Un Análisis Del Cactus Columnar Echinopsis Terscheckii a Distintas

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Un Análisis Del Cactus Columnar Echinopsis Terscheckii a Distintas UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL COMAHUE CENTRO REGIONAL UNIVERSITARIO BARILOCHE Genética de la conservación de cactáceas: un análisis del cactus columnar Echinopsis terscheckii a distintas escalas espaciales y temporales Trabajo de Tesis para optar al Título de Doctor en Biología Autora: Lic. VILMA BEATRIZ QUIPILDOR Directora: Dra. Andrea C. Premoli Co-director Dr. Pablo Ortega-Baes 2017 Parao en la loma Llenito de espinas Así es el cardón Fierito por fuera Ternuras adentro Lo mesno que yo Cuando llega el tiempo El cardón más pobre Presenta una flor Por eso i‟ venido Domando caminos Buscándote a vos Guapeando a la nieve Guapeando a los vientos Así es el cardón Solito y arisco Rodeau de silencio Lo mesmo que yo Así es el cardón Lo mesmo que yo Atahualpa Yupanqui Resumen La historia geológica y climática del noroeste Argentino presenta fuertes cambios producto de los constantes procesos orogénicos y climáticos ocurridos durante el Neógeno y períodos glaciares e interglaciares del Cuaternario que afectaron la distribución de poblaciones de plantas y sus patrones de diversidad genética, como es el caso de Echinopsis terscheckii. El objetivo general de este estudio fue evaluar tanto los niveles y la distribución de la variabilidad genética en E. terschekii a distintas escalas espaciales, utilizando distintos tipos de marcadores moleculares como así también evaluar su papel como especie indicadora de la diversidad taxonómica de las cactáceas del noroeste de Argentina. La hipótesis planteada es que los factores históricos y ecológicos se verán reflejados en la estructura genética a distintas escalas espaciales de las poblaciones de E. terscheckii, una especie de cactus columnar que caracteriza los ambientes áridos y semiáridos del sur de los Andes Centrales de Sudamérica, y cuyos patrones de diversidad genética pueden ser utilizados como sustituto de la diversidad taxonómica de la familia Cactaceae. A escala regional, se utilizaron polimorfismos genéticos de tres regiones no codificantes del ADN del cloroplasto y una región no codificante del ADN nuclear para evaluar el rol que tuvieron los eventos orogénicos y climáticos en modelar el acervo genético de E. terscheckii. También se exploraron los efectos regionales de las oscilaciones climáticas del Cuaternario en base a modelos de nicho ecológico (Último Máximo Glaciar, Holoceno-Medio y presente), y sobre el acervo genético de esta especie, utilizando 15 loci isoenzimáticos. A escala local fina, se analizó el impacto de la cobertura vegetal y variables climáticas en la estructura genética espacial de las poblaciones en base a muestreos espacialmente explícitos en diferentes climas y tipos de vegetación en cuatro sitios utilizando marcadores isoenzimáticos. Para identificar los sitios prioritarios para la conservación in situ de E. tercheckii y evaluar su rol como sustituto de la diversidad taxonómica de cactáceas, se utilizaron modelos de distribución y algoritmos de optimización. En relación con las actuales amenazas antrópicas, se analizaron los efectos del cambio en el uso del suelo mediante modelos de transición y la vulnerabilidad de la especie a tales cambios. Los análisis a escala regional mediante análisis filogeográficos muestran la presencia de dos variantes haplotídicas estructuradas latitudinalmente al norte-sur de los 27°S. Los modelos de nicho mostraron dos áreas con una mayor estabilidad en el sur de la distribución. Los patrones isoenzimáticos reflejan las oscilaciones climáticas del Cuaternario presentando las poblaciones de latitudes meridionales una mayor diversidad genética, lo cual refleja la persistencia en poblaciones de mayor tamaño durante el Último Máximo Glacial, mientras que las poblaciones septentrionales con menor diversidad genética sufrieron efectos de deriva y aislamiento. Estos resultados muestran la divergencia entre grupos norte y sur de las poblaciones de E. terscheckii como un reflejo de la persistencia a largo plazo en toda el área de distribución, a través de los ciclos climáticos, viéndose reforzada esta divergencia por la presencia de una barrera orográfica en las latitudes medias. A escala local, en ambientes más áridos la facilitación promueve el establecimiento debajo de la vegetación formando pequeños manchones que resulta en una estructura familiar de escala fina como en las localidades de Andalgalá y Valle Fértil. En los bosques xerófilos climáticamente más benignos, la competencia por los recursos, por ejemplo la luz, resulta en individuos dispersos y, por tanto, en vecindarios de escala gruesa como en la localidad de Las Higuerillas. Los métodos de optimización establecieron un mínimo de seis poblaciones necesarias para conservar toda la diversidad genética conocida de E. terscheckii y una alta proporción de especies de la familia Cactaceae que estuvieron representadas en las reservas genéticas de E. terscheckii, siendo superior al 90 % para todas las metas fijadas a priori. Esto implica que la 1 diversidad genética de la especie focal tuvo un buen desempeño como sustituto de la diversidad taxonómica. El modelo más explicativo para el cambio del uso de la tierra, incluyó a las variables de elevación y distancia a caminos. El análisis de vulnerabilidad mostró que sólo un 1,8% del área de distribución de la especie en la provincia de Salta se encuentra sujeta a un alto riesgo de cambio de uso, siendo significativa la pérdida de diversidad genética en las poblaciones ubicadas en las tierras afectadas a la actividad productiva en relación a los potenciales de cambio de uso de suelo. En este estudio se encontró que tanto la diversidad como la estructura genética actual de E. terscheckii es el resultado complejo de la combinación de procesos actuantes a distintas escalas espaciales y temporales. 2 Abstract The geological and climatic history of northwestern Argentina presents strong changes as a result of orogenic and climatic processes that occurred during the Neogene and glacial and interglacial periods of the Quaternary that affected the distribution of plant populations and their genetic diversity patterns, as is the case of Echinopsis terscheckii. The general objective of this study was to evaluate both the levels and distribution of genetic variability in E. terschekii at different spatial and temporal scales using different types of molecular markers as well as to evaluate its role as a surrogate of the taxonomic diversity of other cacti from northwestern Argentina. The hypotheses tested is that historical and ecological factors will be reflected in the genetic structure at different spatial scales of the populations of E. terscheckii, a species of columnar cactus that characterizes the arid and semi-arid environments of the South Central Andes of South America and whose genetic diversity can be used as a substitute for the taxonomic diversity of the Cactaceae family. At the regional level, we used genetic polymorphisms from three non-coding regions of the chloroplast DNA and one region of nuclear DNA to evaluate the role of orogenic and climatic events modeling the gene pool of E. terscheckii. We also explored the regional effects of Quaternary climatic oscillations on the genetic pool of this species using fifteen isozyme loci. We modeled the potential past (Last Glacial Maximum and Mid-Holocene) and present distributions using ecological niche models. At the local level, we analyzed the impact of vegetation cover and climatic variables on the fine-scale genetic structure of populations based on spatially explicit sampling of individuals under different climates and vegetation types at four sites using isoenzymatic markers. To identify the priority sites for the in situ conservation of E. tercheckii and to evaluate the role of genetic diversity as a substitute for taxonomic diversity of cactaceae, we used distribution models and optimization algorithms. In consideration of the current anthropogenic threats, the effects of the change in the use of the soil through models of potential transition and the vulnerability of the species to such changes were analyzed. Regional analyzes using phylogeographic methods show the presence of two latitudinally structured haplotype variants north and south of 27 °S. The niche models showed two areas with greater stability in the south of the distribution. Isozyme patterns reflect the climatic oscillations of the Quaternary and southern populations had greater genetic diversity, which reflects a climatic stability during the Last Glacial Maximum, whereas northern populations with less genetic diversity suffered drift effects and isolation. These results show the divergence between northern and southern populations of E. terscheckii as a reflection of long-term persistence along the range, through the climatic cycles. This divergence was reinforced by the presence of a geographical barrier in mid-latitudes. At the local level, in more arid environments facilitation promotes establishment under the vegetation cover producing a fine-scale family structure as in the localities of Andalgalá and Valle Fértil. Under climatically benign xerophilous forests, competition for resources, such as light, results in scattered individuals and therefore in large-scale neighborhoods such as at Las Higuerillas. The optimization methods established a minimum of six populations necessary to conserve all the known genetic diversity of E. terscheckii and a high proportion of species of the family Cactaceae were represented in the genetic pool of E. terscheckii, being superior to 90% for all the goals set a priori. This
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