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Pers Krali Ii. Kyros i T.C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI TARİH BİLİM DALI PERS KRALI II. KYROS (HAYATI, ŞAHSİYETİ VE SİYASİ FAALİYETLERİ) Eray KARAKETİR YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Danışman Prof. Dr. Özdemir KOÇAK Konya-2015 ii T.C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI TARİH BİLİM DALI PERS KRALI II. KYROS (HAYATI, ŞAHSİYETİ VE SİYASİ FAALİYETLERİ) Eray KARAKETİR YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Danışman Prof. Dr. Özdemir KOÇAK Bu çalışma Selçuk Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü tarafından 14203003 nolu Yüksek Lisans tez projesi olarak desteklenmiştir. Konya-2015 i İÇİNDEKİLER BİLİMSEL ETİK SAYFASI.................................................................................... iii YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ KABUL FORMU ...........................................................iv ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................ v ÖZET ..........................................................................................................................vi SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. viii KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................ x HARİTALAR VE RESİMLER LİSTESİ................................................................xi GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM-II. KYROS’UN YAŞAMI ......................................................... 5 1. SOY VE AİLE YAPISI .......................................................................................... 5 1. 1. Soyağacı ............................................................................................................ 5 1. 2. Ailesi ................................................................................................................. 8 2. İSMİ ....................................................................................................................... 10 3. DÜNYAYA GELİŞİ VE ÇOCUKLUK YILLARI ............................................ 12 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM-II. KYROS’UN ASKERİ VE SİYASİ FAALİYETLERİ ...... 19 1. PERS İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN KURULUŞU ............................................... 19 2. LYDİA SEFERİ VE ANADOLU’NUN PERS EGEMENLİĞİNE GİRİŞİ .... 34 3. BİRİNCİ ORTA ASYA SEFERİ VE ORTA ASYA’NIN PERS EGEMENLİĞİNE GİRİŞİ ...................................................................................... 55 4. BABİL SEFERİ VE MEZOPOTAMYA’NIN PERS EGEMENLİĞİNE GİRİŞİ ........................................................................................................................ 61 5. İKİNCİ ORTA ASYA SEFERİ VE ÖLÜMÜ .................................................... 73 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM-II. KYROS VE DİNİ İNANÇLAR ....................................... 80 ii 1. II. KYROS’UN DİNİ İNANÇLARLA İLİŞKİSİ............................................... 80 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM-DÖNEME AİT ARKEOLOJİK KALINTILAR ........... 87 1. BAŞKENT PASARGADAİ VE ANIT MEZAR ................................................ 87 1. 1. Pasargadai ....................................................................................................... 87 1. 2. Anıt Mezar ...................................................................................................... 97 2. SİLİNDİR KİTABE ............................................................................................ 102 SONUÇ .................................................................................................................... 105 KAYNAKÇA ........................................................................................................... 109 Antik Kaynaklar .................................................................................................... 109 Modern Kaynaklar ................................................................................................ 110 HARİTALAR VE RESİMLER ............................................................................. 122 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ............................................................................................................ 136 iii BİLİMSEL ETİK SAYFASI iv YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ KABUL FORMU v ÖNSÖZ Bu konuyu tez konusu olarak çalışmam hususunda beni destekleyen ve bilim insanı kimliğinin yanında karakteriyle de bana örnek teşkil eden danışman hocam Sayın Prof. Dr. Özdemir KOÇAK’a; aktardığı bilgi ve fikirlerle bilimsel düşünceme ve hayat görüşüme katkıda bulunan hocam Sayın Prof. Dr. Hasan BAHAR’a sonsuz teşekkürlerimi ve saygılarımı sunarım. Tezimi meydana getirme sürecinde yabancı dillerdeki kaynakların Türkçeye tercümesinde yardım eden Mustafa Oğuz DEMİR, Arş. Gör. Ahmet ÖZKAN, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Esra DOĞAN, Okt. Bilal ÜSTÜN ve Dilfuza SHAİNOVA’ya; ayrıca antik kaynaklardan verimli bir şekilde yararlanabilmemde benden yardımını esirgemeyen Arş. Gör. Sevgi SARIKAYA’ya teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. İlkokuldan bugüne kadar aralıksız devam eden eğitimimde maddi ve manevi desteğiyle bana güç katan aileme derin sevgi ve saygılarımı sunarım. vi T.C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Adı Soyadı Eray KARAKETİR Numarası 124202001009 Ana Bilim / Bilim Dalı Tarih/Tarih Programı Tezli Yüksek Lisans Doktora Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Özdemir KOÇAK Öğrencinin Tezin Adı Pers Kralı II. Kyros (Hayatı, Şahsiyeti ve Siyasi Faaliyetleri) ÖZET İnsanlar eski dönemlerden beri yaşamın bir gereği olarak bir veya birkaç liderin öncülüğünde birleşip, kimi zaman küçük kabileler kimi zaman ise dünya çapında uygarlıklar meydana getirmişlerdir. Hint-Avrupa kökenli bir kavim olan Persler de II. Kyros’un (M.Ö. 559-530) öncülüğünde birleşerek İran’da büyük bir imparatorluğun temellerini atmışlardır. M.Ö. 559’da Anşan ve Parsu krallıklarını birleştirerek Persleri bir çatı altında toplayan II. Kyros, kısa bir zamanda Persleri askeri ve siyasi açıdan önemli bir güç haline getirmiş ve M.Ö. 550’de Media Krallığı’na son vererek Pers İmparatorluğu’nu (M.Ö. 550-330) kurmuştur. Daha sonra Lydia ve Yeni Babil krallıklarını ele geçiren II. Kyros, Orta Asya’nın önemli bir bölümünü de hâkimiyet altına almayı başarmıştır. Orta Asya’dan Anadolu’ya, Mezopotamya’dan Doğu Akdeniz’e kadar olan bir sahayı imparatorluğuna katmayı başaran II. Kyros’un son hedefi İskitler olmuş ve M.Ö. 530’da İskitler ile yaptığı bir savaşta ölmüştür. II. Kyros’un gerek yaşamı ve şahsiyeti gerekse askeri ve siyasi faaliyetleri; çivi yazılı belgeler, kutsal metinler ve Antikçağ yazarlarının eserlerinde çoğunlukla vii olumlu bir şekilde anlatılmıştır. Ayrıca bu anlatımlar bazı durumlarda gerçeklerden uzaklaşıp efsanevi bir yapıya bürünmüştür. Anlatılanların birleştiği ortak nokta ise II. Kyros’un ideal bir hükümdar olduğudur. Çalışmamızda II. Kyros’un yaşamı, gerçekleştirdiği askeri ve siyasi faaliyetler ve bu faaliyetler neticesinde dünya kültürüne yaptığı katkılar, ayrıntılı bir şekilde ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır. Arkeolojik veriler, çivi yazılı belgeler ve Antikçağ yazarlarına ait eserler yararlandığımız temel kaynaklardır. Ayrıca çeşitli dillerde yazılmış modern bilimsel kaynaklar da çalışmamızın meydana getirilmesinde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: II. Kyros, Büyük Kyros, Persler, Pers İmparatorluğu, Akhaemenid Dönemi viii T.C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Adı Soyadı Eray KARAKETİR Numarası 124202001009 Ana Bilim / Bilim Dalı Tarih/Tarih Programı Tezli Yüksek Lisans Doktora Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Özdemir KOÇAK Öğrencinin Tezin İngilizce Adı Cyrus II, The King of Persia (His Life, Personality and Political Activities) SUMMARY Since ancient periods, people have united under the guidance of one or several leaders and have created sometimes small tribes and sometimes world- embracing civilizations. Persians, an Indo-European originated tribe, laid the foundations of a great empire in Iran by confederating under the leadership of Cyrus II (559-530 B.C.). Cyrus II who take the helm of Persians by inosculating Anshan Kingdom and Parsua Kingdom in 559 B.C., has made this kingdom politically and militarily a significant power and he has founded Persian Empire (550-530 B.C.) by putting an end to Median Kingdom in 550 B.C.. Afterwards, having confiscated Lydian Kingdom and Neo-Babylonian Kingdom, Cyrus II succeeded to domineer an important part of Central Asia. Scythians was the last target of Cyrus II who managed to annex a wide area from Central Asia to Anatolia, from Mesopotamia to Middle East. Cyrus II go out of existence in a battle against Scythians in 530 B.C. The life of Cyrus II and his personality, his political and militarily has been narrated in cuneiform scripted documents, holy writings and works of antique age ix authors mostly in a positive way. Besides, these statements move away from reality and take in some cases a mythical form. The common point of these statements is that Cyrus II is an ideal emperor. In our study, the life of Cyrus II, political and militarily actions he had put into practice and the contributions that he had made to world culture in the sequel of these actions has been revealed in detail. Archeological datas, cuneiform scripted documents and works of antique age authors are the main referenced elements and resources. Likewise, some scientific modern resources written in various languages have an important place in our study. Key Words: Cyrus II, Cyrus The Great, Persians, Persian Empire, Achaemenid Period x KISALTMALAR
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