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Shoutyourabortion: Hashtag Activism and Digital Platforms

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Shoutyourabortion: Hashtag Activism and Digital Platforms #ShoutYourAbortion: Hashtag Activism and Digital Platforms Donna Wielinga 10561005 New Media and Digital Culture University of Amsterdam Supervisor: Tim Highfield Second reader: Sabine Niederer 20.921 words 25-06-2018 Abstract This study explores how digital platforms enable hashtag activism. For this study a cross- platform analysis is applied to Instagram and Twitter and a social media content analysis is carried out for examining the user-generated content of #ShoutYourAbortion as well as the content posted by the organization of the movement. This study shows the differences in use and content between the platforms for the individual participants as well as the movement. Keywords: hashtag activism, digital platforms, Instagram, Twitter, user-generated content 2 Table of contents I. Shouting abortions 5 II. Platforms 9 2.1 Two platforms: Twitter and Instagram 9 2.2 Platform vernacular 11 III. #ShoutYourAbortion & online activism 14 3.1 Social network sites 14 3.2 Storytelling for activism 15 3.3 Origin of the hashtag 16 3.4 Hashtag activism and digital feminism 18 3.5 Discursive change 21 3.6 Historical development of the movement 22 IV. Affordances 24 4.1 Twitter: Micro-blogging 24 4.2 Instagram: Focus on visual content 26 V. #ShoutYourAbortion users’ stories 30 5.1 Twitter: user-generated content 30 5.1.1 Personal supporting and encouragement 30 5.1.2 Resisting providers and movements 33 5.1.3 Announcing and informing 36 5.2 Instagram: user-generated content 37 5.2.1 Selfies, photographs and social sharing 38 5.2.2 Shocks and fake facts for resisting 42 5.2.3 Offline art for online activism 45 VI. #ShoutYourAbortion movement stories 49 6.1 Twitter: @ShoutYrAbortion 49 6.1.1 Retweeting and link sharing 49 3 6.2 Instagram: @shoutyourabortion 53 6.2.1 Pictures of people and textual images 53 VII. #ShoutYourAbortion as digital activism 57 7.1 #ShoutYourAbortion: Movement 57 7.2 #ShoutYourAbortion: Users 60 7.3 Hashtag activism and digital platforms 62 VIII. From digital initiatives to physical changes 65 4 I. Shouting abortions Image 1: screenshot from Bust taken on 13-03-2018. In 2015, the #ShoutYourAbortion movement was sparked by Amelia Bonow who posted a message on her Facebook page regarding her abortion (Smith n.p.). At that time Bonow was just an American graduated student (‘Amelia Bonow’ n.p.) but her Facebook post went viral and since then her life was changed. In the Facebook message she explains how well she was treated during the abortion procedure at Planned Parenthood. Her reason for posting the message was not to talk about the level of care she received, but to go up against the people who want to defund Planned Parenthood (Smith n.p.). By posting the message about her abortion, she opposes the assumption “that abortion is still something to be whispered about” (Ibid.). This assumption is the narrative where the defund of Planned Parenthood relies upon. In her post Bonow continues by stating that a lot of people are still believing in that narrative and she wants to change this with #ShoutYourAbortion. She explains she has started this project with Kimberly Morrison to change the common thought of women needing to be sad, ashamed or full of regret after an abortion. Bonow stated: “Why shouldn’t I be happy that I was not forced to become a mother?” (Ibid.). American writer and activist Lindy West shared the post with the hashtag ShoutYourAbortion. A day later West posted her own story 1regarding her abortion on Twitter, received many likes and retweets, and from that moment on the movement began to develop (Image 1). Since then Bonow has won several awards, including the Planned Parenthood of Illinois awards and has been published in The Huffington Post amongst others (Ibid.). Almost three years after the Facebook post, the hashtag, the movement and the goal are still relevant and actively used. Discussing abortion is a topic that has been taboo for years. Even until this day, women are still struggling to speak up about their abortion. According to research from the Kantar TNS Nederland (a Dutch opinion research agency), Dutch people 1 https://bust.com/feminism/14769-shout-your-abortion-founder-amelia-bonow-talks-going-viral-fighting-trolls-bust-interview.html 5 advocate for abortion. However, they advocate for abortion only when the woman is raped or when her life is jeopardized due to the pregnancy (‘Praten over abortus blijft taboe’). Discussing abortion is important not only for personal healing, moreover, it needs to be done in order to protect and respect women’s rights. As Rachel Jacobson from Women’s Health Coalition states: “Stigma breeds silence. And the vacuum created by that silence, what stories get told, what policies get made?” (Jacobson n.p.). The women of the #ShoutYourAbortion chose to use social media in order to fight the stigma, break the silence and change the narrative regarding abortions. Abortion has been the topic of debate for centuries globally. The laws and politics regarding abortion have a long history. At the end of the nineteenth century, abortion was illegal in almost all countries (Berer 13). This was due to different reasons: the abortions were unsafe and jeopardizing the life of the women, the abortions were seen as immoral and the law protected fetal life by prohibiting abortions life (Ibid.). Over the years, these original reasons for not supporting abortions have changed. Nowadays, the procedure of abortions is safe and are not seen as illegal by law in most countries (23). However, this does not mean everyone supports abortion procedures and laws. The changing of the abortion law to legalisation has costs years of work and support. An important factor of this change are not only the advocates who are dedicated to this topic in court, but also allies such as parliamentarians, human rights groups and most of all the women themselves (Ibid.). The laws have changed, but unfortunately the stigma regarding abortion has not. In order to de-stigmatize abortions, different allies should work together for the purpose of giving women the opportunity to openly discuss their abortion. And with the help of social media, we might be one step closer. In recent years, social media have been used frequently by online (feminist) movements for discussing – sensitive – topics such as sexual harassment, sexism and abortion. The #MeToo movement uses social media to raise awareness and map how many women (and men) have experienced abuse and harassment in any way. The hashtag has been used by people online to spread their personal stories regarding sexual harassment. Their mission is to de-stigmatize the survivors and helping them heal (‘Me Too’). The #EverydaySexism movement aims to take a step towards gender equality by collecting stories of sexism to show sexism still exists and is very much alive (‘About’). The #SayHerName movement uses Twitter to raise consciousness for the death of black women and demands of action for victims of violence (Brown et. al 1841). These online protests by movements demonstrate the power of digital activism in influencing the public discourse (Yang 13). By spreading and reading the victims’ stories of everyday sexism, sexual harassment and actions of violence, people get the idea that they are not the only 6 ones with those experiences. The feeling of collectiveness and possibility to come forward with these stories are contributing to de-stigmatizing certain topics. Moreover, all these individuals contribute to the collective message by sharing their personal stories. The aforementioned hashtags are all researched in different studies, however, no research regarding #ShoutYourAbortion was found. This subject of this study is relevant and important to study, because it shows how the times are changing. Online movements such as #ShoutYourAbortion are providing new options through digital platforms for women to fight the battles they have fought for years. While this study is focussed on the #ShoutYourAbortion movement, a movement that is active for three years, another movement regarding abortions has recently emerged: Repeal the 8th. This movement is started by the coalition of pro-choice groups in Ireland and the Abortion Rights Campaign (‘Petition: Repeal the 8th). They started a petition to repeal the Eight Amendment that “criminalises abortion in all cases except where to continue a pregnancy would result in death” (Ibid.). Thus, women cannot get abortions or abortion pills in Ireland legally. This leads to women unable to travel being forced to proceed with their unwanted or unhealthy pregnancy and illegal abortions under unsafe circumstances. On the 25th of May, the referendum in Ireland resulted in 66 percent voting ‘yes’, allowing the government to change the laws regarding abortions (‘It's Yes: Ireland has voted to repeal the Eighth Amendment’ n.pag.). The Irish government is proposing to legislate abortion is cases where “there is a risk of the life of the woman, a medical emergency or a fatal foetal abnormality, or up to 12 weeks without justification” (Kelly n.pag.). The Repeal the 8th movement shows how online effort results in offline results. Even though this study does not further include the Repeal the 8th movement, it is the showing the relevance and impact of digital activist movements regarding topics such as abortions. Moreover, it demonstrates how the discussion surrounding abortions continues to stay relevant and how digital movements and abortions are needed subjects to study. Another reason why abortion continues to be an important subject to study is the current political situation in the United States of America, with President Donald Trump and his decisions regarding Planned Parenthood. During his presidency campaign, Trump claimed that he was “pro-life with some exceptions”. Last January, the president announced that “the fight to protect life was not over” (M.S.R.
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