurred the first studies in Amencan place-names.
Mencken notes that Washington Irving (1839), Henry R Schoolcrafk (1 844) and Usher
Parsons (in his 1861 ''Indian Names ofplace in Rhode Island") were among the first attempting place-name study in North America (662-3). They were followed b y Lewis
A. Mchhur and his 1928 Sfu& of Oregon Geographic Nmes whose enthusiasm for studying Indian names was later echoed by Stewart (529).
The methodology of names study in England was found to be unsuitable for sirnilar studies in North America Old documents were a primary source of information for most of the early place-name studies in England, and the results of these studies reflected the age of the country and the long sweep ofEnglish history. Scholars produced linguistic keys to the stages of the development of the English language, since changes in place-name spellings ofien corresponded with the changes in the major dialects. An additional method employed for studying place-names was taking spellings eom older manuscripts and cornparhg them to more recent records, noting changes in the forms of the names. The changes in the documents were often easily dated and assumed to be representative of changes in the language. However, a fundamental change became necessary in toponymic methodology when it was transplanted into the new world.
h North America schoiars have had only a few hundred years of evidence in maps and books to observe, so overall changes in the development of English have been negligib le. The focus of study changed to accommodate the relative youth of new world settlement there. Because ofEngIand7slong history, the maps and manuscripts studied in that country were a reflection of the movements of peoples and the changes in societies, boundaries and govenunents. AR. Ddap, in comparing place-name shidies in Ohio and
Cheshire, notes the difference in historicai depth: 'nie records of the Western Reserve go
back, not for a millennium or more, like those of Cheshire, but merely to the end of the
eighteenth century" (120). In contrast to English documents, older North American
rnap s, for instance, were not produced by local and national specialists but were drawn up by explorers, adventurers and cartographers, sailing fiom Europe and attaching names to new places as they discovered them. Places were named to facifitate exploration and navigation and the namîng practice was influenced by nationalism and the need to identie features for later reference. Because early naming was a combined effort of explorers of many different nationalities who assigned names in their own languages and adopted indigenous narnes, many of the geographic narnes studied by new world scholars were not English in structure. Ekwall's method ofspecifj6ng Old and Middle English elements in place-names, for example, had to be abandoned in favour of a new methodology.
One of the most influentid North American place-name scholars, George R
Stewart, primari ly studied place-names semantically, in terms of how and why they were narned. Although he saw the advantages of tracing a name back to its original form, he was relatively unconcemed with diachronie linguistic processes. He instead attempted to discover what prornpted the original creation. Surveying the field, Stewart (1975) suggested six possible rnethods of place-name classification:
1. Territorial
2. Chronological
3. According to language 4. According to generic2
5. In an alp habetical dictionary
6. Attempting to discover the motivation of the namer (85-86)
Territonal classification, discussed above, was the methodology adopted by the EPNS for most of the English volumes. This type of division provides a convenient fiamework since political borders make for relatively stable and therefore usefiil boundaries. It also allows a sunrey to be d~dedinto neat segments which are Iikely to apped to govemmental and other interests to fund projects that increase the awareness of social and historical identity since they correspond to gw-poiitical borders. However, the hazard in this type of approach, Stewart felt, is twofold. First, "it is a classification of places rather than names, and lumps together al1 sorts of naming processes" (85), and second, this type of division sometimes leads to historically inaccurate conclusions because settlement boundaries are often not identicai to political boundaries.
The second, chronological, type of analysis is usefiil for studying names in relation to important historical eras. Stewart notes that the work of the EPNS is generally limited to names given before 1500 (85). He also asserts that the third type, classification by language, is only "especially useful to the specialist, who must be deeply erudite in the particular language" (85). The fourth type of division, according to generic, again allows one to conveniently divide a corpus of names into categories. The fifih division arranges each of the names under the appropriate generic headword: an especially useful type of division for a reference work and for obse~ngthe ways in which the genencs are
' Geographic names are commonly organized hto generic and spectjic components. A generic refers to the physicai entity and the specific characterizes and pmïcularïzes the entity, employed. It gives one the ability to look up a generic and see its meaning and fhd instances of ail of the elements comrnonly used with that generic. Stewart claims that the sixth systern of classification "spnngs fiom the attempt to determine the motivation of the namer" (86), organizing data into such categories as 'humorous' and 'religious' names.
Stewart believes, however. that any one ofhis six modes of classification fails to fully reveal the namer's intention when creating a particular name. He is therefore less interested in the distribution ofthe names and the meanings oftheir elements than in the process of naming. To address this aspect of nomenclature7he outlines his own system of classification, first presented in 1954- Stewart is one ofthe earliest and most comprehensive contributors to American onomastics- His work served as a reference for many later studies.
Among the important American scholars is Francis Lee Utley, a notable literary and folkiore scholar. In "The Linguistic Component of Onomastics" (1963), Utley notes the historical and aesthetic contribution made by place-name studies to the fields of dialect geography, literature, sociology, folclore and the history of religion. He points out the need for more linguistic rigour in American place-name study. Another wrïter,
James B. McMillan (1949), suggests the need for a concise grammatical approach to p lace-name study and analyzes, for example, the use of the definite article in place- names. Vivian Zinkin, a student ofMcMillanYs,published an analyticai article on the grammar of place-names (1969), one which is directly related to this thesis and therefore will be discussed later in detail.
3 Stewart's systern is aiso used by Seary (1971), as noted in my diSCUSSion of toponymie study in Newfoundland below- The Amencan Name Society, founded in 1951, is very active in the publication of toponymic and other onornastic studies. Four times per year it publishes the journal
Names.
III. CANADA: Scholarly Toponymy
The officia1 authonty on geographical names in Canada is at present the Canadian
Permanent Cornmittee on Geographicai Names (CPCGN). This body was first established as the Geographic Board of Canada in 1897 and was intended to supervise, standardize and conduct research into the study of place-names in Canada It was initially a federal body, but later obtained representatives fiom the provinces, including, after 1949, the new province of Newfoundland. Soon its focus narrowed to setting out the guidelines for adopting new names, handling the official use of names and developing officia1 policies for the nation, and it became the CPCGN (see Fraser 1964). Today, its memb ers, f?om al1 provinces and temtories, function together "as a national CO-ordinating body ... [responsible for] the development of standard policies for the treatment of names and terminology, the promotion of the use of officia1 names and the encouragement of the development of international standards in cosperation with the United Nations and other national authorities responsible for naming policies and practices."4 In addition to its cornmitment to narne standardization, the secretariat is responsible for issuing the
"Gazetteer of Canada Senes" for various provinces and publishes Canoma, a periodical containing articles related to Canadian toponymy. Apart 50m the official publications and gazetteers overseen by the CPCGN,
Canadian place-name studies have mostly been historicd. Alan Raybum, a notable
Canadian researcher of place-names (and former official of the CPCGN), has published
Nming Canaah: S~toësabout PIace Nmnesfom Canadian Geographic (1994), a
colIection ofpopular articles giving information and interesting stories, as well as
Geographicd Names of Re@ew Counîy (1967). Geographzcul Niesof New Brunswick
(1 975) and Dictiunary of Crmdan Place Nies(1997). Raybuni gives a brief history
and explanation of each place-name which he treats.
Twice per year, the Canadian Society for the Study of Naines, formerly the
Canadian Institute for Onornastic Sciences, publishes On~m~caCanadiana. The journal, originally entitied On~rna~ca,was begun in 195 1 and became the Institute's
official journal in 1967. Its principal purpose is to allow the exchange of ideas arnong
scholars by publishing toponyrnic studies mainly conceming Canada.
W. NEWFOUNDLAND: The Toponymie Tradition
Though preceded by magazine articles published in the NewfoundZ'd Quurtedy
on many coastal place-names of the entire island by Archbishop Michael F. Howley
(Howley, 190 1-1 9 14), in the past thuty years the place-names ofNewfoundland have
received considerable attention of a scholarly nature. The leading contributor to the field
of toponymy in the province was ER Seary, former professor of English at Mernorial
University of Nedoundland. Seary's articles on place-names and family names in addition to two comprehensive works on these topics comprise most of the work undertaken on Newfoundland place-narnes. In Phce Niesof the Avalon Penirrsuia of the Island of ~fidId(1971), Seary discusses names related to the indigenous
Beothuks and Micmacs, the early Norse visitors and the earliest European explorers, particulariy the Pomiguese. He discusses the French element (34-59, the English impositions (of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries) (56-120), and Irish place-names (1 2 1-1 36) on the island. He does not offer any remarks on grammatical classification, but he does analyse the various types of specifiics and generics used in the stock of names. He organizes the narnes into single- and multiple-element name categories and discusses categories of features (hydrographie, topographic, and man- made) and their genencs (COVE,BAY, POINT, HEAD, TOWN,HOUSE, etc.), kinds of specifics (mainly Descriptive, Possessive, Incident and Cornmernorative) and the patterns which multiple-element names exhibit (Specinc + Generic, Article + Specific + Generic, etc.) (13 7- 167). In the last two sections of the book he adopts the semantic categorization proposed by Stewart (1954) to analyze and categorize the names, explaining that place-names "gain in significance when seen in some kind of association"
(4). Though Seary's book is a thorough examination of the Avalon Peninsula's documented place-names, it provides little in the way of grammatical analysis. The categorkation of specifics in Chapter Nine might be considered a display of syntactic structures, but employs toponymic tenninology (e-g. generic and qeczjic) rather than grammatical labels (149-167). The remainder of his discussion relies on semantic classification and addresses details of ongin, history and etyrnology rather than syntax.
In an earlier study, The French EIement in NewfoundIand Place Nies(1958), he examines the extent to which a strong French influence can be seen in Newfoundland place-names. He observes that the Pomiguese narnes at first outnumbered the French but, as the French fleets increased their adVities around the island durîng the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, French names became more numerous (5-8). 'By 1790, when
Michael Lane published his map showing the results of surveys of the whole Coast of
Newfoundland .. - French names are to be found dmost everywhere round the island, side by side with English names ..." (8). Again, his concem is not with syntax in this essay-
Gordon Handcock, an histoncal geographer at Memonal University, has published several articles on Newfoundland place-names. His article "A Review of the
Topographie Descriptive and Toponymie Generic Ternis Included in Dictionury of
Newfozrndhzd Englsh (1984)" provides a complete list of the generics included in the
DiW. As the editors of this work state in the introduction, they endeavoured to only include words which:
appear to have entered the language in Newfoundland or have been recorded füst, or solely, in books about Newfoundland; words which are characteristically Newfoundland by having continued in use here derthey died out or declined elsewhere, or by having acquired a different fom or developed a different meaning, or by having a distinctly higher or more general degree of use. (DIVE xi i)
The lists and definitions provided by Handcock therefore consist of generics which fa11 into the above category. Many of these appear later in this paper (e-g. ANGLE, ROOM,
TOLT,etc.)
A colleague of Seary's, G. M. Story, also wrote several articles dealing with
Newfoundland place-names. In "The View fiom the Sea: Newfoundland Place-Naming"
(1 WU), he notes how important the coastal geographical features have been to Newfoundland seafàring men, seeing the land fiom the perspective of the sea He remarks that "until the very end of the nineteenth centwy there was scarcely a town or village in Newfoundland out of sight or smell of the sea" (46). Story also notes that the density of names in Newfoundland is much higher on the Coast and on and under the ocean than inland, commenting how this is reflected in the types of names and the naming habits of Newfoundlanders.
Since the publication of Seary's work, W. J. Kir- has written severai articles on
Newfoundland place-names including a note on unofficial popular names (1993), various unpublished indices and an unpublished review ofapostrophes in place-names (1991). In addition, there is currently in progress a comprehensive survey of contemporary
Newfoundland place-names directed by Robert Hollett; it is Erom that work that the corpus examined in this study originated. In the early 1990s Hollett, under the auspices of the university's English Language Research Centre (ELRC), sent out fieldworkers to begin a new place-name study in Placentia Bay. These students had training in dialectology and had received instruction in the North American approaches to interviewing and in the use of tape recorders. They also had training in phonetics and transcription. The inte~ewensought two informants fiom almost every community in
Placentia Bay and, in 1995, in Trinity Bay, the fist two major areas to be studied. The informants in these surveys were lifelong residents of each community.* They were instructed to specw al1 of the local place-names by refemng to specially prepared rnaps!
'~n the Placentia Bay study, fieldworkers interviewed a relatively hi& number of fernale infofmanîs; it was thought that women might have a greater familiarity with different areas witbin the community than would males.
%laps were edarged photocopies of National Topographie Series (NTS) maps which had al1 of the mes removed Save for a very few major features used for teference- Each place-name was numbered and a data sheet with a corresponding number was
prepared; the data sheet would later show the name, the type of feature, a phonetic
transcription of the name, and the topographic coordinates. A powered, tie-pin
microphone placed approximately seven to eight inches below the informant's chin was
used- To date, none of the materiai has been published, but the first fieldwork has
provided the mode1 for cullecting the data used in this paper and analyzed below.
These projects mersignificantly fkom other Newfoundland p lace-name studies in that a primary consideration is pronunciation of the names as used by the local residents. Much attention was given to ensure the collection of clearly pronounced, well- recorded place-names, yet avoiding exaggerated or u~aturalpronunciations. Minute details concerning the type of cassette tapes, microphones and settings for the inte~ews were carefully considered. One of the objectives of the Placentia and Trinity Bay studies is the planned creation of a dictionary of Newfoundland place-names as they occur in everyday speech.
In Newfoundland, as in the rest of Canada, the United States and England, there has been considerable scholarly interest in toponymy. In England, the focus in place- name studies was etymological and histoncal. North American toponymy differed significantly in that semantic matters overrode etymological interests. Generally, moa of the studies camed out in Newfoundland have fotlowed the North American tradition with the exception of Seary's extended discussion of place-name patterns and Hollett's concentration on pronunciation data. Very little has been done in the way of place-name grarnmar, the focus of the present research. Cbapter 2
Trinity Bay, Newfoundland
While it is easy to see place-names as identifiers, as labels for places in the real wodd, most began as linguistic descriptions, as phrases in the speech Stream of people who were interacting with the environment. Behind the name are the facts of early exploration, settlement patterns, economic and social actîvity and linguistic origins. The place-names of Trinity Bay are the product, for the most parg of settlers from England and Ireland and their descendants,
1. Settlement Patterns
The gradua1 settlement of Newfoundland was nothing if not erratic. For two hundred years previous to the fkst temporary settlements of the seventeenth century, fishermen visited Newfoundland seasonally, catching fish and retuming to Europe. Mer the first tentative settlements, the main period of Newfoundland immigration was fiom
1785 to 183 5 (Handcock 1990,35). Migration fiom England and Ireland occurred sporadically but fYom the earliest times Trinity Bay was an important site of settlement.
As early as the 1675 and 1677 censuses, there were multi-family settlements at Tnnity?
New Perlican, and Old Perlican (Handcock 1990, Figure 1-1, 17). The size of settlements in Trinity Bay increased until the early and mid-nineteenth century but slowed in the latter half of that century because of the attraction the United States held for labourers and skilled workers (Staveley 1990, Table 2-2, 57). Staveley comments generally:
The period 1884-91 ... shows a sharp discontinuity in the pattern of population development. For the first time, total population advanced very slowly, by less than 0.4 percent per annum. Naturally the decline was widespread: in St. John's and the iniying Conception Bay districts actual decrease of population was universal, with only Harbour Main managing a hctional increase... The causes, or officiai interpretatioos, ofthis population stagnation are not dinicult to End. They were succinctly outlined by Robert Bond, Colonial Secretary, in the Preface to the 1891 census: "It will be noticed that in many of the Districts the increase has been small whilst in a few there has been a decrease- This may be accounted for by the large inducements held out to artisans and labourers in the United States." (59)
This migration, causing communities to expand and collapse, combined with the mixing of dBerent nationalities and socid groups, determineci, in pa* the narning practices of the settlers.
Three main types of immigration patterns are typically acknowledged. The first is seasonal residence in which fishermen fiom England and Ireland arrived in
Newfoundland in Spring, fished until Fall, and returned home at the end of each season
The second type, temporary settlers, moved to Newfoundland for several successive seasons, but eventualty retumed to their native areas &er some experience in the fishery.
Finally, a third group of migrants came as single persons or with their families and settled along the coasts (Mannion, 5). The patterns of early Newfoundland settlement are also provided by Mannion:
Settlement expanded in three basic ways: by intensive subdivision of ancestral properties among heirs; by the gradua1 occupation of habitable sites, usually coves and poorer harbours within the old core; and by the extension of settlement along the northern, southem, and ultimately western fiontiers. Partible inheritance of paternal properties by sons became the dominant system of land succession and sometimes resulted in a patchwork of kin-group clusters within a single harbour. As the traditional foci of settlement in the harbours of the old core became crowded, and the limits of locally exploitable resources, capable of supporthg a cornmunity, were reached, surplus sons and daughters tended to rnove out and re- locate nearby, if possible. (1 1) Mannion's type of analysis is useful since such expansion affects the type of naming practice carried out by settlers; a group of places were at first on the penphery of the core settlements and then rose in importance as population increased and the communities expanded. In Trinity Bay, the communities of Trinity, Old Perlican and New Perlican were settled first and other areas were less used, thus the fiequency of names there was less dense and they were less relevant than those closer to the primary comrnunities. As the population grew and spread, however, previously neglected areas became sites of settlement; they were settled and named as they became more significant.
The English influence in Trinity Bay became even more pervasive in the eighteenth century when England increased its control over the fishery and began to extend such control to an increasing number of comrnunities. As the population grew, several factors helped stabilize year-round settlement and increase the permanent population. Handcock outlines three main changes: 1) the development of winter industries; 2) the reliance of English merchants on Newfoundland for cod, oil, and furs;
3) the customs, court, and army ofbers, particularly in St. John's, began to attract domestic servants who would marry in Newfoundland and then be replaced; thus adding to the town's population (Handcock 1990)-
tC. English and Irish Settlement
From the earliest times, the majority of permanent settlers in Tri* Bay were of
English Protestant descent. Although Irish migratory labourers were noted in the town of
Trinity, these did not usually establish themselves. Handcock comments at length on the point: Whiie there were years in the mid-eighteenth century when Irishmen made up the larger proportions of surnrner and occasionally ofwinter populations, most settlers in Trinity Bay and the district as a whole developed a strong English- Protestant identity. In 1801 only 12 fhlies out of 111 in Trinïty Harbour were Roman Catholic (Irish). Meanwhile, this minority community was still the largest of its type in Tnnity Bay- No other settlement has more than three Irish families, and at least seven settlements, including Ireland's Eye, were exclusively Protestant. The official statistics, together with those provided occasionaliy by missionaries during the 1760s and early 1770s, show that even when the Irish- Catholics either balanced or exceeded the English-Protestants among winter populations, Ït was mainiy male Irish servants empIoyed by Protestant masters that contributed to these structures- (Handcock 1989, 132)
This predominantly English-Protestant settlement is evidenced in the proportion of
English and Irish informants interviewed in our fieldwork.
Despite the insignificance of the Irish in Trinity Bay, Newfoundland as a whole was an important site of settlement for Irish migrants. Mannion cornments that
"Newfoundland holds a pivotal place in this unprecedented infiux ofIrish because it was the first place in the New World to receive substantial numbers of them7*(1973, 1).
Another early, and noteworthy, influence on the Trinity Bay area was the presence of the French. Although there was little actual French settlement in the area, in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, setilers in TNuty Bay endured a series of French attacks. The cornmunities were thus influenced by the incursions of the
French, and their infiuence can be seen in some of the names which have lasted until the present time. IIL Occupations
One fùrther factor affecting the naming practices by individuds and communities
is occupation. Although Newfoundland is often recognized as being most vaiued to
i mperialist interests because of its fishery, other occupations such as logging and seaiing grew in importance both to the Europeans and merchants benefiting fkom exports aad to
the settlers themselves. On the importance of logging, Mills notes that "fiomthe outset, men 6om al1 parts of the Bay were employed in the woods" (1990,78). The setxfers who
named the land and the sea depended upon them for their existence.' Until recent times -
- only in 1949 did Newfoundland become the tenth province of Canada - many of the
Trinity Bay communities were isolated. Transportation was by water and commerce was limited; livyers carried on their lives much as they had for centuries. Contact with the more populated areas of the province, even for those comrnunities co~ectedby rail or road, was infiequent and outside linguistic influence was lirnited.
7 For a more complete description of Newfoudland traditional occupatioas, see Story in Halpert and Story, 1969: 7-33. Chapter 3
The Project
One of the most important components ofthis study has been the fieldwork
Since the linguistic context and pronunciation ofthe toponyms has been a primary consideration, much attention has been given to the details of the collecting and recording. The groundwork for the Trinity Bay study, described below, was well planned and care was taken to ensure that the place-names collected were names in current use in the area.
1. Coiiecting the Modern Place-names
Trinity Bay is a deep inlet on the north side of the Avalon Peninsula, to the West of Conception Bay and the capital city of St- John's. Along its coastline are svung over one hundred comrnunities, most of which are co~ectedby a single road. The bottom of the bay runs in an east-west direction, roughly parailel to the Trans Canada Highway.
The coastline then turns northward at Dildo and Bay Bulls Arm, fonning a deep, narrow bay .
In order to cover this entire coastal area, fieldwork began at a central point and worked east and north until the entire eastem Coast of the bay was completed-
Interviewhg was conducted by two senior university students (one of whom is the writer), majors in geography and English linguistics. The fieldworkers then moved to and completed the bay's western shore,
Informants were chosen m situ, their names often provided by the proprietors of the local boarding house or obtained via a trip to the local corner or convenience store. Once the prospective informants' names had been obtained, they were approached and, if
casual conversation indicated the appropriate state ofmind and physiological
requirements (e.g. fiont teeth, ciear speech, etc.), they were asked ifthey would be
willing to participate in the study.
At the informant's house, before the recording equipment was taken out, care was
taken to initiate casual conversation and establish rapport with the informant. Once it
was felt that the infonnant was cornfortable, recording began Before any toponymie data was collected, information on the informant's age, family history and religious affiliation was recorded on informant data sheets. To get a sample of free speech, the informant was encouraged to speak fieely on any topic while the information sheets were being completed,
lnformants were asked to give a name for various locations and features on the specially prepared maps. These locations were numbered and matched to corresponding data sheets. Unless the informant's reply was not understood, the informant was not asked to repeat his response, and the fieldworker would write as close an approximation to what he heard as possible. The total number of responses per informant varied nom less than ten to over two hundred, but the average total was about one hundred place- names.
One or two communities, two to four infomants, were covered each day, depending upon distance and availability of informants. Because of time restraints, informants were usually approached and inte~ewedin the same day but, because many of the informants were fishermen, they were unable to be interviewed on good fishing days and the fieldworkers would remto the community later when the weather was less conducive to fishing and therefore more convenient for interviewhg The interview would usually take place during the day, but sometimes dunng the evening.
The fieldworkers attempted to record the greatest number of place-names relating to the largest possible area. Because the settlements in Trinity Bay are located in indentations along the coast, much of the coastline has traditionally been accessible only by boat; as it is the men rather than the women who have nonnally gone out in boats to fish, the male inhabitants were most familiar with outlying areas of the coast and water features and were thus most often chosen as infamants (see 14, note 5). The informant sought, therefore, was a male fisherman or woodsman, native to the comrnunity being surveyed, aiert and educated beyond the primary grades and, judged impressio~stically, to speak the traditional local vemacular.
KI. Archiving and Preserving the Records
During the research period, the original recordings were sent to St. John's and deposited in the Mernorial University of Newfoundland Folkiore and Language Archive
(MLTNFLA) and working copies were made for the English Language Research Centre
(ELRC). The files were organized and deposited in the ELRC as were the maps. To ensure preservation of the file and map information, details linking the recordings to the maps and to the files were stored on cornputer diskette. This information was later transferred to Microsoft Access for organization and classification-
The total yield of the fieldworiq then, consisted ofa series of 90 minute tape recordings, file folders fiom infiormants containing over five-thousand data sheets, and maps of the entire coastai and inland area adjacent to Trinity Bay marked with numbers corresponding to each name on the data sheets. A grammatical fiamework or apparatus was needed to classe each of the place-names, that is, each type. None was available. Chapter 4
Issues
Having established the background of name study and collected a sueable corpus
of local place-names, the task ofinterpretation remains; the names mua be extracted
fiom the data sheets and tapes, consistently transcribed and then analyzed As already
noted, much toponymie work has heretofore been done in terms of etymoiogical and
histoncal research, especially in England. The absence of a solid grammatical
description of place-names has not gone u~oûced;there have been a number of caiis,
particularly £tom Amencan scholars, emphasizing the importance of such an effort.
1. Connecting Grammar and Onornastirs
In 1949, McMillan begins what was probably one of the fïrst published essays
discussing place-name syntax by noting that "nowhere is there a systematic account of
the rnorphology and syntax, the ways of forming and using names of places in American
English" ( 242) and that the common approach to place-names has been by philologists,
historians, geographers and antiquarians, not descriptive grammarians. He discusses the
use of the definite article and the types of specifics and generics found in many narnes.
This essay was followed b y George Stewart's "Further Observations on Place-Name
Grammai' in which he agrees that "so much work remains to be done there is a justification for a certain number of such preliminary and exploratory atternpts." (202)
In the article mentioned in Chapter One above, "The Linguistic Cornponent of
Onomastics" (1963), Utley States: Onornastics has many components; the question at issue is whether certain of these, Iike history, logic and etymology, have tended to obscure and overwhelm the potential linguistic component. Ethe answer is yes, the responsibility for correction lies not oniy on the historian, logician and etymoiogist, but aiso on the modem linguist, structural or transformational, who has been slow to plow in onornastic pastures. (145)
Following this exhortation to linguists, Utley reviews the work done in onomastics and its contribution to various disciplines and discusses the diniculties in defining the proper name as a category. In emphasizing the need for a more serious linguistic approach to name study, he criticizes toponymists who have followed Stewart in describing how names originated, asserting that "there is in this country [the US] a tendency to make name study a matter largeiy of entertainment .. . or of regionai pridey (158). He Iaments the shortage of linguistic analyses ofplace-narnes, noting that only about haif of the fifty aates have studies comparable to the work of the EPNS, Adolf's German grammar of place-names, or ccDauzat'suse of maps in France" (158), and calls for a national place- name project for the whole of the United States. Utley mentions the selection in
Jespersen's grammar, the most complete treatment of the syntax of proper names, suggesting that his arguments "are convincing enough, taken in themselves; the real trouble arises when we attempt to identify proper names in discourse" (168). This point is especially relevant here; if studies on the grammar of proper names are scarce, comrnents on the use of proper names in discourse and the translation into written orthography are scarcer.
On the primacy of grammar in onomastics, Stewart notes, "grammar is so findamental to a language that no one can consider place-names at al1 without being concerned with it" (1975, 26). He describes possible grammatical approaches to place- name study but, for himself, chooses a semantic classification for his own analysis. He suggests that man's naming practice cornes firom the necessity to distinguish one place
£îom another; he feels that classifjring place-names semanticdly is therefore a Iogical approach. Though his classification is clear, accounts of his categories 'descriptive names', 'associative names', 'incident names', etc., are not directly usehi to the grammarian. The motivation of the narner, though beneficial for some areas of study, reveals little about the structure of the names-
North Arnerican interest in examining the syntax of place-names arose in the late
1940s. A separation of grammatical categories was suggested by McMillan (1949) and further developed by Zinkin (1969). In "The Syntax of Place-Names," an article taken from material previously used in her 1968 PhD. dissertation, Zinkin examines a corpus of place-names from maps and books concerned with Ocean County, New Jersey. She analyzes a small corpus of pnnted names fiom a relatively small area recorded during a short time span (three periods eom 1703 to 1789) in order to discover "the common pattern of composition, the extemal and interna1 syntax of the essential constituents, and, if possib le, the factors that may govern deviations fiom the nom" (1 82). Zinkin divides her corpus into groups based on four criteria: number ofelements for each name (one to five components), arrangement and number of the specifics and generks, the lexical components of each of the words in the name (noun, adjective, prepositional phrase, etc.) and semantic identification of each element,
Zinkin's article is critical to this study as she is perhaps the first to organize names into grammatical patterns stnctly on the basis of the word classes of the English place- name elements. She first describes each element according to its form and then seeks to uncover patterns ofthe classes within the names. This study generally observes Zinkin's type of grammatical classification, but with variation in the matter of word class assignment. Instead of consulting a dictionary to assign word class, Quirk et al's (1985) approach of considering three basic criteria -position, fonn, andfmction - to decide on a pa-rticular word's grammatical class has been adopted in this study. In addition to considering the form of the lexical item, the fùnction of the word is also considered. For instance, the context of rnany ofthe -hg forms appearhg in the corpus (FI'ISHINGR-
RED HEADFISHING GROUND) indicates that they fùnction as nominais even though they look Iike (i.e. are in the fonn on participles. A 'fishing rock' is 'a rock for fishing' rather than 'a rock which fishes'. Compare this to a 'rattling brook' which is 'a brook which rattles' not 'a brook for rattling'; the word ending in -hg in the former example is therefore classified as a noun and in the latter as a verb, that is. a participle. This type of three-pronged analysis is used throughout the analysis below.
U. Formulating a Useful Definition of the Placename
In order to extract names from a sample of recorded speech, it is necessary to provide a precise definition of a place-name. However, reaching a usefùl definition of the term was one ofthe more diff~culttasks posed by this study. The definition of place- name might be considered part of a larger discussion among some logicians on the subject of proper names. In spite of the nequency in which proper names are used in everyday speech and their general importance for overall communication, an acceptable definition which can be applied to the study of qokenfonns is difficult to find in the
1iterature. In his A Modern Englih Grmmar, Jespersen puts forward several characteristics of the proper name which wiil be dealt with in a later section, but defers the answer to the question of a general theory of proper names to Su Alan Gardiner
(Jespersen, vol. 7, section 16.1, 544). Gardiner's work, £irst published in 1940, is a refbtation of John Stuart Mill's comments conceming the nature of the name. Gardiner
States that a proper name is:
a word or group of words recognized as indicating or tending to indicate the object or objects to which it refers by virtue of its distinctive sound alone, without regard to any meaning possessed by that sound f?om the start, or acquired by it through association with the said object or objects. (43)
He defines a 'pure' name as a group of sounds which, without an already established association with a certain referent, has no meaning. (Tt is worth noting that although
Gardiner refers to "groups of sounds" he deals only with the written word and not with a word occumng in speech.) Citing the exampIes Vercingetorir, a first-century Avemi chieftain, and PopocutepetI, a volcan0 in Mexico, he suggests that because these groups of sounds [Le., words] have no obvious meaning without their association with the person or feature they identik they would be arnong the 'purest' of proper names (42). Gardiner also postdates that proper names have various levels of purity, suggesting that a place- name such as Dartmouth has an intrinsic reference to the mouth of the river Dart- Given this knowledge and presented with the example of the name Weymmth, one mi& conceivably be able to determine, without previous familiarity with the location, that it is a locality at the rnouth of the river Wey (42). There would then be enough meaning contained within the lexical item to identify the feature without previous howledge of the location. With this in mind, Gardiner concludes that though names such as Dartmouth and Weymoufhare proper names, their lexical meankg reduces them to a less
pure form of proper name?
Gardiner offers a theoretical fiarnework in which to develop a definition of a
proper narne, but offers little guidance for this study because he neglects to provide a
practical bais on which to accept or reject a constmaion as a proper name. He simply
States that if a word evokes an idea that is not a direct association with an individual,
place, or event, then it is not a proper noua. definition suits Gardiner's philosophical
argument, but has Iittle practicai value for this type of study. How is one to tell whether
or not a name has intrinsic meaning in each case? Ifa name holds meaning for some and
not for others, then how should it be descnbed? Gardiner shows his lack of interest in the
study of what he calls "embodied" proper names, narnes with attached meaning, in this
€as hio n:
The embodied proper names, though we can and indeed must investigate their theory, as being the pnmary and originating species, are in their multiplicity of no concem to the philosopher as such- The works that deal with this Iatter class are the Encyclopaedias, Histories, Dictionaries of National Biography, Geography books, and the like. (10)
Jespersen, on the other hand, approaches the problem fiom a more practical, rather than a philosophical, stance. In terms of meaning, his comments on the proper name are limited to the following:
A proper name strictly has a meaning only in connexion [sic] with the person or thing it denotes, hence it necessarily involves some degree of familiarity with the 'thing-meant' on the part of the speaker. According to convention, it is true, some names are generally used about certain categories, but this is no fixed rule (only think of the large number of persona1 names which were originally place-names). In general we may consider a proper name as an arbitrary label used to denote a certain familiar person or thing (or
8 Gardiner neglects to consider pronunciation It is perhaps unükely tbat the pronunciation would suggest the speïiing DARTMOUTH, group of persons or things), according to the theory ofthe stages offamiliarity ... the sb [substantive] therefore needs no definite article. (vol. 7, section 16.1, p.544)
This suggests that the proper name is aiready fmiliar and definite so it does not logically require a definite article.
Typical definitions of the proper name are often based on established conventions of spelling, wrïting and edited material. In A Cornpreheltsnte Grmnmar of the Englih
Larzguage (1985), Quirk et ai. state, "the most obvious indication of a name is its spelling with initial capitals" (294). This description only addresses those place-names which occur soiely, or at least essentially, in print and suggests that the written word is prïmary and authoritative. The problem here is two-fold. Fust, the present study of names is the ody record of moa ofthese names. Many of the place-names exia only orally within the speech cornrnunities an4 because of their minimal importance for people outside of those geographicai areas, they have not been recorded in pnnt for wider circulation. Theu first written record was that made by the fieldworkers and is now presented in this study, two processes (recording and transcribing spoken place-names) which involve problems of their own. Second, even place-names which are recorded in print were, at some point in the past, usualiy recorded nom speakers in a community. They have undergone at least one and perhaps several stages of editing and editors before appearing in pnnt. The initial recorder could well have been an explorer or surveyor who jotted what he thought he heard in a journal. He would have used whatever conventions of spelling and capitalization he was familiar with, more often than not being more concemed with rnaking the record than with consistency in his repeated use of the nouns. The recorded and published name is chronologically more faitffil to the original name. But these types of names rnay be less accurate because since being recorded they underwent one
and perhaps several editorial changes. The spoken name in Our fieldwork is
synchronically accurate, recorded at a more recent time, but does not necessady match
with the original or any earlier stage of the name. For this reason and because a
grammatical analysis may be synchronie or diachronie, this study concentrates on the
names in the forms in which they were given by the infamants and little effort is devoted to attempting to trace the name back to an original form, as an etymological study might
do.
Given the problems concemed with interpretations ofwritten names discussed above, a definition of a place-name usefül for this type of oral study requires fùrther attention. Quirk et al. demonstrate the dserence between two types of item begiming with the definite article: nomes and defnzte descnption~~They posit that there is no clear boundary between names and definite descriptions and conclude by labeling the types of place-names which begin with the definite article as "descriptive names" (295).
However, they firmly rely on the written fom of the word to corne to this conclusion.
Nthough this distinction may work well with names in wrîtten medium, it is of Iittle benefit to the demarcation of many of the names in this study.
Algeo, in On Definng the Proper Nme (1973). examines the contrasts between cornmon and proper names, suggesting that much of the confùsion in onomatology in general arises fiom misconceptions about the definition of the proper name. He emphasizes the necessity of defining 'proper name' on more than one level and suggests that a noun rnay be proper on one of these levels yet common on another: There is not a perfect isomorphism between semantics and grammar. Mount Olivet and the Mounf of Olives are both semantically names, just as zero and the fieezing point are both semantically appellatives; but the first member of each pair is grammatically a proper noun and the second grammatically a common noun. Interievel discrepancies of this kind are rife in language, but cannot be well understood without a view of linguistic structure that includes discrete levels. (30)
In Algeo's view then, a word can be semantically, but not syntactically, a proper noun.
More specific to this study is a definition of a place-name, rather than of a proper name. Identeng the place-names fkom the rest of the discourse is one of the greatest challenges presented by a study such as this. Al1 of the matenal-here is oral, produced either in response to the question "what is this place called?" or submitted directly by the informant: "We cal1 this ." The following examples illustrate some of the difficulties experienced when trying to distinguish which transcriptions correctly represent a recorded utterance of one noun p luase:
1- That's the Big Bog-
2- That's The Big Bog.
3. That's the big bog.
In 1, the place-name is Big Bog and the definite article is part of the sentence structure rather than an element of the name. In 2, the article, one feels, is an essential part of the place-name, hence the capitalization. Finally, in 3, the big 60g is not a place-name at au, but merely a definite particularization of a place. The context and vocal cues of the taped conversation will sometimes determine whether or not this last interpretation is a Iikely
9 See Algeo 's (1973) discussion on the status and semantics of proper names (42-67). one. The fact that the phrase is definite requûes either anaphonc or cataphoric reference to the bog in the overall conversation. A likely larger context in which this type of structure could occur is "That's the big bog where we shot the moose." This leaves the fist two as legitimate representations of the name. One indication of the boundaries of a name is the fiequency of use. Through studying the data sheets and listenhg to the tapes,
1 have noted that the sequence which is a place-name is usually preceded by a brie€ pause. Furthemore, although the names do occur wahin sentential structures, they are often special formulait sentences. Because the fieldworker is relatively unfafniliar with the area, his approach is usually not to ask the informant "what is this place?" and getting the response "Gooseberry Gulsh-" Rather, the informant gives the fieldworker a 'tour' of the map, pointing and saying ''That's Tickle Harbour Point," "That' s Point Cove,"
"You goes down about halfa mile and then it's Trippers Cove Pond," etc. In the data discussed below, the names were usudly preceded by a pause, and given as if a quotation or identification. If the definite article, in fact, is preceded by this pause, then it is considered to have been given in a quotation so the article remains capitalized in the transcribed form along with the rea of the place-name. however, there is no pause before the article or if there is one after it7it is considered to be part of the sentence structure rather than an integral part of the place-name and is omitted in the place-name record.
For the purposes of this study, aplace-nume filfiils both of the following conditions:
1. At least one informant claimed that a word (or group of words) identified a
geographic feature. 2. The sequence ofail the elements used by the informant to identify the feature
comprises the name- m. Transcribing the Spokea Place-names
This study emphasizes the validity and importance of names elicited orally. In the analysis, names on maps and in documents have been ignored and gazetteers ofofficial names are put aside, Save for occasional consultation- 1indicate above that the names on maps, charts and officia1 records are chronologically and theoreticaily closer to the
'original' names than are spoken names, having been obtained fiom the work of rnapmakers, explorers, map copiers (at times fkom other languages) and the like- What, then, is the origin of the names collected in this study, in use in a speech community?
Since the narnes are part of the verbal stock of a speech community, they are subject to the same influences as other linguistic features. In addition, because many of these place-names are recorded in official documents (correspondence, tourist maps, road signs, charts, etc), the members of the community, i-e. the informants, would have seen some of the narnes in pnnt on a regular basis and would possibly have been influenced by such standardizing ifluences. The orally collected place-name, therefore, is the product of inheritance, tradition, and outside influence,
III.1 Using the Apostrophe
The use of the apostrophe in North Amencan English place-names is by no means standardized. In officia1 documents and publications, both Canada and the United States have administrative policies which govern, or rather proscribe, its use. However, the Gazeîteer of Canada: Newf~rilmundhbrudorlists very many apostrophes in names f?om past centuries like St. John's &invin, "Apostrophes").
There is a persuasive argument for using the apostrophe in the names cited in this study conceming the name's history. It sometimes conveys information, that is meaning, which would be lost through its omission. The larger effort of which the data for this study is a part invo ives the collection and preservation of Nedoundland place-names.
Consequently, an effort has been made to note information revealed by the informantsr responses on the tapes.
An example of this is the name rd3~nz.owal] which was collected along with the comment that John Hillier had a cabin in the particular cove indicated. Iftranscnbed orthographically as JOHNS HOLE,there would be ambiguity as to what the grammatical and semantic relationships are between the two words - that is, whether the relationships suggest that the cove belonged to or was associated with one panicular John or whether there were several Johns. In addition, the name Johns may in fact be interpreted as a surname rather than a Christian name. Given the odhographic conventions of English, if the name is transcribed as JOHN'S HOLE,there is little doubt that the cove has this name because of its past association with a particular individual named John rather than for some other reason-
Conversely, in the hypothetical name /d30wnz 'owl], for which no additionai information is provided, it is unclear whether an accurate transcription should be JOAN'S
(given name - possessive singular) HOLE, IOANS'(given name - possessive plural) HOLE,JONES (family name - singular) HOLEor JONES' (family name - possessive singular) HOLE. In such a case, either Jwns or Jones is arbitrarily spelled. If evidence in interviews is lacking, the apostrophe is excluded. The insertion of the apostrophe would indicate that there was an ownership or some other association linking an individual to the place; the apostrophe would be a signal of information not supported by the recording.
In general, an effort is made to use an apostrophe whenever it appears that doing so indicates the informants' explanations and meaning which would otherwise be lost.
The syntactic anaiysis requires a precise description ofeach place-name. Therefore, (1) if circumstantial information will be lost through the omission of the apostrophe and (2) if a word's final [s], [z] or p]is regarded by the analyst as a genitive infïection (written as 's or s' in conventional onhography), then the spelling of the word will be written in this rnanner: 's-
Although evidence of grammatical analysis in toponymie study is scarce, there has been at least one attempt to describe the grammatical patterns of the English place- name. Zinkin's 1969 article carries out essentially the same type of classification presented here with minor differences. The conventions explained above concerning the use of the apostrophe and the definition of the name did not have to be dealt with by
Zinkin as she used names taken fiom maps rather than f?om speech. The ensuing analysis discriminates names on the basis of the morphemes which compose them and seeks to define grammatical patterns. Chapter 5
The Grammar of the Trïnity Bay Place-aames
Introduction
The place-name corpus may be divided into two broad categories, @) Simple and
(II) Comple~based on the number ofcomponents in the name: the former consisting of one toponymic component and the latter being compriseci of more than one component.
These categories have been fùrther broken into subcategories (I, II, m, IV, V) based on variation in the component complexity (simple or cornplex); groups (ï, ii) defined on the basis of the number of elements within the main components; and subgroups (a, b, c, etc.) reflecting variation within the component morphemes. Additionally, there is a distinction between "[subgroup] 1 ","[subgroup]2", "[subgroup] -2'within some of the complex name subgroups. For instance II.1.i (shown in Figure 7) contains subgroups "al" and "a2":
"al" represents the pattern without the determiner while "a2" represents the pattern including the determiner. For al1 of the names, tree diagrams are used to analyze the different types of structures. The topmost gives the toponym, the highest level of analysis. The branches lead to subsequent levels. The terms modifier and head are used in the next level to show functional relationships. Simply entitled 'parts ofspeech', the following level shows the part of speech of each discrete word. The final level of analysis is toponymic. Here the generic and specific relationships within the names are indicated. Exarnples of each name pattem are provided beneath the figures. Because the definite article's role is not considered parallel to that of a modifier or a head, it is simply labeled "D" (determiner) at the functional level, "Determiner" at the parts of speech level and excluded in the description ofthe toponyms. 'O Many of the diagrams which include the determiner treat both the structures with and without 'Wie? To illustrate this dual representation, the determi-ner part of the name is enclosed in a shaded oval to indicate that it occurs in some examples ofthe category, but not in others. For instance, the fo llowing diagram (Example A) represents both THEBAR POINT and STONE ISLAND.
The Bar Point Stone Island
Parts of Speech Toponymie Components Structurally, these names are the same except for the determiner; their structures are therefore represented by a single diagram.
To tiirther clariQ the modification patterns, following the examples in each group is a brief discussion of the grammatical patterns and a formula consolidating the patterns represented by the diagrams. Formulae are used throughout the discussion.
10 Only initial determiners are excluded hmthe toponymie analysis, As in Figure 37, detenniners (and prepositions) which occur as part of a pst-head modifier are included as part of the generic. Because this analysis examines the components in relation to the generïc head, modification of the head by bound morphemes is not mentioned. Modifiers with bound morphemes are, however, separated on the basis of their attached morphemes.
r, Simple Place-names
Simple names may consist of (al - Figure 1) a single noun or compound word, without an explicit generk: BARTON,ALDERBERRY7 IVAMIOE,JINGLE, TORONTO,
BREADBOX,FRESHWATER, GREPESNEST and SPREADEAGLE;(a2 - Figure 1) a determiner occumng before a non-generic as headword: THEBRTTCHES, THEWATERSHED and THE
WHALE; @ - Figure 2) a determiner plus a generic headword: TEE GULLY,THE KNOB and THENARROWS. The names without generic components are interpreted as having implied but ornitted generics as shown in Figure 1. l1
The following diagrams identiQ the relationships and the Ievels within the name structure. Examples extracted fiom the corpus (Appendix II) immediately follow each diagram.
" For the purpose of this dûNssion, 1accept this analysïs tealiang, however, that there may be othen Figure 1 al. Noun a2. Deteminer + Noun
Name The Bntches
Functional Elements Britches + Implied
Parts of Speech Toponymic Components Examples include BARTON,MONROE, % BR~~~CHES and BULLDOG.
Figure 2 Name
Functional D K Elements The G~Y
Parts of Determiner Noun Speech Toponymic GenencI Components
Examples include THE GULLY,TEE LEDGE,ïXE RIMjE and THETOLT.
Simple formuiae may be used to idente each of these patterns at the functional and parts of speech levels. The pattern shown in Figure 1 may be represented by @) + M
+ in which a determiner (round brackets indicate its inclusion in some but not al1 of the examples) is followed by a modifier. This structure may also be described as having an implied nominal headword indicated by square brackets. At the parts of speech level, this pattern is @) + N + Nor determiner plus noun plus implied noun. The second pattern, Figure 2, is similarly represented at the functional level by D
-t H an4 at the parts of speech level by D + N. The determiner is not optional before a generic.
II. Complex Place-names
The second, and hrger, category of narnes is considered complex since items comprising it consist of at least two main components, a single noun head wïth a preceding non-determiner modifier. These funaional components form the specific and generic elements of the name. In subcategory 11.1, both the specific and the generic components are simple. That is, there is no modification within the individual components. In XII, the modifying component is complex and the noun head simple and, in Dm, vice versa. Both of these subcategories are divided into names with three and four elements. Finally, in II.~v,both the modwing and the pnmary headword components are complex; each pattern has internai, secondary or tertïary modification in addition to the primary modification of specific and generic.
n.1 Simple Specific + Simple Generic
This subcategory is divided into four subgroups (Figs 2 - S), defined by the part of speech category to which the modeing specific elernent belongs. The four word class variations are (al - Figure 3) noun (including compound nouns, geninds [verbal nouns] and cardinal numbers) + noun: BROOKCOVE, BELLEVUE ISLAND,SCHOOLHOUSE ROCK
SQ~J-~GGINGGROUND, TWO PONDS, (a2 - Figure 3) determiner + noun + noun: THE
M~LLPOND, THE HORSEROCKS and Tm FnrE PONDS;(b - Figure 4) noun + plural inflection + noun: STAGESROCK, NARROWSPOND and NEEDLESPOINT, (c - Figure 5) noun + genitive intlection +- noun: P~m'sFIEL, ASSHOLESSCRAPE and BAKERSBROOK,
(dl - Figure 6) adjective + noun: A~PEYCOVE, BACK ARMand BEACHYCOVE, (d2 -
Figure 6) determiner + adjective + noun: 'ïHE RAGGED ROCKS,THE HIGHLANDand THE
SUNKENROCK. Note that determiners occur in the first and last subcategories as ilfustrated in Figures 2 and 5. The complex narne diagrams are similar to the simple place-name diagrams but with the addition of additionai levels of rn~dincation.'~
Figure 3 al. Noun + Noun a2. Determiner + Noun + Noun Name The MiIl Pond
Functional Elements
Parts of Speech Toponymie Cornponents Examples include BROOKCOVE, HERRING POM, THE m~POND and 'IXE FOXFARM
" Some anaïysts might interpret the occasional noun-noun conshuction as a compound rather than a modifier-head sequence. Figure 4 b. Noun + Plural Inflection + Noun Name Stages Rock A Functional M H Elements Stages Rock I Parts of Noun +I Plurai Noun Speech Mection I I Toponymic Specinc Generic Components Examples include STAGESROC& PEBBLES BEA~GRATES POINT and RAGS COVE-
Figure 5 c. Noun + Genitive lnflection + Noun Name Patty's HiU
Functional Elements Patty's Hill
Parts of Speech Inflection I l Toponymic Specinc Generic Components
Examples include PATTY'SHILL, ANNE'SPONT, BAILEYSCOVE and HANTs COVE. Figure 6 dl. Adjectivs + Noun d2. Deteminer + Adjective + Noun Name The Bigh Land
Functional Elements
Adjective Noun Parts of Speech
Specinc Generic Toponymie Components
Examples include AsPEY COVE, OFFER GROUND,TEE RAGGED ROCKS and TtIE GREEN
ISLAND.
Al1 of the subgroups (a to d) in this group may be summarized with the fiinctional formula @) + M + H showing that a determiner is followed by a modifier specific which is, in tum, followed by a headword generic. The determiner is a definite article and the head is nominal. The modifier may be a noun, including compound nouns, gemnds and cardinal numbers, a noun with genitive inflection, a noun with plural inflection, or an adjective. The determiner only occurs in names in which M, the primary modifier, is a noun or an adjective. 1I.n Complex Specific + Simple GeneM
The names in this subcategory have either three (group Kni) or four (group II-~ii) elements13 within the two-component structure; the specific is complex while the genenc is simple. Patterns are assigned to the categories with three and four elements on the basis of the number of fiee rnorphemes within the structure- That is, genitive or plural inflections are not recognized as elements for purpose ofthis discussion.
Il.~.iThree Elements
The following subgroups are distinguished by six types of intemal modification within the specific element (identified by square brackets): (al - Figure 7) [noun + noun]
+ noun: ANGLEWATER COVE, BLACKDUCK COVE HEAD and FOX ISLAND POINT, (a2 -
Figure 7) determiner + [noun + noun] + noun: WH~TEWOODBOTTOM PATH; (b 1 -
Figure 8) [adjective + noun] + noun: BAD HEAD ROCKS,DEEP WATERPOND and WNY
HEAD PoN, (b2 - Figure 8) determiner + [adjective + noun] + noun: THE BURNT CO*
ROCK,and TmBIG SE POND;(C - Figure 9) [noun + genitive infiection + noun] + noun:
COURTNEY'SHEAD COVE, COLLIERSBAY -S and H~CKMANS-OUR POINT,(d -
Figure 10) [noun + noun + genitive inflection] + noun: JOHNS~~I~M'S POINT, FRANK
PYNN'SPATH, JOHN GEORGE'SBROOK, (e - Figure 11) [adjective + noun +- genitive inflection] + noun: OLD FELLOWSCOVE, OLD MANS ROCK and OLDWOMANS COVE. The diagram patterns explained in II.1 are followed with some emendation.
l3 An exception to îhis general nile is the article. Patîerns including "the" bave been twinned with paralle1 pattern which exclude the article; "the" is not considered to be an element Figure 7 al. a2.
The WhïtewoodBottom Patb
H Path
Parts of Nom Speech Toponymie Components Generk
Examples include ANGLEWATER COVE, BALLASTCOVE ROCK and THEWHITEWOOD
BOTTOM PATH, Figure 8 b1. [Adjective + Noun] + Noun b2. Determiner + [Adjedive + Noun] + Noun
The Bumt Cove Rock
H Rock
Pal-& of Speech Toponymie Components
Exarnples include BALDHEAD ROCKS, DARK HOLE POINT, NORTER COVE BROOKand
THEBURNT COVE ROCK, Figure 9 c. [Noun + Genitive Inflection + Noun] + Noun
Courtney's Head Cove
Functional M H Elements Courtnefs Head Cove
M H Courtney's Head I I Parts of Noun+Genïtnre Nom Mectlon Speech I Toponymic Specinc Generic Components I vSpecinc Generic
Examples include COURTNEY'SHEAD COVE,JACK'S POND STEADIES,DAVIES POND
GULLYand HODDERSCOVE POND.
Figure 10 d- [Noun + Noun + Genitive Inflection] + Noun
John Smith's Point
Functional M H Elements nJohn Smith's Point M H JOhn Smith's
Parts of Speech
Toponymic Cornponents vSpecific Genenc Examples inciude JOHN SMKET'SPOINT, JO- STONE'S BROOK,SUE SANDER' s POND and TOMJONES'S POND.
Figure 11 e. [Adjective + Noun + Genitive Inflection] + Noun
Old Fellows Cove
M H Old FeUows Cove
Old Feilows I I Parts of Speech
Toponymie Components
Examples include OLDFELLOWS COVE and DEADMANS POND.
The functional level formula used in the previous group @.ni) (D) + M + H applies here also but may be further refined to demonstrate the structure ofthe modifier:
(D) + [m + hl + H indicating that there is internai, secondary modification within the prirnary specific modifier of the generic headword. The square brackets denote the analysis of the specific component, the lower case "m"and "hW are secondary constructions within the primary structure. This secondary modification pattern is composed of a specific modifier and a generic headword (e-g. CANNON COVE,TEE
WHITEWOODBrno~P~q MUDDY BROOKPOND, TlE BURNT COVEROCK, and
TITE'SCOVE BROOK). These formulae apply to this group given the following conditions: D is a definite article and is present only if the modifier has no inflectioo; m is a noun, an inflected nom or adjective; h may be a noun (including participles), a noun with a genitive inflection, or an adjective. The headword, H, is always a noun.
Il.n.ii Four Elements
Five of the seven divisions in this group are composed of pattems similar to those in II-rr,i but with an additionai embedded specific / generk combination which produces three levels of modification The patterns seen in the previous group (al, b 1, c, d and e of
II.n.i) comprise the specifics of the fist five subgroups (the specific is delineated by corner brackets): (a - Figure 12) < [noun + noun] + noun > + noun: DEERHARBouR
HEAD COVE, LAUNCHCOVE POND BROOK and SPOOKCOVE FEADBEACI~, (b - Figure
13) < [adjective + noun] + noun > + noun: OLDSHOP POND STEADIES,~~DDE DROKE
HILLMEADOW and WHITEHaL POND GULLIES,(c - Figure 14) < [noun + genitive inflection + noun] + noun > + nom: HEAPTS EASEROCK GROUND and IRELANDS EYE
POINTHOE, (d - Figure 15) <[noun t noun + genitive inflection] + noun > + noun: JIM
ROWE'SHILL Rom and SM WEST'SPOND PATH, (e - Figure 16) c [adjective + noun + genitive inflection] + noun > + noun: OLD FULOWSCOVE POINT, 0LD FELLOWS COVE
POND and OLDFELLOWS COVEROCK. These five patterns follow the general fomof
Name Deer Efarbour Head Cove
Functionai M H Elements Head Deern mur Cove M H Deer Harbour Head n M FI Harbour "I l Parts of Noun Noun Nom Noun Speech i Toponymic Components
Specifïc Genenc
ExampIes include DEER -OUR HEAD COVE, HATCHETCO= POND TOLTand PIGEON
Figure 13 b. <[Adjective + Noun] + Noun> + Noun
Functional M H Elements nOld Shop Pond Steadies M H Ofd Shop Pond n M H Old Shop I I Parts of Adjective Noun Noun Noun Speech I I Topon~nic speciflc Genenc Components vspecv Specinc Genenc Exarnples include OLDSHOP POND SWIES, GREENBAY HEAD PONDS and GREEN
Figure 14 c. <[Noun + Genitive Infiection + Noun] + Nouns + Noun
Hearts Ease Rock Ground
Heartsn Esse Rock Ground M H HeartsEase Rock n M H 1 Hearts I I I l Parts of Noun + Genitive Noun- Noun Noun Speech Mection I I Toponymie Specinc Generic Cornponents vSpecv Specinc Generic ExarnpIes inchde HEARTSEASE ROCK GROUNDand IRELANDS EYEPOINT HOLE. Figure 15 Name Jim ARowe's 'II Road Functio na1 Elements Jim Rowe's Hi11 Road A I M H JhRowe's Bill fi M H Tm Rowe's I I Parts of NOU~ Noun+Genïtive Noun Noun Speech
Toponymie Components
Exarnples include JM ROWE'S HILL ROAD and SM WEST'SPOND PATH. Figure 16 e. <[Adjective + Noun + Genitive Inflection] + Noun> + Noun
OId FeUows Cove Point
Functional M H Elements Old Feiiows Cove Point
M H Oid FeUows Cove n M H 1 Old Feliows
I I Parts of Adjective Noun Speech laflectioa 1
Toponymie Components
Genenc
Examples include OLDFELLOWS COVE PON, OLDFELLOWS COVE ROCK and OW
FELLOWSCOVE ISLAND,
The remaining patterns are: (f - Figure 17)
HARBom PONDS. figure 17 f.
Pond I Littie Trippersn Cove M EI Trippers Cave i I I Parts of Adjective Noun + Genïtnre Noun Noun Speech To ponymic Components
Examples include LITTLETRPPERS COVE POND and LmHEARTS EASEGULLY. Figure 18
Fmctionai Elements Lower Lady Cove Pond n I Lady Cove n "' M H MY I I I I Parts of Adjective Nom Noun Noun Speech Toponymie Components
Examples include LOWER LADYCOVE POND, LOWER BROOK COVE POINT and UPPER
DEER HAR~~ouRPOND,
As in group ILII.~,these patterns may be summarized by the general formula M +
H. The pnmary modifier, M, is composed of a secondary modifier phrase and a headword; this embedded modifier also contains a tertiary embedded modifier + headword structure: <[m + h] + h> + H, in subgroups a to e; whereas in the subgroups f and g the secondary head is composed ofan embedded modifier and headword: cm + [m
+ hl> + in subgroups f and g. In the former (a to e), the tertiary modifier may be an adjective, noun, or noun with genitive infiection The tertiary head may be a noun or a noun with a genitive inflection. In both formulae, the primary head is a noun. ILm Simple Specific + Compler Generic
Like II-II,these names have three @JII.i)or four @_m.ii)eIements within the two-component structure. However, in this category, the specific is simple while the genenc is complex.
iLEi Three Elements
The patterns in this group are based on which of the following four types of intemal modification are present within the generic component (the primary head), identified by square brackets: (al - Figure 19) adjective + [adjective + noun]: BIGLONG
POND,LOWERRED ROCK, and OW SANDY GROUND;(a2 - Figure 19) determiner + adjective + [adjective + noun]: THEUPPER ROCKY POND and TKELOWER RocKY POND;
(b 1 - Figure 20) adjective + [noun + noun]: BIG DRAKEPOND, BIGBAKEAPPLE POND,
INNER BALLASTCOVE and OLDGLOVER Rom; (b2 - Figure 20) determiner + adjective +
[noun + noun]: THEOW COUNTRYPATH and THEBIG PIGEONSCRAPE; (c - Figure 21) adjective + [noun + genitive inflection + noun]: LmMORLEY'S COVE, BIG SNOOKS
BROOKand L~ECOOPERS POND; (d - Figure 22) noun + genitive inflection + [ noun + noun]: HFLLS GRAYPLEGROUND. The determiner only occurs in subgroups (a) and (b).
Diagrams similar to those used in group 1I.n.i are employed in this group. In the following patterns, however, it is the generic component which is complex. Figure $9 al. Adjective + [Adjective + Noun) a2. Deteminer + Adjective + [Adjective + Noun]
The Upper Rocky Pond Name
Funtional 'H Elements Upper R~ckyPond
Rocky Pond n Egg:Ei:::::i>.:::::A::::&;z.?-...... ,...... M Parts of ...... f H ...... -..ii...... <.::s+::E::#...... Pond Speech ...... ,...... , ...... ,.. ;:;~::.:..-y..:.:.:,:.:.:.:.->z;s5$s;$ I 1 I Adjective To ponymic Components -1...... I ...... Specinc S-c Generic
Examples include BIG LONG POND, THE UPPERROCKY POND and THE LOWERROCKY
POND.
Figure 20 bl. Adjective + [Noun + Noun] bZ, Detenniner + Adjective + Woun + Noun] The Name d Counhy Patb / Functionai Elements
Old Country Path /\ Parts of Speech Path 8 I
Toponymie Components
S&C S~&C Generic Examples include BIGDRAKE POND, BIG MOSQUITOPONT, THEOLD COUNTRY PATH
AND BIGPIGEON SCRAPE.
Figure 21 c.. Adjective + woun + Genitive Infiection + Noun]
Name Littie Morley's Cove
Func tionai D H EIements Little Morley's Cove M H Morley's- Parts of I Speech Adjective ~oun+ &nitive Noun
Toponymic Components
Examples include LITTLEMORLEY'S COVE, BIG SUTTONS POND, UPPERCHARLE'S POND and UPPERMANUELS ROCK-
Figure 22 d. Noun + Genitive lnflectïon + [Noun + Noun]
Name He& Grayple Ground
Funciionai H EIements Grayple Ground M H Grayple- Ground Parts of I I Speech ~oun+ Genitive NOL ~oun
Toponymic Components specific Generic Examples include HELLs GRAYPLEGROUND.
One expanded form of the formula @) + M + H can accommodate al1 of the items in this group: @) + M + [m + hl. This applies when the primary modifier is either an adjective (in three of the four instances) or a noun with a genitive inflection; the secondary modifier is either an adjective, noun or noun with genitive infiection; and the secondary head (the name generic) is a nom. The primary head in this subcategory is cornpiex. l4
II.m.ii Four Elements
In this group, the specifc remains simple, but the generic contains additional modification. The patterns seen in a, b, c, and e respectively of II.u.i occur in the generïc components of these names and al1 components are preceded by adjective specifics. In the following four subgroups, the corner-brackets < > enclose the generic components: (a
- Figure 23) adjective + < [noun + noun] + noun >: LOWERLANCE COVE HEAD, LOWER
RAM HEADPONT and UPPERRAM HEAD PO~NT;(b - Figure 24) adjective + < [adjective
+- noun] + noun? FIRSTWESTER COVE POND, LOWERMIDDLE HEAD COVE and SECOND
OLDSHOP POND; (C - Fipre 25) adjective + < [nom + genitive inflection + noun] + noun >: UPPERSOOLEYS COVE POINT and WSIDE CAIN'SBEACH POND; (d - Figure 26)
14 There is a distinction drawn here between the generic component and the name's generic. The former is the modification construction which comprises the name's pchaïy h& H~GHCLIFF, ROUND POND, etc, Regardless of the complexity of this finai component, however, the generic is the physical feature deScnbed by the name; the generic in THEUPPER ROCKY POND is Pond, a geographical feature. adjective + < [adjective + noun + genitive intlection] + noun >: [NSIDELm HARVEY'S ROCK,
Figure 23 a, Adjective + <[Noun + Noun] + Noun>
Lower Lance Cove Head
Functional M H Elements Lower Lance Cove Head I M H -Head Parts of I Speech Adjective NC~Noun Noun I I Specinc Generic
Specinc Generic
ExampIes include LoWER LANCECOVE HEAD, NDEHÀRE RIDGE POND, OUTSIDEKARE
RIDGE POND and UPPER BROOKCOVE POINT. Figure 24 b. Adjective + <[Adjec!ive + Noun] + Noun>
Name First Wester Cove Pond
Functional H Elements Wester Cove Pond M H fond Parts of I Speech Adjective Nam I I I Specinc Generic I Toponymic I Components Generic
Examples include FIRSTWESTER COVEPOND, BIGDEEP BIGHT POND, LOWER GREEN
ISLAND COVEand OLDBULL GULCH BERTH,
Figure 25 c. Adjective + <[Noun + Genitive lnflection + NounJ+ Noun>
Name Upper SooIeys Cove Point
Functionai H E tements Sooleys Cove Point M H -Point Parts of I I Speech Adjective Nou 1 T"nl0" I I Toponymic S&C CieAerîc Components Speciiïc Generic
Examples include UPPER SOOLEYSCOVE POINT and ~NSIDECAIN'S BEACH POND. Figure 26 d. Adjective + <[Adjective + Noun + Genitive Inflection] + Noun>
Inside Little Haweys Rock
M H Inside
M E? Little Harveys Rock Parts of A I Adjective Adjective Noun + Genitive Speech Inflection Toponymie Cornponents Specinc Generic
Examples include INSIDE Lrn~HARVEYS ROCK.
The expanded functional formula, M +
The secondary head is always a noun.
iLrv Complex Specific + Complex Generic
There are eight types of name patterns in this subcategory, but al1 are combinations of the simple patterns noun + noun and adjective + noun plus the foliowing inflections: noun + noun + genitive idlection, nom + genitive inflection + noun, and adjective + noun + genitive inflection. The eight types, with corner brackets indicating the specific and generic components, are: (a - Figure 27) nom + noun > + < noun + noun>: RANDOM HEAI) ISLAND POND,ISLAND COVEISLAM) POND and MAIDEN ISLAND
TRAP BERTH;(b - Figure 28) c noun + noun> + c adjective + noun? SALMON COVEBIG
POND, NUTCOVE BIG POND and NW COVE OUTSIDEPOND; (c - Figure 29) < noun + noun + genitive inflection> + < noun + noun? BEN BUGDEN'SDAM POND, JOHN
CKARLESDAM POND and IOHNNYSTONE'S DAMPOND; (d - Figure 30) c noun + genitive inflection + noun> + c noun + noun>: TOMMY'SFEAD GARDENPOND and COL= BAY
GULLPOND; (e - Figure 31) c noun + genitive infiection + noun > + < adjective + noun >: HICKMANS -OUR LOWERPOINT, SIBLEYS COVE BIG POND and SPRAGGS
COVEINSIDE POND; (f - Figure 32) < adjective + noun > + < noun + noun>: RED HEAD
FISHINGGROUM); (g - Figure 33) c adjective + noun > + < adjective + noun >: OFFER
GROUND LOUrER POWT, ASPEYCOVE FIRST POND and ASPEYCOVE BIG POND; (h - Figure
34) < adjective + noun + genitive infiection > + < noun + noun >: LmALFRED'S SPAR
POND. Figure 27 a.
Name Random Head ïsland Pond
M H Random Head Island Pond /\ M H M H Random Head Island Pond Parts of i I I I Speech Nom Noun Noun Noun 1 I 1 Toponymic Components Specïtïc Genenc
Examples include RANDoM HEAD ISLAND PO^, ISLANDCOVE ISLAND POND,RANDOM
HARBom T~CKLEPOND and MAIDENISLAND TRAPBERTH-
Narne Salmon Cove Big Pond
Functionai M H Elements Salmon Cove Big Pond M H M -H Salmon- Cove Big Pond Parts of I I I I Speech Noun Noun Adjective Noun
Toponymic Components I Specinc Genenc
Exarnples include SALMONCOVE BIG POND, NUTCOVE BIG POND AND NUTCOVE
OUTSIDEPOND. Figure 29 c.
Ben Bugden's Dam Pond
Functional M H Elernents Dam Pond M H M H Ben Bugden's ~i~ Pond Parts of I I I I Speech Noun Noun + Genitive Adjective Noun
Toponymic Components Specinc Specinc Generic
Examples include BEN BUGDEN'SDAM POND, JOHN CHARLES'SDAM POND and W~LL
Figure 30 d. GEORGESCOVE FIRST POND. Figure 31 Name Hicianans Harbour Lower Point Functionai M fi: EIements HickmansHarbour Lower Point /- M H M H Hickmans Harb~uf Lower Point Parts of I I 1 Noua + Genitive Noun Adjective Speech Inflection 1 I To pon-vmic Specific Generic l Components I Genenc Examples include: H~CKMANSHMU~OUR LOWER POINT, DANIEL'SCOVE LONG POND, SIBLEYSCOVE SMALL POND, and RICKSONSHARBOURLOWER ISLAND Figure 32 Name Red Head Fishing Ground Functio na1 M H Elements Red Head /\ M H M H Red Head Fishing Grouad Parts of I I 1 I Speech Adjective Noun Noua I I Toponymie Specinc Generic Components Specific Generic Examp les include RED HEAD FISWG GROUND. Offer Ground Lower Point Functional M H Elements Mer Grouud Lower Point /\ M- H M H Offier Ground Lower Point Parts of I I 1 I Speech Adjective Noun Adjective Noun I I Specinc Generic Examples inchde OFFER GROUNDLOWER POINT, AsPEY COVE BIGPOm and CROSS COVELONG POND and OFFERGROW LOWPOINT. Figure 34 h, Little ALned's Spar Pond M H Little AIned's Spar Pond /\ M H M H LittIe Abd's Pond Parts of I I I Speech Adjective ~oun+&nitive Noun \ Mection I Generic Exarnples include L~EALFRED'S SPAR POND- Each of these patterns may be represented by the generai formula M + H or, in expanded form, (m + h) + (m +- h) in which m is a noun or an adjective and h is a noun. ïI.v Names Including Prepositiond Phrase Modifiers Another subcategory of complex names contains those which have interna1 prepositional phrase modification. These names dzer nom earlier groups of complex names because, although they are comprised of modifiers and a head, the prepositional phrase forms a post-head modifier, that is, a post-head specific cornponent. There are four main groups within this subcategory. In the first category, both the primary head and the object (O) of the preposition (C - comector), the pximary modifier, are simple; in the second, the primary modifier is complex while the primary head is simple; in the third, the primary head is complex and the primary modifier is simple and, in the fourth, both components are complex. II.v,i Simple Generic + Simple Specific The first group consists ofody two components: the generic (sometimes with a Determiner), followed by a specific, a preposition plus its object. Names in this subgroup follow the patterns (al - Figure 35) noun + cpreposition + noun? ISLAND IN TRAYTO~; (a2 - Figure 35) noun + Figure 35) determiner + noun + ISLAND. Figure 35 al. Noun + Name The Rock of the Island R Rock of the rsland Rock of the IsIand c the island of Parts of Speech Toponymie Components Generic Specinc Examples include: ISLAND N TRAYToWN, BACKOF THE POINTand The ROCKOF TW~E ISLAND. II.v.ii Simple Generic + Complea Specific The second group consists of a simple generic headword (sometimes with a determiner), followed by a complex specific prepositional phrase. There are three variations of this main pattern: (a - Figure 36) determiner + noun + + noun2 THE BOITOM OF DEERHARBoUR and THE BROADOF BELLEVUEBEACH; @ 1 - Figure 37) noun + OLDDUFFY and BACKSIDE OF LONG-OUR; 02 - Figure 37) determiner + noun + OF LONG HA.RBO~(33 - Figure 37) determiner + noun + cpreposition + determiner + adjective + noud: RIE KNOBOF THE HIGHCOUNTRY; (c - Figure 38) noun + 39) noun + HARBOUR, Figure 36 a. Deteminer + Noun + ~Preposition+ Noun + Noun> The Bottom of Deer Harbour DD The nBottom of Deer Aarbour Functional H M Elements Bottom of Deer ibt~~ur Deer Harbour A M H Deer Harbour Parts of Determiner ~&n Preposition ~oun Noun Speech I I Specific Generic To PO nymic Components Generic Specinc Examples include: THE BOTTOMOF DEER-OUR and THEBROAD OF BELLEVUE BEACH. Figure 37 bl Noun + CPrepositTon + Adjedive + Nounw, b2- Determiner + Naun + Name The Knob of the Kgh Countxy Func tional Elements Knob of the Wigh Country -0 - C the HIgh Parts of Speech Noua To pon-pic Components Generic Examples include BACKSIDEOF LONG HARBouR, THE BACKSIDEOF LONG -OUR and THE KNOB OF THE HIGHCOUNTRY- Figure 38 c. Noun + Banks of Grates Cove H M Banks of Grata Cove - Grates Cove M H 1 1 Gmtes Cove I I Noua Preposition Noun + Plural Noun Parts of Speech Toponymie Components Exampies include BANK^ OF GRATESCOVE and BAYOF HEARTS COVE. Figure 39 d. Noun + Backside of Wallicks Harbour H M FunctionaI of Wallicks Harbour Elements Backside C Wallicks mur of I M H Wallicks Fk3rbou.r I I Noun Preposition Nom + Genitive Noun Parts of Speech Toponymie Components Geaeric Specinc Examples include BACKSIDEOF WALLEKSHARBOUR. ti.v.iii Complex Generic + Simple Specific The third group of patterns consists of a complex genenc head modified by a prepositional phrase with a simple object specinc. The corpus exhibits three main variations of this pattern: (al - Figure 40) adjective + noun + Cpreposition + noun>: UPPER POINT OF FRESHWATER; (a2 - Figure 40) determiner + adjective + noun + + Figure 40 al. Adjective + Noun + Functional Elements Sunken Rock of Parts of Adjective Noun Prepositio Speech Toponymic Components Specinc Generic Specific Exarnples include UPPER PO^ OF FRESHWAIXR,THE WH^ HEADOF MAEERLY,UPPER ENDOF -OUR and THE SUNKEN ROCKOF THE ISLAND. Figure 41 b. Adjective + Noun + Noun + Name BIack Brook Droke of Woods Functional BIack Brook Droke of Woods Elements M C O Black Brook Droke of Woods Mn H Parts of Speech Adjective Noun Noua Toponymie Specinc Generic Components v Generic Exarnples include BLACKBROOK DROKE OF WOODS. II.v.iii Compler Generic + Complex Specific In the fourth categoxy, both specific and generic elements are cornplex. Again, there are three main variations of the general pattern: (a - Figure 42) adjective + noun + adjective + noun + Figure 42 a. Adjective + Noun + Inside Rock of Green Ishd Functionai HA M Elements Inside Rock of Green idand A 0 M H C O Insde Rock of Green kiand Parts of Adjective Noun Preposition Adjective Noun Speech Toponymie Components Examples include MIDEROCK OF GREEN ISLANDand EASIFRHEAD OF B~SH Figure 43 b. Adjective + Noun + Name Long Point of Buii Gulch H M Functionai Long Point of BuiI Guich EIements Parts of Speech To pon_vmic Components Examples include LONG POINTOF BULL GULCHand LOWERBILL OF DILDO HEAD. Figure 44 c. Determiner + Adjective + Noun + cPreposition + Noun + GenÏtive lnflection + Noun> The Northeast Angle of Georges Pond CP Func tional D- H Eiements The North- Angle of Georges Pond Y'M 1 Northeast Angle of Georges Pond I I I DetenninerI Adjective Noun Preposition Noua + Genitive Pmof Speech Toponymie Cornponents Examples include NORTHEASTANGLE OF GEORGESPOND. Names which include prepositions follow the general grammatical pattern @) + H + @) + M in which the head is followed by a prepositional modifier (M) and both modifier and head may be preceded by a determiner. As in earlier examples without prepositions, both generic and specific may be simple or one or both rnay be complex. If M is complex @.v.ii) (Le. contains secondary modification), the secondary modifier is a noun (possibly with genitive or plural idection) or an adjective. The secondary head is a noun. The pattern is reflected in the formula @) + H + @ + m + h). When the primary head is complex, the pattem is represented by the fionnula (D) + (m + h) + M in which the secondary modifier is only an adjective and is possibly preceded by a determiner. This pattern may be firther expanded to consider tertiary modification demonstrated in II.v.iii, section b, <[m + h] + h> + M in which the tertiary modifier is an adjective modiQing a tertiary noun head If both head and modiner are complex (show secondary modification) the secondary modifier in the head component may be an adjective or a noun, possibly preceded by a determiner. The primary modifier contains a secondary modifier which is an adjective, a noun, or a noun with genitive inflection. This pattem is dernonstrated in II.v.iv, the most expanded pattem which is represented by the formula (D) + (rn + h) + @ + m + h) and does not exhibit tertiary modification. Conclusion The majority of the names in the Trinity Bay corpus fail neatly into a small nurnber of grammatical pattem categories, patterns which match those of the English noun phrase, though sometimes with extensive complexity (see Appendix 1 for a cornpiete list). The corpus of over 2700 different names exhibits one primary division between names which are simple, comprised of only one component, and those which are complex, exhibiting at least one instance of internal modification- The first category, 0,is labeled simple because it consias only of a headword @lus a possible determiner) and contains no modification, apart from the relationship for a subset of this group between article, "they', and head and comprises less than four percent of the corpus. Its single element is a noun The larger category, the complex category, of narnes is divided into five major subcategories, the Grst four based on the complexity of modification of the modifier and head elements and the fifth on the basis of post-head modification by a prepositional phrase. Four of these subcategories (1-IV) have the grammatical structure of modifier plus head, always in that order. Narnes of the simplest pattern (1) have only these elements, consisting of a single modifier and a single head. The modifier constituent is a noun (with possible genitive or plural idection) or an adjective. The head is always a noun. The next three categories of complex narnes (u-rv) dier on the basis of complex components and show the patterns of (II) complex modifier and simple head, (m)simple modifier and complex head and (IV) complex modifier and complex head. Again, these al1 follow the basic grammatical pattern of M + EL The categories are Wher divided into groups based on the complexity of the intemally modified elements. The rnodifiers in pattern II and iikewise the heads in pattern III, consist of two elements, one of which demonstrates additional complexity (II.n.ii and II.m.ii). The primary modifiers in IIx~ are composed of a modifier plus head structure. This secondary modifier may be a noun (with possible genitive inflection). The secondary head is always a noun, with possible genitive inflection. In patterns ILn.ii and II.m.ii, the secondary modifier may be complex. Ifthe primary modifier is complex (Le. having the structure + h>) the primary modifier is an adjective, the tertiary head a noun (with possible genitive inflection) and the secondary head a noun The tertiary modifier may be a noun (with possible genitive inflection) or an adjective. Al1 of these patterns exhibit the grammatical structure possible detenniner + modifier + head. The varïety within the complex categories is a result of internai modification- The names involving prepositionai phrase modification exhibit a structure slightly different tiom that described above in that they aiso have post-head modification. The Ieaa complex of these names, Kv. The primary modifiers in group II.v.ii are complex, with a secondary modifier composed of either an adjective or a noun with plural or genitive inflection. The prïmary head in II.v.iii is complex. It consists of a secondary modifier, either a noun or an adjective, possibly preceded by a determiner. The secondary head is always a noun. In pattern ILv.iv, both head and modifier are complex. The secondary modifier within the primary head may be an adjective or a noun, possibly preceded by a determiner. The secondary head within the primary head is a noun. The primary modifier is composed of a secondary modifier, a noun or an adjective, and a secondary head, a noun. Additionally, the secondary head within the primary head may be composed of a tertiary modifier, a noun with genitive inflection, and a tertiary head a noun. The percentage of the entire corpus that each pattern constitutes varies dramatically. The most prevalent pattern is lI.~.al,N + N, which occurs five hundred and seventy-seven different times and represents twenty-one percent of the items collected. Several of the patterns each make up less than one percent, having only one occurrence, while just seven patterns consist ofover one hundred names and together comprise eighty-one percent of the total corpus (see Appendix 1 for a complete sumrnary). With the exception of the simple category of place-names, the Trinity Bay name corpus suggests that the basic grammatical name structure is (M) H o.The obligatory head may be preceded or followed by an optional modifier or have both pre- and post- modification. This grammatical pattern is refleaed in the basic toponymic structure of (S) G (S) in which an obligatory generic may be preceded by an optional specific and / or followed by a complex prepositional construction which is referred to as a specific in this paper, As summarized above, nearly al1 of the names in the Trinity Bay corpus may be analyzed with the grammatical terminology used to descnbe the English noun phrase, in a11 its complexity. A wider application of these results, in other parts of Nedoundland or in other parts of the English speaking world, would determine whether or not it is a feasible categorization for names in general. Bibliography NOTE: The following bibliography is a list of ail relevant place-name material consulted for this thesis. For comprehensive Iists of onornastic material, see Seaiock and Seely, 1967 and Spittal and Field, 1990. ABREVIATIONS : 1. CNS = Centre for Newfoundland Studies at Mernorial University of Newfoundland's Queen Elizabeth II Library- 2. EDS = English Dialect Society 3. EPNS = English Place Narne Society 4. T.S. =Typescript Addy, Sidney Oldall. A Glossqof Words Used nl the Neighbwhood of Sheffield Includiing a Selection of Local Names, and Some Notices of Folk-lore, Gmesmd C~istorns~EDS 57. London: Triibner and Company, 1888. Algeo, John. On Definhg the Proper Nme. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1973, Ayre, Agnes Marion. NewfmdfLTndNames. St. John's: np, 1938. Bach, Adolp h. Deutsche Nmenkunde. 3 Bade in 5. Heidelberg: Cari Winter, 1952- 1956- Baxter, William. Glo~s~umAnfiquitatm Brifannicm. 2" ed. London: T. Woodward, 2733, Bradley, Henry. "Notes on Place-names" in The Collected Papers of Henry Bradey. 1928. College Park Maryland]: McGrath Publishing Company, 1970: 59-124. Bumll, Meredith F. "Toponymic Generics." Nmes 4 (1956): 129-13 7,226-240. Canadian Permanent Cornmittee on Geographical Names. 73istory." Natural Resources Canada Cameron, Kenneth. Enghh Phce-names. London: B.T. Batsford Limited, 1961. Carleton, Fred P. 'Notes on the Labrador Dialect." Arnong the Deep-Sea Fishers 2 1 (1924): 138-139. Chamoclq Richard S. Local Etynology: A DenVatÏve Dictionmy of Geogqhical Nmes. London: Houlston and Wright, 1859. Dauzat, Albert. La topnymiefiançat3ee. Paris: Payot, 1946. Davey, William. '?nfomai Narnes for Places in Cape Breton: Nicknames, Local Usage, and a Brief Cornparison with Persona1 Nicknames." OnomaMca Canadima 72 (1990): 69-8 1. DNE - Dictionwy of Nefoundl'd Englsh. G. M. Story, W. L Kirwin and J. D. A Widdowson, eds. 2nded. with supplement. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990. Duniap, AR "English and American PIace-Name Studies: A Contrast-" Arnerican Speech 3 1 (1956): 119-121. Easther, Aified. Ed. Thomas Lees. A GIossary of the Dialect of Almondbury and HudderSfieeld EDS 39. London: Triibner and Company, 1883. Ekwall, Eilert . SIudies on Englsh Place-Nomes- Stockholm: WahlstrGrn & Widstrand, 1936. ----- . SIudies on English Place- dPersdNmes- Lund: C-WX.: Gleerup, 1931, ------The Concise Oxford Dictio~?~~~of English Place-mes. 4& edition. Odord: Oxfiord University Press, 1960. ------nePlace-names of Lancashire. Ardsley [Yorkshire]: EP Publishing, 1972. Ernbleton, Sheila. "The Choice Between Surname and First Name for Personal-Name- Denved Place Names." Onom~caCanadiana 63 (1983): 2- 16. Evans, Arthur Benoni. Ed. Sebastian Evans- Leicestershire Wor& Phases, md Proverbs. EDS 57. London: Trübner and Company, 1881. Field, JO hn. Place-Names of Great Bntain. London: David and Charles Publishers Limited, 1980. Fraser, Keith J. "Canadian Permanent Cornmittee on Geographical Names." Geographical BuIZetin 2 1 (1964): L30-134. Gannett, Henry. ïhe Onn@ of Ce- Place Nmes in fhe United States. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 197 1. Gardiner, Alan. me Theory of Propr Nmes: A Controversial Es- 2ndEdition. London: Oxford University Press, 1954. Gazetteer of Cm&; NavfozmdImdd Ottawa: Canadian Permanent Cornmittee on Geographical Narnes, 1983. Grenon, Judith. "Pracîid Aspects of DistinguishingBetween the Generic and the Geographical Entity-" Onornastica 54 (1978): 25-30. Halpert, Herbert and G. M. Story, eds. Chn~nnasMumming in NiwjiOundZLlllCi: Essays m Anthropology, Folkloe, ond History- 1969. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990. Hamlin, Frank R " 'New' and 'Old' as Place Name Elements-" Onomastïca Cmadiana 69 (1987): 22-3 1. Handcock, W. Gordon. "A Review ofthe Topographie Descriptive and Topnymic Generic Tems Included in Dictionary of NewfdImd EngIishhY7Canoma 10,2 (1984): 26-32. ------. "English Migration to Newfoundland." In Mannion 1977, 15-48. ------So Longe as There Cornes Noe Woman: Ongins of English Settlement in Newfioundland. St. John's: Breakwater, 1989, Harder, Kelsie B. II~usb-dedDictionmy of Place Nmes: United States ami Cm& New York: Van Nostrand Reinhoid Company, 1976. -..a---- , ed. Names and their Vmietes: a ccollection of essays in onomQSfiics.New York: University Press of America, 1986. Hanington, Michael Francis. Tewfioundland Names." Atlm>tic Ahocate 47 (Oct . 1956): 71-77- Hess, Stephen. "From The Hague to me Bronx Definite Articles in Place Names." Journal of the North Cenrrol Nome Society. Fa11 (1987): 14-22. Hollett, R. and W.J. Kirwin. "Chimmo7s Survey of Labrador, 1867." Canoma 23, 2 (1997): 1-4. Howley, M.F. '?Jewfoundland Name-Lore-" NewfoundZClllCJ QuarterZy. A series of 4 1 articles on place-names published in various issues between 1901 and 1914. Rpt- Newfoundmd Barter& 1932 - 40. Jespersen, Otto. Niels Haislund, ed. A MdmEnglih Grammar on Historical PM'nciples. 7 vols. London: George Men and Unwui Lirnited, 1954. Emin, W.I. "An Index to the Names in 'An Account of Inhabitants Residing in the Harbour and District of St- John's 1794-1795'," T-S.iii, 21 11- St- John's: Memorial University of Newfoundland, Department of English Language and Literature, 1968- ---eV - "Apostrophes in Newfoundland Place-names " T.S. St John's: Mernorial University, English Language Research Centre, 1991- ------"Lines, Coves, and Squares in Nedoundland Names." Americm Speech 40 (1966): 163-170. ---- "P lace-name Index of Archbishop ME. Howley's 'Newfoundland Name-10 re ' Series." T.S. St . John's: Memorial UniversÏty, English Language Research Centre, 1993, -- - "'Popular Regional Names in Newfoundland." Canoma 19, 1 (1993): 19-25. ------and GM Story. "Place Naming and the Geological Survey of Nedoundland." Canorna 18, 1 (1992): 38-41. Long, Ralph B. "The Gramrnar of English Proper Names." Nmes 17 (1969): 107-126. Mannion, John. "The Irish Migrations to Newfoundland." T.S. 1973. ----- , ed. The Peoplrig of Newfmdfand;fisays in Historical Geography. Social and Economic Papers 8. St. John's: Memorial University of Nedoundland, 1977. Matthews, C.M. Place-mes of the Engiish-speaking World London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972. Mawer, Al1 en. Place-Nmns and Hisfory. Liverpool: The University Press of Liverpool Limited, 1922. Mawer, Allen and F. M. Stenton, eds. Introduction to the Survey of Engflish Place-Names- English Place-Name Society. Cambridge: The University Press, 1924. McDavid. Raven L, Jr. '%inguistic Geography and Toponymic Research." Nmes 6 (1958): 65-73. McMillan, James B. ccObservationson American Place-Name Grammar." Amencan Speech 24 (1949):241-248. --- - "A Further Note on Place-Name Gramma." Amencan Speech 27 (1952): 196- 198, Mencken, HL. nie AmerÏcun Language; An 1nîpb-y kto the Ddopment of Engfish in the United States.. The Fourth Edition and the Two Supplements, abridged, with annotations and new material, by Raven L McDavid, Jr- with the assistance of David W. Maurer. New York: Aified A Knopf, 1963. Mills, David S. ' Mllward, Celia M- A Biography of the Englsh liguage- New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1989. Moakler, Leo. "A Look at Some Newfoundland Place Names." Nwfmnà7.d Ancestor 6/4 (Winter 1990): 136-142. ------"Unfamiliar Narnes ofOld St. John's." N~oundIÙndAncestor7/1 (Spnng 1991): 4-12. Neuffer, Claude Henry& Nmes in South Cmolina. Vols. 1 - 12. 1954 - 1965. Spartanburg [South Carolina]: The Reprint Company, 1976. Nuessel, Frank. The Smdy of Nies: A Guide to PrnîcipIes d Topics. Westport [Connecticut] : Greenwood Press, 1992. P arish, W-D. A Dictionq of the Sussex Diulect and Collection of Provinczalims in use in the Cozïnty of Sussex. EDS 6-London: Triibner and Company, 1875. Publications of the English Place Name Society. EPNS. nePlace-names of -. 52 vo 1s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1924- 1997. Quirk, Randolph, et al. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Lmiguage. London: Longman, 1985. Raybum, Alan. Dictionary of Cmiadan PIace Nanes. Toronto: Odord University Press, 1997. ------Geogrqhical Nmes of New Bnmnuick. Ottawa: Surveys and Mapping Branch, 1975, ----- . Geogrqhical Names of Renpew County. Ottawa: Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, 1967. ------Nüming Cana&: StoBes About Place Namesfrm Canadian Geographic. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994. . Place Niesof Ontmio. Toronto: University of Toronto Ress, 1997 ------'‘The Possessive and the Apostrophe in Geographical Names." Onornastica 57 (1980): 19-28. Reaney, PH- H.e Origin of EngIish PPlacmmes London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960. Ronayne, Mark. "The Gossipy Names of Newfoundland." Atlantic Guardim 9 ( 1952): 49-53. Salisbury, Jesse. A Glossmy of WordF Used in South-- Worcestershire. EDS 72. London: Triibner and Company, 1894. Saussure, Ferdinand de. Coras de Ling~i~queGaiBale, Charles Bdly and Albert Sechehaye, eds. 19 16. Cmein General Lmguisfrsfrcs.Trans. Wade Baskin. London: Peter Owen Limiteci, 1960- Sealock, Richard and Pauiine A Seely. Bzbliography of Place-nmne Literaiure: United States und Cm&- Chicago: American Library Association, 1967. Seary, E.R- ''The Anatomy of Newfoundland Place-Names." Nmes 6 (1 958) : 193-207------Fami& Nmsof the Islmd of NewfMmd- 1977. Corrected Edition, ed. William J. Kirwin. Montreal & Kingston: McGi11-Queen's University Press, 1998- ------The French Eletnent in Newfoundand Place-names. Onomastïca 16 (1 958). ------. "The Place-Names of Nedoundland." In The Book of Navfouncilund. Vol- 3. Ed, Joseph R Smallwood. St. John's: Newfoundland Book Publishers, 1967, 257- 264, ------. PIace Niesof the Avalon Peninsula of the Islmd of Newfmdland Toronto and B uffaio : University of Toronto Press, 197 1. Sp ittal, JefEey and John Field. A Reader's Guide to the Place-Names of the United Kingdom. Stdord: Paul Watkins, 1990. Staveley, Michael. 'Population Dynarnics in Newfoundland." In Mannion 1977,49-76. Stewart, George R "A Classification of Place Names." Nmes 2 (1 954): 1- 13. ---- . 'Turther Observations on Place-Name Grammar." Amencm Speech 25 ---- . 'Names (in Linguistics)." EncycIopedk Brifamnca, 1958. ---- Nmes on the Globe. New York Oxford University Press, 1975. ---- . "Place Name Patterns-" Names 2 (1956): 119-12 1- Story, G. M. 'Xesearch in the Language and Place Narnes of Newfoundland." Journal of the Canadian Lmguistr-cAssociation 3 (1957): 47-55. - "Newfioundland: Fishermen, Hunters, Planters, and Merchants." In Halpert and Stocy: 7-33. --- - "The View fkom the Sea: Nedoundland Place-Naming." In Proceedes of the mthIntemaiional Congress of Onorn~cSciences. Québec: Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 1990, 4 1-58, Sweet, Henry. A New English Grammar: iogical andhistoricaf. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 189 1, Utley, Francis Lee. "The Linguistic Component of Onomastics." Nmes 11 (1963): 145- 176, Wakelin, Martyn Francis. Ine Archaeology of Engiish. Totowa B.J.] :Bames and Noble Books, 1989. Winsor, Leslie A. "Changes in Place Names in Newfoundland." Newfmndfmd Ancestor 6/4 (Winter 1990): 143-147. Wright, Joseph, ed. me Engiish Dzdect Dictionq- 18984905. 6 vols. Oxford: Odord University Press, 196 1. Zinkin, Vivian. "The Syntax of Place-Niunes." Nmes 17 (1 969): 18 1- 198. Appendix 1 Table 1 lists al1 categories in the Trinity Bay corpus. Table 1. Trinity Bay Place-Namc Categories Parts of Speech 1 Toponymk: Pattern 1 Funrt*nilFormuia 1 Numkrof 1 Percentqeof 1 1 I 1 I I Pattern 1 I 1 ~tem I ~dil 1 al Il 48 1,75 II ) Additional Le~elsof Modification (Depcnditig on Figure) Noun Adjective kepositioa Plural lnfleciion Cleniiivc Iiifledion Primaty Modifier Non-Primary Modifier Ptimary Head NondPrimary Head Determiner Connedor Nune Oencric Name Specific or Compfex Embedded Specific Embedded Specilic Embedded Oennic The Corpus The names contained within this corpus have been assigned to the categories outlined in the preceding discussion. Regional words, not commonly found in official or national dictionarïes, have been included and usually without exphnation, the exception occurring when a word with regionaf cornotation could be misunderstood as having standard meaning. In such a case a reference is made to the Dictionary of Newfoundlmd English or other regional authority. Because this discussion treats the structure of the names, compound nouns are usudly spelled here without the white space which may occur in a more standardized spelling. 1. Simple Place-names al. Single Noun, as in MONROE- Alderberry Grepesnest (3) Purgatory Backside (3 places Halfinoon Razor having the same name) Harcourt Sandbank (3) Barton (3) Kookey Scrape B earstrack Horsechops (2) Skerwink (2) B lackduck Ivanhoe (2) Sommerset (2) Breadbox Jingle Spreadeagle Breakheart Lobsterpound Spmcetree Brickyard (4) Lockston Tacker Clifton (2) Monroe (2) Thordea Cookroom (2) Naked Man (6) Thoroughfare (2) Crowgaze Newboume Toronto (2) Darb y Ottemb (5) Tower Overhang Dunfield Traytown (2) Freshwater (3) Pathend Vatcher (2) Goatshouse Pinhorn Waterville Weybridge a2. Determiner + Non-generic, as in NEEDLES. The Brïtches The Headers The Bulldog The Horsechops The Cookroom The Needles The Founder The Rags The Foundry The Stairs The Haypooks The Whaie b. Determiner + Generk, as in THE QUARRY. The Crick The Narrows The Gully The Point (2) The Islands The Quarry The Knob The Ridge The Ledge The Storehouse The Mead The Tolt The Mudbank The Watershed The Naked Man il. Corn plex place-oames 1. Simple Specific + Simple Generic a 1. Noun (including gerunds, participles and cardinal numbers) + Noun, as in CLUB POND- Adeytown Country Backside Head Bear Pond Afder Gulch Backside Pond Beaver Cove Aiderberry Cove Bailey Brook Beaver Pond (16) Anchor Brook Bakeapple Marsh (2) Beaver Ponds Anchor Point Bakeapple Pond Bcaverhouse Pond Angle Pond (2) Ballast Cove (2) Beilevue Beach Angle Waters (2) Ballast Gulch Bellevue Island Arch Rock Bar Marshes Bill Point Archer Cove Bar Point Bill Pond Aspen Brook Ba.Road Bird Rock Aspen Cove Batch Cove Blackberry Point (2) Ass Hill Battery Brook Blackduck Cove (6) Auger Bank Battery Point Blackduck Pond (9) Baby Point Bear Cove Blaketown Pond Backside Cove Bear Mountain (2) Blueberry Cove Bluff Cliff ChePond Dildo Head Bluff Head (6) Charles Cove (2) Dildo Island Bluff Point Charles Green Diido Pond (2) Bonaventure Head Charles Point Doe Hills Bonaventure Head Chelsea Pond Dog Cove (2) Bonaventure Pinch Chimney Rock Doughfig Cove Boot Path Church Ground (4) Doughfig Head Bottom Beach Church Hill ~ressin~'~Gulc h Bottom Bluff Church Point Duck Island (3) Bottom Pond (2) Church Pond (3) Duck Ledge Bow mu] Cove Church Ponds Duck Pond (4) Bread Pond Churchill Pond (3) Duck Ponds Breakheart Hill Clay Pts Duck Rock Breakheart Pond Club Pond (2) Dump Ponds Brin Point Coffee Cove Dumpling Point (2) Britannia Cove Cornmunity Pasture Dunfreld Arm Brook Cove (14) Cooking Hole Dunfeld Bight Brook Point (2) Cookroom Point Dunfield Hills Brownsdale Beach Cooper Pond Dungeon Point BugIar Bight Copper Island (6) Eel Pond Bull Guich Council Cove Elbow Pond Bull Island Country Marsh Elliston Bight Butter Cove (2) Country Pond (3) EUiston Cove Butterbowl Cove Cow Gulch Elliston Ridge Butterbowl Head Cow ml1 Factory Cove Butterfly Islands Cow Ledge Factory Point Butterlly Rocks COWPoint Farrn Pond Button Gulch Crab Rock Feather Ledge Calypso Pond Crab Rocks Figure-eight Pond (3) Camp Pond Cracker Hill Fireplace Bottom Fish Barrow Can Cove Cranberry Point Crap Cove Fish Point (2) Cannon Head Fish Ponds Cap Point Crockett Head Cove Fish Rock (4) Caplin Cove (4) Cross (3) Cross Pond (2) Fish Rocks Car Pond Flagstaff Hill cat15 Cove (4) Crow Head Rock Crow Point Flamborough Head Cat (3) Flint Cliff Catalina Harbour Cutthroat Pond Dam Pond (8) Fly Pond Catalina Pond Forge Dam Ponds Head Cellar Marsh Fort Point Cemetery Turn Davis Cove Deer Cove (2) Foster Point Centre Cove Fox Cove (2) Centre Hi11 (2) Deer Harbour (4) Chape1 Head Dildo Ann -- Dildo Brook 16 This is a nom in Iocal Dildo Cove speech See Dm: '' DNE: CAT. DRESSING. Fox Harbour Gulch Pond Hopedl Pond Fox Island (2) Gu11 Cliff (2) Hopeall Road Fox Point Gull Island Hopeall Trestle Fox Pond (3) Gull Pond (15) Hornowl Head Freshwater Beach Gu11 Rock (4) Horse Cove (2) Freshwater Brook (2) Gully Pond (3) Horse Rocks Freshwater Cove Gun Hill (4) Horseshoe Pond Freshwater Pond (3) Gunflint Cove Horsestinger Point (2) Freshwater Rock Haifhoon Pond Hospital Cove Gallows Cove (2) Halfway Cove House Cove (2) Ga.n.net Cove Haffway Gulch Ice Ledge (2) Gap Pond Eialfway Hi11 Icehouse Cove Garrison Cove Halfway Pond (5) Indian Island (2) Gaze Hill Haifbay Rock Indian Islands Gaze Point Halibut Cove Indian Lookout George Cove Warbour Ground Indian Point (2) Giles Pond Harbour Rock (2) Indian Pond Giles Rock Harp Island Indian Rock Giles Steady Hat Cove Iron Head Gin Cove (3) Hatcher Pond Island Cove (5) Gland Bank Hatchery Cove Island Ground Gland Pond Hatchery Point Island Gulch Glover Road Hatchet Cove Island Point (2) Good-Friday Pond Hatchet Point Island Pond (18) Goose Cove (4) Hatchet Pond Island Rock (4) Goose Point Hay Cove (4) Island Rocks (2) Goose Pond (3) Heather Pond Isle Gulch Gooseberry Cove (3) Hen Lakes Jackass Ledge Gooseberry Gulch (2) Hemng Cove (5) James Point Gooseberry Island (6) Hemng Gulch (2) Janes Cove Gooseberry Point (3) Hemng Ledge Jigging Hole (3) Gospel Pond Hemng Point (3) Jingle Point Gosse Cove Hemng Pond (2) Jones Cove Gosse Cove Herrhg Rock Juice fond Grace Rock Hicks Berth Juniper Gully Grass Steadies Hicks Mill Juniper Pond Grave Point Hicks Rock Iuniper Ponds Gravity Gulch Hill Point Kelp Island Grayple Rock Hobbs Hole Klondike Road Grepesnest Brook Hodder Pond Knife Cove Grepesnest Hill Holiday Hi11 L Pond (4) Grepesnest Point Hopeall Brook Ladder Cove (3) Ladle Cove Gnndstone Head (3) Hopedl Falls Lady Cove (5) Ground Point Hope& Head Lady Head Gnib Island Hopedl Hill Gulch Berth Hopeall Island Lady Pond Lance Cove (2) Motion Rock Pigeon Cove (7) Landers Cove Motion Tickle Pigeon Gulch (2) Landhg Point Mouse Islands Pigeon Head (2) Lead [kd] Cove Mud Gully Pigeon Island (6) Lighthouse Cove Muskrat Brook Pigeon Islands Lily Mesh Muskrat Pond (2) Pigeon Ledge Lily Pond (4) Muskrat Town Pigeon Point (3) Lime Pond Mutton Island Pigeon Rock (4) Pine Pond Line Hill Naked Man Barrens Line Pond Naked Man Bight Pissingrnare Brook Lobster Gulch Naked Man Brook Pissingrnare Ponds Lobsterpound Tickle Naked Man Hill Point Cove Lockston Cove Naked Man Point (2) Pot Cover Cove ~on~er'~Point Naked Wornan Beach Pot Ledge Lookout Point (2) Net Cove Quany Bight Lookout Pond Net Point (3) Quany Point Loon Point Newcastle Pond Quart Cove Loon Pond (5) Newfoundland Pond (3) Rainbow Falls Loop Pond Niagara Cove Random Harbour Louse Lake Niagara Ledge Random Head Nova Scotia Bight Random Marsh Lynx Pond Nova Scotia Head Rattle Hill Mackerel Ho le Nut Cove (6) Maid Point Revolution Cove Oarblade Cove Maiden Island Rhinestone Head Oarblade Head Mal1 Pond Robinhood Bay Oarblade Pond Robinhood Pond Man Point (2) Oat Pond Rolling Cove (2) Man-O-warCove Ocean Pond (3) Melbourne Launchway Rolling Head Ochre Gulch Saddle Point Melbourne Ridge 0i1jacketL8Cove Mill Brook (3) Saddleback Pond (2) Ottenheimer Point Salmon Berth Mill Cove Otter Point (2) Salmon Cove (3) Mill Pond (3) Otter Pond Salmon Hole Mill Road Ottemb Cove Salmon Net Point Milton Hill Ottermb Point Salmon Point (6) Mine Cove Partridgeberry Hills Salmon Rock (6) Mine Gulch Peace Cove (2) Salmon Rocks Money Cove Peak Pond Saltwater Pond (5) Money Point Peppermint Cove Salvage Cove Money Rock Perlican Island (2) Salvage Hill Moon Cove Picnic Point Salvage Point Mosquito Cove Pig Head Salvage Pond Motion Cove Pig Island Salvage Rocks Motion Head Pig Point Sand Cove Pig Rock Sand Gulch Sand Holes Sandwich Cove Southwest Brook Thoroughfare Point (2) Sandwich Pond Southwest Cove Thoroughfare Tickle (3) Saw Pond Southwest Gully Tickie Pond (4). , School Cove Spear Pond Tide Point Schoolhouse Pond Spear Ponds Tilt Point Schoolhouse Rock Spider Pond Tiltin Head (2) Schooner Cove Spreadeagle Arm Tiltin Point (3) Scrap Cove (2) Spreadeagle Bay Timber Path Scull Gulch Spreadeagle Brook Tit Pond Seacat Rock Spreadeagle Island Tit Pond Seal Cove Peak Spreadeagle Tolt Cove Seal Island Spreadeagle Point Tomcod Rock Seldom Island Spreadeagle Pond (2) Trap Pond Seldom Point (3) Spreadeagle River Traytown Point Shag Rock (7) Spreadeagle Steadies Traytown Pond Shag Rocks (3) Spnng Cove Trout Brook (3) Shawn Gully Squidjigging Ground Trout Pond (7) Sheep Head (2) Stage Cove Sheep Island (2) Stagehead Point Trout Ponds Shellbird Point Stake Marsh Trouter Cove Ship Cove (2) Star Point Tug Pond Shitting Point Starvation B ight Turr Ledge Shoal Point Starvation Point Twenty-two Pond Shoe Path Step Cove Two Ponds Shooting Cove stemnL9Island Valley Pond (2) Side Pond Stock Cove War Head Sirnmons Beach Stock Pond Water Brook Sirnrnons Pond Stone Island Water Cove Skerwink Cove Stump Path Watering Cove Skerwink Ground Summer Ground Waterhg Hole Skerwink Head Summers Pond Wells Pond Skerwink Point Swab Ledge Whale Cove (2) Skerwink Rock (2) Swab Ledge Whale Gulch Skewink Tickle swileZ0Cove Whitewood Pond Skiff Cove (3) Swile Point (2) Wine Head Slate Mine Swile Rock (3) WoifHead (4) Slate Pond Table Rock Wolf Point Slate Quarry Tea Cove World Pond (3) Smith Point Tea Point (5) Wreck Cove Snook Harbour Tern Island Snuff Pond Theology Gulch South Pond Thorbum Lake Southport Island Thoroughfare Island (2) Southport Pond (2) Southside Hill Southwest Arm a2. Determiner + Noun + Noun, as in MILL POND. The Bar Hill The Gu11 Cliff(2) The Musse1 Bar The Musse1 Rock The Bar Mesh The Gull Pond (2) The Gu11 Rock (3) The Nut Garden The Bar Point The Gully Brooks (2) The Utîer Path The Beaver Pond The Gum Ledge The Picnic Ground The Bellhouse Rock The Gun Cove The Pigeon Scrape The Berry Barrens The Gun Rock The Pole Pond The Bird Island The Harbour Rock The The Bird Island Pond Brook The Katchery Cove The Pond Path The BIackshack Turn The Herring Rock (2) The Pork Guich The Bluff Head The Horse Rocks The Potato Trench The Cabbage Garden The lndian Rock The Puffin Island The Church Ground The Island Ground The hpPond The Company Path The Island Pond (4) nie Quarry Bight The Dam Pond (3) The Island Rocks The Rockcut Hills The Dock Road The Jar Pond The Salvage Rocks The Dog Rocks The Lead [lid] Ponds The Seal Islands The Duck Pond The Line Pond The Sheep Head The Duck Rock The Loon Pond The Spur Path The Dump Road The Mackerel Point The Sterrin Rock The Five Ponds The Mile Strait The Stoclcing Place The Fox Pond The Mill Brook (2) The Swile Rock The Fodarrn HiIl The Trout The- - Mill Dam Hole The Gob Rock The Mill Pond (2) The Trout Pond The Goose Pond The Mines Point The Valley Ponds The Goose Rock The Money Rock The Wharf Rock The Government Wharf The Mouse Rock b. Noun + Plural Inflection + Noun Battles Cove Fridays Ledge (2) Mondays Ledge Beaches Cove Gables Cove Mondays Pond Billiards Pond Gamets Cove Narrows Pond Blocks Cove Garters Cove Needles Point Gulls Rock Ounces Cove Britches Pond Hagdowns Island Ounces Cove Bulleys Gulch Hagdowns Point (2) Pebbles Beach Charnels Cove Homs Ledge Pickles Point Charnels Rock Hurts Pond (2) Rags Cove Cuffers Cove Lobsters Cove Rags Ground Floods Pond Mines Road Royals Head Stages Cove TiIters Path Saturdays Rock Stages Rock c. Noun + Genitive Inflection + Noun, as in FRANCIS'S ROCK A. J!s Garden Bartletts Rock Bugdens Header Aaron's Ledge Batstones Road Bugdens Hole Abraham's Head (2) Batts Cove Bugdens Mi11 Abraham's Rock Batts Ledge Bugdens Pond Absdom's Rock Baymans Gulch Bugdons Hole Adams Island (2) Bengie's Ponds Bullocks Brook Adams Lookout Bennetts Point (2) Bullocks Pond Ada's Rock Bernie's Cove Bungys Point Admirals Island (2) Bet's Pathend Burgoynes Cove Admirals Pond Bill's Berth Burseys Cove Aiden's Point Bill's Point Burseys Point Aiex's Hill Billy's Garden Burts Point Amos's Gully Billy's Gulch Busseys Head Andersons Cove (2) Billy's Mesh Butlers Cove André's Pond Billy's Rock Butlers Point Annie's Point Billy's Steadies Cardys Island Annie's Shoal Bishops Pond Carl's Pond hthonys Island Bitties Berth Carpenters Pond Carters Cove Art's Pond Blandfords Ridge Carters Pond (2) Assholes Scrape Blindmans Beach Austins Point Cashans Cove Blundons Beach Caules Cove Averys Brook Blundons Mill Bab's Point Chafes Pond Blundons Pond Chappels Point Baileys Cove (3) Bobby's Point Baileys Dock (2) Chards Island Bob's Berth Charles's Pond Baileys Head (4) Bob's Path Charlie's Cove Baileys Point (2) Bounds Mead Charlie's Pond (2) BaiIeys Pond Bounds Rock Chipman's Brook Bakers Arrn Brazil's Hill Chris's Cove Bakers Brook Bretts Pond (3) Churchills Cove Bakers Hole Brewers Rock Churchills Point Bakers Point (4) Brodericks Gulch Churchills Pond Bakers Pond (2) Browns Brook Clarks Head (2) Balls Cove Browns Cove Clarks Point Barfitts Pond Browns Head Claude's Pond Barnes Cove (2) Browns Lookout Clifford's Pond Barnetts Siding (2) Browns Mead Cloustens Factory Cobblers Pond Dave's Pond Flowers Rocks Cods Hole Davey's Berth Fords Arrn Colemans Cove (4) Davises Gulch Fords Garden Colemans Point (2) Davises Point Fords Harbour Coles Brook Davy's Pond Fords Head Colleen's Cove (2) Demy's Pond Fords Point Colliers Arm Devils Cove (3) Fords Pond Colliers Bay Devils Island Fords Rock Colliers Pond Devils Lookout Fosters Marsh (2) Collins Ledge Devils Rock Fosters Point (5) Collins Point Diarnonds Pond Connie's Cove (2) Dicky's Steady Fosters Rocks Conno rs Island Dina's Hole Francis's Rock Cooks Cove (2) Dobbins Hill Freakes Island Cooks Point Dogs Hill Freeman's Gulch Cooks Pond Donald's Pond Frenchmans Cove Coopers Bottom Donovans Banks Frenchmans Gulch Coopers Brook Donovans Rocks Frenchmans Gullies Coopers Cove (4) Donovans Steady Frenchmans Island Coopers Gulch Drakes Head Frosts Point Coopers Hi11 Dunces Cove Frosts Pond Coopers Place Dunphys House (2) Frouds Point Coopers Point (3) Eddie's Gulch Gabriel's Cove Coopers Pond (4) Edmund's Island Gd's Cove Copiers Pond Eleander's Pond Gallops Hole Courtney's Head (2) Eli' s Rock GarIand's Pond Crarnms Brook (2) Elias's Ledge Gates Hole Cramms Garden Eli's Gut Georges Brook (3) Critches Beach Elisha's Cove Georges Cove (5) Crockers Cove Elliotts Cove (4) Georges Ground Crooks Gully Georges Hill Eugene's Berth Georges Mead Cuckolds Cove Eveleighs Point Cuckolds Head Everett's Pond Georges Pond Cumbys Rock Fagans Cove (2) Georges Shoal Curnmings Rock Fagans Pond Georgie's Berth Cunninghams Cove Faulkners Cove Gills GulIies Curley's Harbour Feilds Island Gills Pond Daleys Point Fifields Point Gladneys Pond Daleys Ponds Fifields Pond (2) Godwins Pond Daltons Brook Fishes Cove Goodlands Point Ddtons Head Flemings Pond Goodwins Beach Daltons Pond Flowers Brook Goodyears Beach Daniel's Cove Flowers Cove (2) Gonnans Brook Dan's Cove Gormans Cove Dan's Pond Flowers Marsh Gonnans Point Flowers Point Darbys Island Gosses Brook Flowers Pond Gosses Point Hoiloways Rock Karen's Point Grandfathers Point Hookeys Hill Kate's Hole Grandfathers Pond Hookeys Hole (2) Katie's Rock Grant's Pond Hookeys Road Kearleys Barren Grant's Rocks Hoskinses Island Kearleys Gullies Greeks Pond Houses Point Kellys Gulch Greenhorns Rock Howard's Side Kellys Rock Greens Bight (3) Hoyles Cove Kings Cove (4) Greens Cove Humphrys Point Kings Pond Gregory Pond (2) Hurdles Rock Kit's Pond GulIivers Point Isaac's Berth Kylie's Head Gunners Cove Isaac's Point Laites Cove Gunners Rock Ivanys Cove Laites Point Gumn's Brook Ivanys Island Lamberts Cove (2) Guy's Rock (2) Ivanys Pond Lamberts Pond (2) Hagdowns Point lvanys Rock Larry's Ground Halfhearters Gulch JKsHill Larry's Ledge Halls Brook Jack's Bight Lawlors Pond Hants Cove Jack's Hill Leonard's Beach Harmons Cove Jack's Pond (2) Levi's Gulch Hamums Path Jack's Rocks Levi's Rock Hamurns Point Jacky's Berth Lewises Ledge Hat-rises Brook Jacky's Garden Liars Cove Harrison's Brook (2) Jacobs Cove Lisats Rock Harry's Gulch (2) Jacobs Rocks Lodges Cove (2) Harry's Mountain Janeses Ledge Lodges Hill Harry's Pond Jerry's Brook Lodges Point Harveys Rock Jerry's Rock Lodges Pond Lovers Lane Hatchers Ledge Jespers Rock Hayden's Point (2) Jimmy's Hill (2) Lowlers Pond Heidi's Cove Jimmy's Hole Lushes Harbour Hendersons Cove Jim's Mesh Lynches Garden Lynches Point Hickmans Harbour Jim's Pond Kickmans Island Maids Pond Joe's Hole Mansfields Brook (2) Hiscocks Cove (2) Joe's Rock Manuels Island Hiscocks Head JOhnny's Droke Marches Beach (3) Hiscocks Point JOhnny's Knob Marches Brook Hiscocks Pond (2) Johnny's Ledge Marches Cove Hiscocks Rock JOhnny 's Marsh Marches Garden Hobbs Hole John's Ground Marches Path Hodders Cove (3) Johnsons Cove Marches Point (2) Hodders Rock Jonathan' s Cove Marches Pond (3) Hodges Cove Jones Pond Marcy's Rock Hodges HoIe Jordan's Brook Margot's Cove Hogans Wharf (2) Kanes Beach Marion's Cove HolIoways Pond Kanes Rocks Marky's Rocks (2) Nichots Head PoUetts Cove (2) Marshes Point Nichols Point Pollens Point Martins Cove Nolans Pond Polletts Pond Martins Dam Notmans Cove Popes Harbour (4) Martins Pond Nomses Hill Porters Point Martins Rock Nomses Pond Potato Patch Martins Steady Nortons Cove Pottles Cove (2) Marty's Cove Noseworthys Pond Pottles Point Mary Ands Head Old Brick Yard Powers Cove Masters Head Old Track (2) Pynns Berth Maude's Hill Oldfords Pond Pynns Launchway Mays Brook Paceys Pond Queens Cove Mays Ground Passengers Cove (3) Ralphs Cove Mays Pond Patty's Berth Ralphs Pond McGrath Cove Patty's Hill Randells Cove Paul's Head Randells Point McGraths Cove (3) Pelleys Brook Ray's Pond Meaduses Rock Pemeys Bight Reeds Room Mïchael's Head Pemeys Cove Reids Point Mick's Gully Pe~eysPond (2) Reuben's Gulch Millers Pond (3) Perrys Pond Ricks Harbour (4) Mills Marsh Peters Cove Ricksons Harbour (4) Mills Siding (2) Peters Path Ricksons Island Mïnisters Ponds Peters Point Rideouts Brook Ministers Rock Peters Shoal Moodys Pound Riders Brook Petleys Brook Riders Hill Morgans Island Petleys Pond Robinsons Bight (3) Morgans Ledge Phillips Point Rob's Point Mones steadies2' Pierces Cove Rockwoods Cove Morleys Cove Pierceys Cove Rodgers Island Momses Brook Pierceys Ground Rodgers Tickle Morrises Hole Pierceys Loop Roses Island Momseys Point Pierceys Point Rosses Light Moses's Head Pikes Gulch Rovers Island Moses's House Pikes Point Roz's Island Mossy's Cove Pinhorns Cove Rubes Farm Murphys Cove (2) Pinsents Brook Russells Cove (5) Murphys Point (3) Pinsents Gullies Russells Point (2) Neddy's Point Pinsents Point Ryans Ledge Neddy's Ponds Pinsents Pond Ryder Hill Ned's CIiff Pippys Dock Ryders Brook Ned's Gulch (2) Pitchers Path (2) Ryders Harbour Nellie's Head f itchers Pond (2) Nell's Gully Pitîmans Mesh Ryders Hill Newhooks Point (2) Pittmans Point (4) Sam's Cove Pittmans Pond Sam's Gully " Pronounced Im=>siz'stediz] Sam's Island Spillars Bight Thames Ledge Samsons Gully Spillars Cove Thornes Shoal Samsons Head Spillars Ledge Tibbets Beach Samuel's Cove Spillars Tickle Tillers Pathend Sandfords Land Spraggs Cove (3) Tilleys Cove Sandy's Berth Spraggs Point Tilleys Pathend Sandy's Pond Spraggs Pond (2) Tilleys Road Savages Gulch Spurrells Pond (2) Tilleys Rock Schoolmasters Gulch Stantons Point Tilleys Water Scillys Cove Steeds Point Tite's Cove (4) Scotts Pond Scotts Rock Steeds Rock Tobias's Cove Steers Fann Seiners Cove (2) Tomrny's Rock Stephen's Pond Seiners Rocks Tom's Rock Steve's Berth Sewards Cove WsPoint Stockleys Pond (2) Sewards Knob Trimms Rocks Stones Gully Sharks Ledge Trippers Cove Stowes Hole Sheep's Head Trippers Head Stoyles Pond Sheppards Cove Tubby's Point Stoyles Rock Sheppards Hill Uncles Cove Streets Hill Sheppards Point Verges Island (2) Streets Pond Sheppards Pond Verges Pond (2) Strongs Island (2) Shorts Mill Veys Berth Strongs Land Sibleys Cove (4) Veys Brook Strongs Mesh Sibleys Point Veys Pond (2) Srnilers Point Strongs Point Vince's Mill Smiths Brickyard Strongs Tickle (2) Vokeys Point Srniths Cove Stump y's Lane Voyagers Island Smiths Point (2) Sullivans Island Wallaces Mill Smiths Rock Suttons Ground (2) Wallicks Harbour (5) Smiths Steady Suttons Marsh Walters Berth Smiths Turn Suttons Pond (2) Walters Cove Smiths Wharf Suttons Rock Walters Head Snails Head Swedes Cliff Waltons Rock Snooks Brook (4) Sweets Cliff Warfiords Brook Snooks Harbour (2) Taylors Cove Warrens Bert h Solomons Island Tay1ors Point Watsons Pond SoIomons Point Temples Knob (2) WattyfsBerth Solomons Pond Temples Point Websters Point Sooky's Brook (4) Terrance's Pond Whales Brook Sooleys Cove (3) Thistles Berth Whites Pond Spaniards Bay Thornases Beach Whiteway Pond Spaniards Cove (3) Thomases Brook (2) Wisemans Cove (2) Spaniards Head Thornases Point (2) Wisemans Gulch Spaniards Pond Thomases Pond Spaniards Rock Thornes Cove 108 d 1. Adjective (including past participles and numerals) + Noun, as in GRnss~S-Y. Aspey Brook (2) Blind Hill Fourth Pond Aspey Cove Blind Island Foxy Rocks (2) Aspey Point Blind Tm French Head (3) Grassy Gully Back Ann Blue CIiE Blue Hill Grassy Head Back Cove (5) Blue Hills Grassy Island (3) Back onez2 Grassy Point (2) Back Road British Harbour (4) Grassy Steady Back Shore Broad Cove (9) Green Bay (2) BaId Head (2) Broad Lake Green Cove (2) Bald Nap (3) Brown Knob Green Gulch (3) Burnt Beach (2) Bare Mountain Green Head Bumt Brook (2) Beachy Cove (3) Green Island (9) Big Beach Bumt Cove Green Point (8) Big Berth Bumt Head Hairy Grounds Big Bi11 Bumt HiIl Hairy Hills Big Brook (3) Bumt Point (6) Hard Cove Big Catalina Crooked Pond Hard Point Big Cove (7) Dark Gulch Hard Pond Big Gulch Dark Hole (8) High Cliff (2) Big Head Dark Pond (2) High Marsh Big Hi11 (2) Deep Bight High Mesh Big Island (6) Deep Cove (5) Holy Ground Big Pond (15) Double Head Holy Rock Big Tolt Double Pond Hungry Cove (2) Birchy Cove Double Ponds Hungry Rock Birchy Hill Easter Brook Inner Gulch Birchy Island Easter Head (2) berPoint Birchy Point (3) Easter Mesh lnside Bank B irchy Pond (5) Easter Point (2) Inside Hummock Easter Pond Inside Pond B irchy Steadies Easter Tickle (2) Inside Rock Black Brook (2) Eastern Ground Inside Steady BLack Gulch (2) English Head (3) Kelpy Rock BIack Gullies First Gully Little Brook Black Head (4) First Pond (6) Little Cliff Black Hole First Steady (2) Little Cove Black Point (5) Little Gut Pond Flat Head Black Little Harbour (8) Black Rock (6) Flat Island (3) Flat Point (2) Little Head Flat Rock (3) Littie Island (3) This is a proform Flat Rocks (5) Little Pond (7) representingpond, Little Ridge New Harbour Round Cove Little Tolt New Ledge (2) Round Cove Logy Ledge North Bill Round Harbour (4) Long Beach North Head Round Island Long Cove (5) North Pond Round Pond (10) Long GuIch Northeast Ann (4) Rugged Gulch Long Gully Northeast Point Rusty Head Long Harbour (4) Norther Cove (2) Sacred Pond Long Island Norther Ground (2) Safe Cove Long Mesh Norther Head (5) Salt Lake Northem Bight (3) Long Point (12) Sandy Beach (4) Northem Cove (3) Long Pond (25) Sandy Cove (3) Northen Island Long Ponds Sandy Ground (2) Northerwest Brook Long Rock (5) Sandy Holes Long Rocks Northwest Am Sandy Point (3) Low Point (3) Northwest Brook Northwest Pond (6) Savage Cove Lower Beach Second Gully Lower Bill Northwest Ponds Second Pond (12) Lower Brook (3) Offer Ground Lower Cove (2) Offer Hummock Second Steady (2) Lower Island (2) Offer Island Shoal Cove (2) Shoal Harbour (3) Lower Point Offer Rock (3) Shoal Point (3) Lower Pond OId Cove Shoal Rock Lucky Ledge Old Dock (2) Shoal Tickle Maggoty Cove OId Mill Sleepy Cove (2) Main Street OId Track Sleepy Pond Middle Berth (2) Outer Point (2) Slippery Rock Middle Bill Outside Pond Smooth Gulch Middle Brook (3) Pointy Beach Souther Bight Middle Cliff (2) hmbley Cove (2) Souther Bill Middle Cove (2) Puzzling Point Souther Cove Middle Ground (4) Ragged Island Souther Head Middle Head (2) Ragged Rocks (2) Souther Island Middle Island (2) Red Beach (3) Red Cliff (5) Souther Point (3) Middle Path Red Cove (2) Southem Gully Middle Point Red Head (3) Southern Head Middle Pond (5) Red Point (2) Southern Pinnact e Middle Steady (2) Red Rock Southwest Arm Mousey Island Red Rocks (3) Southwest Brook (5) Muddy Brook Red Turn Southwest Cove (4) Muddy Gully Rocky Brook Southwest Pond (2) Muddy Hole (2) Rocky Gullies Southwest Rock (2) Muddy Pond (5) Rocky Island (2) Square Cliff (2) Muddy Rock Rocs. Point Square Pond New Ground Rocky Pond (12) Straight Shore (3) Sunken Rock (3) Upper Steady (2) White Knobs Third Gully Wester Cove (6) White Point (9) Third Pond (3) Wester Ground (2) White Rock (5) Thwartships Pond Wester Gullies White Rocks Trouty Brook Wester Head (5) Whitey Rock Trouty Harbour Wester Ledge Wild Bi@ Trouty Point Wester Point (6) Wild Cove Trouty Pond Wester Rock Windy Gap Trouty Rock Westem Cove Windy Head (2) Unknown Pond Western Gullies Witiess Bay Upper Brook Western Head Woody Head (3) Upper Cove (3) Western Mesh Woody Island Upper Head (2) Western Pond Woody Point (2) Upper Island (3) White Ground (3) Yellow Mesh Upper Point White Head Upper Pond White Island d2. Determiner + Adjective + Noun, as in STRAIGHTSHORE. The Big Berth The High Marsh The Big Bight The Hi& Mesh The Big Cove The High Point The Big Head (2) The High Rock The Big Hill The Holy Rock The Big Hills The Long Gulch The Big Mesh The Long Path The Big Pond The Long Pond (3) The Big Pond (3) The Long Ponds The Black Brook The Long Rock (2) The Black Rock The Long Run The Black Rocks The Low Country The Dark Hole (2) The Low Marsh The Dark Holes The Lower Brook The Double Hilfs The Lower Island The Eastern Ground The Lower Reef The First Pond The Main Brook The Flat Point The Middle Brook The Grand Bank The Middle Ground The Green Ishd The Muddy Pond The Hard Cove The North Pimacle The Hard Ground The Northwest Pond The High Country (3) The Offer Ground The High Land The Offer Rock The Old Road The Old ~ilts~~ The Old Track (2) The Ragged Rocks The Red Rock The Round Hills The Round Pond (3) The Round Rock The Small Pond The Southern Pimacle The Southwest Am The Southwest Brook The Southwest Path The Straight Shore The Sunken Rock The Upper Island The Upper Pond The Upper Sandbank The White Cliff The White Ground The White Rock The Woody Hill DNE: TILT. II. Complex Specific + Simple G n.i Three Elements Angle Water Pond Duck Pond Marshes Ballast Cove Rock Fish Cove Point Fish Cove Pond (3) Bay Bulls Harbour Fishing Cove Head Bay Bulls Island Four Mile Ponds Beaver Cove Head Fox Cove Point Beaver Cove Rock Fox Cove Rock Beaver Pond Gully (2) Fox Harbour Island Beaver Pond Hill Fox Island Cove (2) Beaver Pond Steadies Fox Island Point Beny Hill Road Fox Pond Country Bill Pond Brook Blackduck Cove Head (2) Gamet Cove Arm Blackduck Cove Pond Gin Cove Brook Bluff Head Cove (5) Gin Cove Head Bluff Head Point Gin Cove Pond Bluff Head Pond (3) Gold Mine Head Goose Cove Point (2) Bottom Bridge Brook Gooseberry Cove Head BuII Gulch Barrens Gooseberry Cove Pond Bull Gulch Point Grandy Cove Island Butter Cove Point Grayple Rock Cove Cannon Head Cove Gu11 Island Cove Caplin Cove Pond Gull Island Point Caplin Cove Rock Gu11 Pond Gullies Chair Cove Head (2) Gu11 Rock Bight (2) Chance Cove Island (2) Gully Pond Hill Chance Cove Point Halfway Gulch Ponds Chappe1 Head Grounds Clay Pit Rock Harp Island Point Deer Cove Island Hat Cove Brook Deer Harbour Brook (2) Hat Cove Pond Deer Harbour Head (3) Hat Cove Rock Deer Harbour Island Hatchet Cove Point Deer Harbour Pond (3) Hatchet Cove Pond (2) Deer Harbour River Hay Cove Point (2) Deer Harbour Rock Hay Cove Pond Dog Cove Head (2) Hemng Cove Mesh Dog Cove Ponds Hemng Cove Pond Hemng Gulsh Point Hening Point Cove Oil House Hill Herring Point Ground Oil Jar Point Herring Point Rock Otter Path Pond Holiday Hill Bridge Peace Cove Point Hopeall Head Ground Penney Cove Point Hopeall Saltwater Pond Perlican Mesh Gullies Horse Cove Point (2) Pigeon Cove Point Hotscald Mesh Gully Pigeon Head Cove House Cove Head Pigeon Island Tickle Indian Island Cove Pigeon Rock Point Indian Island Rock Pillar Rock Cove Island Cove Head Point Cove Pond Island Cove Point Port Rexton Ekùour Island Cove Pond (3) Port Rexton Harbow Island Cove Rock Rarn Head Rock Island Point Cove Random Harbour Pond (2) Island Pond Gully Random Head Harbour (2) Island Pond Steady Rexton Harbour Islands Island Rock Cove (3) Salmon Cove Head Iigging Hole Point Salmon Cove River Kettle Cove Head Salmon Point Cove Kettle Path Pond (2) Schooner Rock Point Killick Mesh Brook Shag Rock Ground (4) Kimber Head Gulch Shear Cove Head Kirnber Head Point Sheep Head Cove Ladder Cove Point Ship Cove Pond Lady Cove Head Slate HiIl Pond Lady Cove Pond (3) Slate Hill Road Lance Cove Head (2) Spook Cove Brook Lance Cove Pond (3) Spook Cove Head Lead [led] Cove Point Spruce Point Lead Cove Bight Stock Cove Head Lynx Pond Steady Stock Cove Ledge Maiden Island Point Stock Cove Point Maiden Island Tickle Stone Island Ground Moon Cove Pond (2) Swile Cove Pond Moonng Point Ground Swile Gulch Rock Mouse Cove Head Swile Rock Bight Net Cove Point Swile Rock Hill Nine Angle Pond Swile Rock Marsh Nine Island Pond (5) Tea Cove Point Nut Cove Head (2) Tea Cove Pond Nut Cove Lookout Tea Pond Crossing Nut Cove Pond Three Corner Pond Nut Cove Rock Tickle Harbour Island Ochre Pits Cove " See DhE GAZE. Tickle Harbour Point War Head Steadies Tickle Pond Path Whitl Pond Road (2) Tolt Cove Point Whitewood Pond Path Trout Pond Steadies (2) Wind Cove Head War Head Cove WolfHead Cove War Head Point Wolf Point Pond War Head Pond Yankee Hi11 Pond a.. Determiner + poun + Noun] + Noun The Whitewood Bottom Path b 1 [Adjective + Noun] + Noun, as in MUDDYHOLE BROOK. Aspey Cove Pond (2) Black Cove Rock Aspey Cove Steadies Black Head Bight Back Arm Ponds Black Head Brook (2) Back Point Hill Black Head Ledge (2) Bald Head Cove (2) Black Head Point Baid Head Pond Black Head Rock Bald Head Rocks Black Point Rock Bald Nap Brook Black River Pond Bald Nap Point Black River Ridge Blue Gu11 Pond Bald Nap Pond (3) British Harbour Head Beachy Cove Bank Broad Cove Brook Beachy Cove Ground Broad Cove Head Big Beach Hill Broad Cove Point Big Bill Pond Broad Cove Pond Big Brook Cove Broad Cove Road Big Brook Ground Broad Cove Rocks Big Brook Mountain Broad Cove Station Big Brook Pond Burnt Cove Point (2) Big Cove Point (2) BmtCove Rock Big Island Pond Bumt Point Brook Big Island Tickle Burnt Point Cove (2) Big Pond Steadies (2) Bwnt Point Ground Big Rocks Hill Bumt Point Pond (2) Big Spruce ~ill~' Cleamater Pond Big Wood Head Cross Cove Beach Birchy Cove Island Cross Cove Ponds Black Brook Pond Cross Cove Rock Black Cat Path Cross Pond EEiil Dark Hole Brook " informant notes that he cm remember the Dark Hole Head large spruce tree on this hïlL This argues a* Dark Hole Path the analysis Adj + (Noun + Noun). Dark Hole Point (3) Little Ridge Cove (2) Dark Hole River Littie Ridge Head Deep Bight Country Litde Ridge Road Deep Bight Pond Little Ridge Rock Deep Bight River (2) Long Cove Beach Deep Water Cove (10) Long Cove Head Deep Water Point (4) Long Cove Lookout Deep Water Pond Long Cove Pond (2) Easter End Rock Long Harbour Island (2) Easter Head Rock Long Harbour Pond English Harbour Crossing Long Point Road First Pond Mesh Long Pond Marsh FIat Rock Cove Low Point Brook Flat Rock Point Lower Brook Pond Foxy Rocks Pond Maggoty Cove Pond Gold Brook Valley Middle Berth Rock Golden Am Park Middle Brook Pond Grassy Point Pond Middle Droke Hill Green Bay Brook Middle Head Berth Green Bay Head (2) Middle Head Cove Green Bay Point Middle Head Ground Green Bay Pond Middle Head Pond Green Bay Road Middle Head Rock Green Bight Ponds MiddIe Point Rocks Green Island Cove (2) Muddy Brook Brook Green Island Ground (2) Muddy Brook Pond Green Island Point Muddy Hole Brook Green Island Rock Narrow Gut Pond Green Island Tickle New Chelsea Head Green Point Cove New Harbour Island Green Point Rock (2) New Harbour Point (2) Green Rock Brook New Harbour Pond (2) High Cliff Cove New Harbour Rock High Rock Point New Melbourne Bight Highest Sail Rock Northeast AmBrook Hungry Cove Head Norther Cove Brook Icy Hill Gullies Norther Head Cove (2) Inside Country Pond Northem Bight Road Little Catalina Harbour Northwest Ann Brook Little Gut Brook Northwest Ann Pond Little Gut Point Old Dock Breaker Little Harbour Gut Old Dock Country Little Harbour Island Old Dock Garden Little Harbour Pond Oid Dock Pond Little Market Peak Old House Ground Little Marsh Pond Old House Point (2) Old Road Hill Shoal Harbour Pond (3) Old Room Point Shoal Harbour River (2) Old Shop Brook Sleepy Cove Point Old Shop Island South Port Mand Old Shop Point Souther Cove Pond Old Shop Pond Souther Mesh Pond Old Shop Steadies Souther Point Cove Old Tilt Bight Souther Point Ground Old Tilt Point Southem Bight Brook Old Wreck Cove Southem Bight Head Ragged Island Ground Southwest Cove Point (2) Ragged Rock Cove Southwest Pond Steady Red Beach Head Trouty Pond SteadÏes Red Cliff Country Wester Bay Pond Red Cliff Pond Wester Cove Beach Red Cliff Ponds Wester Cove Point (2) Red Head Ground (3) Wester Cove Pond (2) Red Head Point Wester End Ground Red Head Pond (2) Wester Head Cove (2) Red Hi11 Pond Wester Head Ground Red Point Cove White Head Gulcb Red Rock Cove White Hill Pond Red Rock Ground (2) White Point Cove Red Rock Grounds White Point Pond (2) RocbPond Countxy (2) White Point Pont Rocky Pond Road White Point Shoals Round Pond Brook White Rock Cove Round Pond Path White Rock Creek Sandy Cove Brook White Spot Cove (2) Sandy Ground Berth White Spot Island (2) Sandy Point Brook White Spot Shoal Sandy Pond Marsh Wild Cove Rock (2) Second Brook Launchway Windy Head Cove Shoal Harbour Hill Windy Head Point b2. Determiner + [Adjective + Noun] + Noun The Big Six Pond The Bumt Cove Rock c. Noun + Genitive Idection + Noun] + Noun, as in HEARTS EASELEDGE. Arnbrose's Cove Gully Baileys Cove Point Andersons Cove Point Baileys Cove Pond Baileys Cove Head Burgoynes Cove Head Burgoynes Cove Pond (2) Hearts Ease Point Charles's Cove Point Hearts Ease Pond (2) Charlie's Pond Steady Hearts Ease Rock Colliers Bay Brook Hickmans Harbour Point (2) Colliers Bay Hill (2) Hickmans Harbour Pond Colliers Bay Hills Hobbs Hole Bight Colliers Bay Point (2) Hobbs HoIe Island Colliers Bay Road Hodders Cove Pond Cooks Cove Brook Hodges Cove Brook Cooks Cove Pond (2) Hodges Cove Island Coopers Hi11 Road Hodges Cove Pond Coopers Pond Steadies Irelands Eye Point Couliers Bay Mines Ivanys Cove Point Couliers Bay Point Jack's Pond Country (2) Courtney's Head Cove Jack's Pond Steadies Cramms Brook Marsh Curley's Har bour Point Jonathan's Cove Point Daniel's Cove Head Kanes Beach Pond Kings Hill Pond Daniel's Cove Pond Leonard's Beach Brook (2) Daniel's Cove Rock Leonard's Beach Head (2) Davy's Cove Brook Leonard's Beach Point Davy's Pond Gully Leonard's Beach Pond (3) Deans Cove Pond Lushes Harbour Point Elliotts Cove Pond (2) Marty's Cove Brook Fagans Cove Pond Marty's Cove Point Frenchmans Island Cove Marty's Cove Pond Gables Cove Rock Mays Bank Ground Georges Brook Mead Morgans Island Tickle Georges Brook Point Morley's Cove Point Georges Cove Brook (2) Morley's Cove Pond Georges Cove Marsh Morley's Cove Rock Georges Cove Point (3) MO~S~SHole Brook Georges Cove Pond Morrises Hole Pond Georges Cove Rock Murphys Cove Brook Greens Bight Ponds Murphys Cove Point Greens Harbour Point Noel's Neck Point Greens Harbour Rock Normans Cove Brook Gullivers Mill Pond Normans Cove Pond Gumers Cove Rock Otters Cove Steady Hayden's Cove Point Passengers Cove Gullies Hearts Ease Beach Passengers Cove Point (2) Hearts Ease Bight Passengers Cove Pond Hearts Ease Brook Pat's Place Pond Hearts Ease Head Peter's Cove Point Hearts Ease Ledge Pitcher's Pond Brook Popes Harbour Pond (4) Queens Cove Hill Rams Hom Head Randells Point Road Rextons Harbour River Ricks Harbour Point Ricksons Harbour Head Ricksons Harbour Islands Ricksons Harbour Islands (2) Ricksons Harbour Pond (3) Ricksons Harbour River (2) Riders Brook Steadies Riders Harbour Flats Riders Harbour Point Robinsons Bight Brook Rolland's Cove Head RolIand's Cove Pond Russells Cove Country (2) Samuel's Cove Pond Sibleys Cove Brook Sibleys Cove Pond (7) Snooks Harbour Pond (3) Sooleys Cove Head Sooleys Cove Point Spillars Cove Bight Spillars Cove Brook Spillars Cove Island Spraggs Cove Brook Spraggs Cove Ponds Stags Hill Pond (2) ~a~~ers*~Hill Pond Tite's Cove Brook Tite's Cove Pond Tnppers Cove pond2' Wallicks Harbour Point (2) Walticks Harbour Rock Whales Back Cove (2) Whales Back Pond Whales Back Rock Whales Brook Pond Wisemans Cove Road English niniame in Seary, 1977: 473. " Ltnp~km 'PAU]. As tbere is no nimame TRPPER, dis item is traoscn'bed Trappers Cove Pond Aaron Day's Rock Jirn Piercey's Berth Aaron Stone's Mesh Jim Reid's Cove Ab Martin's Place Jim Reid's Point Adam Mesh's Pond Jim Rowe's Hill Al Simms's Path Jirn Whey's Point Annie Lynch's Cove Jimmy Day's Head Aunt Louise's Pond Jimmy Hookey's Pond Aunt Mary's Hill Jimmy Kelly's Berth Ben Bugden's Mill* Jimmy Rowe's Pond Ben Day's Beach (2) Jimmy Rowe's Pond Path Ben Sampson's Berth Joe Anderson's Hole Ben Sampson's Cove Joe King's Marsh Benny Day's Beach Joe Louis's Pond Be~yLewis's Gdly Joe Lutter's Pond Bill Hopkins's Berth Joe Martin's Cove Bill Hyde's Rock loe Verge's Cove Bill Miller's Well be Verge's Point Bi11 Momsey's Point John Charles's Gully Bi11 Reid's Pond John Charles's Hill Bill-lim Holloway's Pond John Cooper's Pond Bob George's Pond John Diamond's Garden Bob Ryan's Pond John Drover's Pond Bobby DodgersCove John George's Brook Cal Warren's Berth John George's Cove Captain Jack's Island John Hickey's Cove (2) Chartie Doone's Land John King's Cove Claude Eddy's Pond John Newhook's Hill Eli Frost's Appletree John Newhook's Pond Eli Hodder's Gulch John Newhook's Pond Father Martin's Island John Pelley's Brook Father Morris's Pond John Rowe's Path Frank Pynn's Path John Smith's Point George Goobie's Pond John White's Cliff Granny Temple's Marsh John White's Cove Granny Wallace's Hill John Williams's Country Granny Wallace's Hole John Williams's Pond Harry Reid's Pond Johnny Churchill' s Point Henry Gooseberry's Ponds Johnny Cooper's Pond Isaac John's Pond Johnny King's Point Jack Harris's Berth Johnny Pelley's Brook Jack Mackey's Pond Johnny Stone's Brook (2) Jacky Chard's Head Johnny Stone's Pond Ky Burt's Path Robin Hoods Beach (2) Levi Diamond's Gardens Robin Hoods Pond (2) Little Dartmans Pond SayHunt's Hole (2) Maddie Avis's Cove Sam Warren's Pond Maddie Avis's Point Sam White's Cove Maggie Parson's Hi11 Stevie Zohn's Be'rth Martin Eddy's Cove Sue Saunders's Pond Martin Miller's Shoal Tom Jones's Cove Martin Thorne's Rock Tom Jones's Pond Mary Rodger's Point Tom Jones's Ponds Matthew Abbot's Point Tom King's Gulch Mattie Byrne' s Brook Tom Laite's Pond Mattie Byrne's Pond Tom Randell's Pond Moe Bakefs Point Tom Seward's Cove Morris Murphy's Point Tommy Dean's Rock Mr. Don's Pond Tommy Thorne's Gulsh Nat Mills's Point Tommy Thorne's Point Ned George's Gulch Uncle Ben's Mill (2) Old George's Cove Uncle Bob's Beach Old Joe's Hill Uncle Henry's Hill Old McCarthy's Marsh Uncle Jim's Gully Old Stoytes's Pond Uncle March's Point Paddy Murphy's Pond Uncle Noah's Berth Parker Harris's Garden Uncle Sam's Pond Paul Burry's Knob Uncle Tommy's Rock Phi1 White's Island Uncle Uriah's Path Philly White's Pond Raymond Penny's Berth e. [Adjective + Noun + Genitive Inflection] + Noun, as in OLDF~LOWS COVE. Dead Mans Pond Old Mans Rock Old FelIows Cove (2) Old Womans Cove (2) Old Mans Island n.ii Four Elements Bluff Head Cove Brook Pigeon Cove Point Ground BIuff Head Cove Pond Rarn Head Cove Pond Deer Harbour Head Cove Randum Head Harbour Pond Hatchet Cove Pond Lookout Spook Cove Head Beach Hatchet Cove Pond Tolt Swile Rock Hill Road Launch Cove Pond Brook Tickle Harbour Point Cove b. < [Adjective + Noun] + Noun > + Noun, as in OLD SHOPPOM> STEADES. Green Bay Head Ponds Old Shop Pond Steadies Green Island Cove Pond White Hill Pond Gullies Middle Droke HiIl Meadow c. < woun + Genitive Inflection + Noun] + Noun > + Noun, as in IRELANDS EYEPOINT HOLE. Hearts Ease Rock Ground Ireiands Eye Point Hole d. < poun + Noun + Genitive Inflection] + Noun > + Noun, as in SM WEST'SPOND PATH. Jim Rowe's Hill Road Sim West's Pond Path e. < [Adjective + Noun + Genitive Inflection] + Noun > + Noun, as in OLDFELLOWS COVEROCK. Old Fellows Cove Point Old Fellows Cove Rock Old Fellows Cove Pond f < Adjective + woun + Genitive Inflection + Noun] > + Noun, as in LI^ HEARTS EASEGULLY. Little Tnppers Cove Pond g. < Adjective + woun + Noun] > + Noun, as in LOWERLADY COVE POND. Lower Brook Cove Point Upper Deer Harbour Ponds Lower Lady Cove Pond m. Simple Specifie + Complex Geaeric m.i Three EIements a 1. Adjective + [Adjective + Noun], as in LO~ERRED ROCK- Big Long Pond OId Sandy Ground Big Southwest Pond Outside Double Gully First Long Pond Outside Easter Rock First Round Pond Second Long Pond Inside Double Gullies Second Pointy Beach Inside Easter Rock Second Round Pond Little High CliR Srnall Bakeapple Pond Little Long Pond Small Southwest Pond Lower Black Head (2) Third Round Pond Lower Red Rock Upper Rock Brook (2) Lower Rock Brook Upper Rocky Pond Lower Rocky Pond Upper Sandy Point Lower Sandy Point Upper Shoal Harbour Lower Shoal Harbour (2) Upper Shoal Harbour Northeast Round Pond Western Long Pond a2. Determiner + Adjective + [Adjective + Noun], as in THELOWER ROCKY POND. The Lower Rocky Pond The Upper Rocb Pond b 1. Adjective + poun + Noun], as in LOWERINDIAN SHOAL. Big Bakeapple Pond Little Gull Pond (2) Big Dam Pond Little Hodder Pond Big Drake Pond Little Indian IsIand Big Duck Pond Little Island Pond Big Gu11 Pond (2) Little Lance Cove Big Indian Island Little March Pond Big Lance Cove Little Mosquito Cove Big Mosquito Cove Little Nut Cove Big Mosquito Point Little Peace Cove Big Peace Cove Little Peak Pond Big Stock Cove Little Stock Cove Big Stone Island Little Stone Island Big Tea Pond Little Tea Pond Big Wolf Head Little Wolf Head (2) East Random Head (2) Long Boar Pond Great Mosquito Cove Long Saddle Bight ùiner Ballast Cove Lower Bird Island herBerth Rock Lower Chance Cove Lnner Gland Bank Lower Figure-eight Pond Inside Tickle Pond Lower Gu11 Rock Little Beaver Pond Lower Indian Shoal Little Dam Pond (2) Lower Island Point Lower Lobster Cove Souther Duck Rock Lower Niagara Head Upper Bird Island Lower Tickie Pond Upper Black Head Middle Lance Cove (4) Upper Chance Cove North Bird Island Upper Duck Pond Old Glover Road Upper Gu11 Pond Old Salmon Cove Upper Gull Rock Outer Ballast Cove Upper Island Point Outer Gland Bank Upper Lobster Cove Outside Country Pond Upper Head Round Boar Pond Upper Rattle Point Srnall Duck Pond Upper Tickle Pond South Bird Island Wester Duck Rock b2. Determiner + Adjective + woun + Noun], as in THEOLD COUNTRYPATH. The Big Pigeon Scrape The Old Country Path c. Adjective + woun + Genitive Inflection + Noun], as in LITTLE FROSTSPOND. Big Frosts Pond Lower Charlie's Pond Big Hodges Cove Lower Cummings Rock Big Rin'ers Pond Lower Manuels Rock Big Snooks Brook Lower Tuckers Rocks Big Suttons Pond Northeast Bakers Pond Little Coopers Pond (2) Southwest Bakers Pond Little Frosts Pond Upper Charlie's Pond Little Hodges Cove Upper Flowers Cove Little Morley's Cove Upper Manuels Rock Little Nonnans cove Upper Sooleys Cove Little Rin'ers Pond Upper Suttons Pond Little Snooks Brook Upper Tuckers Rocks Little Suttons Pond d. Noun + Genitive Inflection + poun + Noun], as in HELLs GRAWLEGROUND. HeIls Grayple Ground m.ii Four Elements a. Adjective + < woun + Noun] + Noun >, as in OUTSIDEHARE RIDGE POND. Inside Hare Ridge Pond Lower Lance Cove Head Lower Ram Head Point Upper Brook Cove Point Old Bull Gulch Berth Upper Ram Had Point Outside Hare Ridge Pond b. Adjective + < [Adjective + Noun] + Noun >, as in FIRSTWESTEX COVE POND. Big Deep Bight Pond Lower Little Ridge Beach First Old Shop Pond Lower Middle Head Cove First Wester Cove Pond Second Old Shop Pond Inside Old Shop Pond Upper Green Island Cove Little Deep Bight Pond Wester Second Spreadeagle Pond Lower Green Island Cove c. Adjective + < [Nom + Genitive Inflection + NounJ + Noun >, as in UPPERSOOLEYS COVE POINT, Inside Cain's Beach Pond Upper Sooleys Cove Point d. Adjective + < [Adjective +- Noun + Genitive Inflection] + Noun > Inside Little Harveys Rock IV Complex Specific + Complex Generic Island Cove 1s t and Pond Random Head Island Pond Maiden Island Trap Berth Random Head Island Pond Random Harbour TicHe Pond Nut Cove Big Pond Salmon Cove Big Pond Nut Cove Outside Pond c. Ben Bugden's Dam Pond Johnny Stone's Dam Pond John Charles's Dam Ponds Will Benson's Dam Pond d. Colliers Bay Gu11 Pond Tommy's Head Garden Pond George's Cove First Pond (2) e. Daniel's Cove Big Pond (2) Ricksom Harbour Lower Island Daniel's Cove Long Pond (2) Ricksons Harbour Outside Pond Daniel's Cove Small Pond RusseIIs Cove Lower Point Hickrnans Harbour Big Pond (2) Sibleys Cove Big Pond Hickrnans Harbour Lower Point Sibleys Cove Small Pond Hickmans Harbour Upper Point Spraggs Cove Inside Pond Irelands Eye Inner Point Tite's Cove Inside Pond Otters Cove Little Pond Red Head Fishing Ground Aspey Cove Big Pond (2) Cross Cove Long Pond Aspey Cove First Pond Cross Cove Second Pond Big Brook Big Pond Cross Cove Third Pond Big Brook Small Pond Offer Ground Low Point h. Little Alfred's Spar Pond II.v Names Including Prepositionrl Phrase Modifien II.v.i Simple Head + Simple Object Island in Traytown a2. Noun + CPreposition + Determîner .+ Noun> - Back of the Point Pond on the Hill Point of the Island Rock of the Island a3. Determiner + Noun + The Rock of the Island II.v.ii Simple Head + Complex Object a. Determi-ner + Noun + The Bottom of Deer Harbour The Broad of Bellevue Beach b 1. Noun + Backside of Long Harbour Point of Red Head Point of OId Du@ Pond Below Long Pond b2. Determiner + Noun + The Backside of Long Harbour b3. Determiner + Noun + The Knob of the High Country c. Noun + Banks of Grates Cove Bay of Hearts Cove -- d. Noun + cPreposition + Noun + Genitive Inflection + Noun> Backside of Wallicks Harbour II.v.iii Compler Head + Simple Object al. Adjective + Noun + The Souther Bill of Spillars The South Side of Elliston The White Head of Maberley a.3. Adjective + Noun + Easter End of the Island (2) Lower Rock of the Head (2) Lower Cove of the Head Upper End of the Harbour Lower End of the Harbour Wester End of the Island a4. Determiner + Adjective + Noun + The Lower End of the Lake The Sunken Rock of the Island b. Adjective + Noun + Noun + Breposition + No* BIack Brook Droke of Woods II.v.iv Complex Head + Compkx Object a. Adjective + Noun + Big Head of Spreadeagie Island Inside Rock of Green IsIand Easter Head of British Harbour 6. Adjective + Noun + Long Point of Bull Gulch Lower Bill of Dildo Head Northwest Am of Deer Harbour Upper Bill of Dildo Head c. Determiner + Adjective + Noun + The Northeast Angle of George's Pond