DOCSLIB.ORG

B Vitamins for Stroke Prevention Stroke Vasc Neurol: First Published As 10.1136/Svn-2018-000156 on 6 June 2018

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
B Vitamins for Stroke Prevention Stroke Vasc Neurol: First Published As 10.1136/Svn-2018-000156 on 6 June 2018 Open Access Review B vitamins for stroke prevention Stroke Vasc Neurol: first published as 10.1136/svn-2018-000156 on 6 June 2018. Downloaded from Graeme J Hankey1,2 To cite: Hankey GJ. B vitamins ABSTRACT WHAT IS HOMOCYSTEINE? for stroke prevention. Stroke Supplementation with B vitamins (vitamin B9(folic Homocysteine is derived from the essential and Vascular Neurology 2018;0: acid), vitamin B12 and vitamin B6) lowers blood total amino acid methionine, which is abundant e000156. doi:10.1136/svn- homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations by about 25% and 2018-000156 in animal sources of protein. Methionine is reduces the relative risk of stroke overall by about 10% converted to homocysteine via the interme- (risk ratio (RR) 0.90, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.99) compared with diate S-adenosylmethionine, which acts as a placebo. Homocysteine-lowering interventions have no Received 26 March 2018 methyl donor, as in several other biochem- Revised 11 May 2018 significant effect on myocardial infarction, death from Accepted 11 May 2018 any cause or adverse outcomes. Factors that appear to ical processes such as DNA methylation and modify the effect of B vitamins on stroke risk include low creatine and phosphatidylcholine synthesis. folic acid status, high tHcy, high cyanocobalamin dose Homocysteine can be remethylated back to in patients with impaired renal function and concurrent methionine or converted to cysteine by trans- antiplatelet therapy. In regions with increasing levels or sulfuration (figure 1).12 established policies of population folate supplementation, evidence from observational genetic epidemiological studies and randomised controlled clinical trials is concordant in suggesting an absence of benefit from FACTORS INFLUENCING HOMOCYSTEINE lowering of homocysteine with folic acid for prevention CONCENTRATION of stroke. Clinical trials indicate that in countries Plasma tHcy reflects free-bound and protein- which mandate folic acid fortification of food, folic acid bound homocysteine, its dimer homocyst- supplementation has no significant effect on reducing eine and cysteine-homocysteine mixed stroke risk (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.23). However, in disulfide.13 The causes of high tHcy are listed countries without mandatory folic acid food fortification, in box 1.14–19 folic acid supplementation reduces the risk of stroke by about 15% (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.94). Folic acid alone or in combination with minimal cyanocobalamin (≤0.05 Genetic mutations mg/day) is associated with an even greater reduction in The cause of inherited hyperhomocystein- risk of future stroke by 25% (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.66 to aemia can be broadly separated into remeth- http://svn.bmj.com/ 0.86), whereas the combination of folic acid and a higher ylation disturbances (methylenetetrahydro- dose of cyanocobalamin (≥0.4 mg/day) is not associated folate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency and with a reduced risk of future stroke (RR 0.95, 95% CI vitamin B and folate-related defects) and 0.86 to 1.05). The lack of benefit of folic acid plus higher 12 transsulfuration defects (cystathionine β-syn- doses of cyanocobalamin (≥0.4 mg/day) was observed thase deficiency and cystathionine gamma- in trials which all included participants with chronic 15–19 kidney disease. Because metabolic B deficiency is very lyase deficiency). 12 on October 1, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. common and usually not diagnosed, future randomised trials of homocysteine-lowering interventions for stroke Remethylation disturbances prevention should probably test a combination of folic In order for homocysteine to be remethylated acid and methylcobalamin or hydroxocobalamin instead of to methionine, it requires a methyl donor in cyanocobalamin, and perhaps vitamin B . 6 the form of 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate, which is produced from 5,10-methylenetetrahydro- THE HOMOCYSTEINE HYPOTHESIS folate in a reaction catalysed by 5,10-MTHFR. 1UWA Medical School, Faculty The hypothesis that B vitamin therapy (folic About 10% of the population is homozygous of Health and Medical Sciences, acid, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12) may prevent for a point mutation (C-to-T substitution at The University of Western stroke emerged more than 15 years ago after nucleotide 677 (677 C→T polymorphism)) in Australia, Perth, Western early case and epidemiological studies reported the coding region of the gene for MTHFR. The Australia, Australia 2Department of Neurology, an association between high plasma concentra- TT polymorphism is associated with a thermola- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, tions of total homocysteine (tHcy) and incident bile variant of MTHFR that has reduced activity Nedlands, Western Australia, cardiovascular diseases,1–7 laboratory studies (by about 50%) and thus reduced production Australia reported atherogenic and thrombogenic of the methyl donor 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate 8–10 Correspondence to properties of high tHcy, and randomised (akin to low dietary intake of folate), which Dr Graeme J Hankey; controlled trials (RCTs) showed that supple- increases tHcy moderately by about 20% (ie, 16–18 graeme. hankey@ uwa. edu. au mentation with B vitamins lowers tHcy.11 about 2 µmol/L). Hankey GJ. Stroke and Vascular Neurology 2018;0:e000156. doi:10.1136/svn-2018-000156 1 Open Access Transsulfuration defects Stroke Vasc Neurol: first published as 10.1136/svn-2018-000156 on 6 June 2018. Downloaded from Box 1 Causes of hyperhomocysteinemia The most common, although rare, genetic cause of severe hyperhomocysteinaemia (>100 µmol/L) and homocyst- Genetic factors inuria is homozygous deficiency of cystathionine β-syn- ► 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T homozygosity thase, which is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in (common).16–18 19 14 about 1 in 100 000 live births. ► Cystathionine gamma-lyase (common). ► Heterozygosity for cystathionine β synthase (CBS) defects Nutritional deficiencies in B vitamin cofactors required for (uncommon). 19 homocysteine metabolism ► Homocystinuria (homozygous CBS) (very rare). The metabolic (methylation) pathway that converts Physiological factors homocysteine to methionine is catalysed by methio- ► Increased age. nine synthase and requires folic acid (5-methyl tetrahy- ► Male sex. ► Menopause. drofolate) and vitamin B12 (cobalamin) as an essential cofactor (figure 1). The metabolic (transsulfuration) ► Reduced glomerular filtration rate. Increased muscle mass. pathway that converts homocysteine to cystathionine ► Lifestyle factors is catalysed by cystathionine β-synthase and requires ► Reduced B vitamin intake (folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6). vitamin B6 as a cofactor (figure 1). Hence, the total ► Smoking. plasma concentration of homocysteine (tHcy) is influ- ► Coffee. enced by blood concentrations of the B vitamins folic ► Alcohol consumption. acid (B9), cyanocobalamin (B12) and pyridoxine (B6). ► Physical inactivity. Disease states Other causes of hyperhomocysteinaemia ► B vitamin deficiency (due to malabsorption, including inflammatory Other factors affecting tHcy include increasing age, bowel disease). smoking, hypothyroidism, renal impairment, malabsorp- ► Renal impairment. ► Hypothyroidism. tion of vitamin B12 and numerous other diseases and drugs (box 1). Fasting tHcy rises as serum creatinine rises ► Diabetes mellitus. because of impaired metabolism and clearance of homo- ► Psoriasis. Malignancies. cysteine by the kidney. ► Drugs ► Lipid-lowering*—cholestyramine, nicotinic acid, fibric acid deriva- EVIDENCE FOR HOMOCYSTEINE AS A caUSAL RISK facTOR tives (eg, fenofibrate). FOR STROKE ► Anticonvulsants—phenytoin, carbamazepine. Sex hormones—androgens. A causal association between a risk factor, such as tHcy, ► ► Antirheumatic drugs—methotrexate. and a disease, such as stroke, is inferred by several factors, ► Other—ciclosporin, diuretics, levodopa, methionine loading (oral, including the following: intravenous, peritoneal), theophylline, trimethoprim. http://svn.bmj.com/ ► Temporal sequence of exposure to the risk factor first, *HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors have no effect on total plasma followed then by the occurrence of the disease. homocysteine levels. ► Independence from confounding factors (known and unknown) that are associated with both the exposure and the disease but are not on the causal pathway factors.6 7 An increase of 3 µmol/L in tHcy was associ- between the exposure and the disease (eg, are not ated with an increase in risk of stroke by about 24% and on October 1, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. mediators of the causal effect). increased risk of myocardial infarction by about 15% ► Strength of the association (high relative risk or rela- after a mean follow-up of 7.3 years and after adjusting tive odds). for confounding by other cardiovascular risk factors.6 7 ► A dose–response relationship (the greater degree of However, absent other evidence, reverse causation and exposure to the risk factor, the greater the frequency residual confounding, by failure to measure and adjust or severity of the disease). for confounding factors that increase both tHcy and ► Consistency of the association among different studies stroke risk but are not on the causal pathway between and populations. tHcy and stroke (eg, smoking, lower socioeconomic class ► Biological and epidemiological plausibility. and renal impairment), might be possible explanations ► A decline in the incidence of the disease after experi- for the observed association. mental removal or reduction of the risk factor (ideally in RCTs).20 Genetic epidemiological studies A meta-analysis of 111
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dispensing of Vitamin Products by Retail Pharmacies in South Africa: Implications for Dietitians
    South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2016; 29(4):133–138 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2016.1219468 SAJCN ISSN 1607-0658 EISSN 2221-1268 Open Access article distributed under the terms of the © 2016 The Author(s) Creative Commons License [CC BY-NC 3.0] http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0 RESEARCH Dispensing of vitamin products by retail pharmacies in South Africa: Implications for dietitians Ilse Trutera* and Liana Steenkampb a Department of Pharmacy, Drug Utilisation Research Unit (DURU), Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa b HIV & AIDS Research Unit, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa *Corresponding author, email: [email protected] Objective: The objective of this study was to analyse the dispensing patterns of vitamins (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) group A11) over a one-year period in a group of community pharmacies in South Africa. Design and setting: A retrospective drug utilisation study was conducted on community pharmacy electronic dispensing records in South Africa recorded in 2013. Outcome measures: All products for ATC subgroup A11 were extracted and analysed. Results: A total of 164 233 vitamin products were dispensed to 84 805 patients (62.64% female patients). Males received on average 2.09 (SD = 2.63) vitamin products per year, compared to 1.84 (SD = 2.13) products for females. Ergocalciferol (A11CC01) was the most often dispensed (37.48% of all vitamin products), followed by plain Vitamin B-complex products (A11EA00) accounting for 32.77%. Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) is only available on prescription (50 000 IU tablets or 50 000 IU/ml oily drops) in South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Folic Acid, Pyridoxine, and Cyanocobalamin Combination
    ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION Folic Acid, Pyridoxine, and Cyanocobalamin Combination Treatment and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Women The Women’s Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study William G. Christen, ScD; Robert J. Glynn, ScD; Emily Y. Chew, MD; Christine M. Albert, MD; JoAnn E. Manson, MD Background: Observational epidemiologic studies indi- and visually significant AMD, defined as confirmed in- cate a direct association between homocysteine concentra- cident AMD with visual acuity of 20/30 or worse attrib- tion in the blood and the risk of age-related macular degen- utable to this condition. eration (AMD), but randomized trial data to examine the effect of therapy to lower homocysteine levels in AMD are Results:Afteranaverageof7.3yearsoftreatmentandfollow- lacking. Our objective was to examine the incidence of AMD up, there were 55 cases of AMD in the combination treat- in a trial of combined folic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride ment group and 82 in the placebo group (relative risk, 0.66; (vitamin B6), and cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) therapy. 95% confidence interval, 0.47-0.93 [P=.02]). For visually significant AMD, there were 26 cases in the combination Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, treatment group and 44 in the placebo group (relative risk, placebo-controlled trial including 5442 female health care 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.95 [P=.03]). professionals 40 years or older with preexisting cardio- vascular disease or 3 or more cardiovascular disease risk Conclusions: These randomized trial data from a large factors. A total of 5205 of these women did not have a cohort of women at high risk of cardiovascular disease diagnosis of AMD at baseline and were included in this indicate that daily supplementation with folic acid, pyri- analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Applications
    TN-1175 APPLICATIONS Xianrong (Jenny) Wei A Simple and Effective Method for HPLC Quantification Jenny is a Senior Scientist in Phenomenex’s PhenoLogix of Simultaneous Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Diphosphate) and applications laboratory. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal 5-Phosphate) from Whole Blood Xianrong (Jenny) Wei, Sean Orlowicz, Erica Pike, and Brian Rivera Phenomenex, Inc., 411 Madrid Ave., Torrance, CA 90501 USA Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to develop a simple and ro- 2. 25 % NaOH was prepared by adding 10 mL of 50 % NaOH to bust method for the simultaneous analysis of biologically active 10 mL DI Water. Vitamin B1 (TDP) and Vitamin B6 (PLP) from whole blood. 3. 25 mM Na2HPO4 (pH 7) was prepared by adding 6.7 g of Na2HPO4.7H2O to 1 L of DI water. pH was adjusted with 85 % Introduction H3PO4. Water-soluble B Vitamins are important cofactors in cell metabo- 4. 250/250 mg/mL semicarbazide/glycine was prepared by lism. Two water-soluble vitamins with clinical relevance are Vita- adding 500 mg of semicarbazide and 500 mg of glycine to mins B1 and B6. Thiamine Diphosphate (TDP) is the biologically 2 mL of DI water. active form of Vitamin B1 and is required for various metabolic functions. Prolonged deficiency can cause beriberi, a debilitating Sample Preparation neurological disease1. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) is the biolog- All extraction steps were performed while protecting the sam- ically active form of Vitamin B6 and is a coenzyme for a number ple from light and under cold conditions, such as on ice. Human of transamination reactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Randomised Controlled Trial of Nutritional Supplement on Bone Turnover Markers in Indian Premenopausal Women
    nutrients Article Randomised Controlled Trial of Nutritional Supplement on Bone Turnover Markers in Indian Premenopausal Women Pramod B. Umarji 1, Pankaj Verma 2, Vivek Garg 2, Marian Schini 3,* and Richard Eastell 3 1 Umarji Healthcare, Pune, Maharashtra 411045, India; [email protected] 2 Hindustan Unilever Limited R&D, Gurugram, Haryana 122002, India; [email protected] (P.V.); [email protected] (V.G.) 3 Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2NR, UK; r.eastell@sheffield.ac.uk * Correspondence: m.schini@sheffield.ac.uk; Tel.: +44-0114-215-9667 Abstract: Young Indian women may be at risk of poor bone health due to malnutrition. The aim of this study was to examine the effects on bone metabolism of a nutritional supplement in women aged 25 to 44. The nutritional supplement was a protein-rich beverage powder fortified with multi- micronutrients including calcium (600 mg), vitamin D (400 IU), and vitamin K (55 mcg) per daily serving, while a placebo supplement was low-protein non-fortified isocaloric beverage powder. This 6-month randomised, controlled trial showed favorable changes in bone turnover markers (decreased) and calcium homeostasis; such changes in older adults have been associated with slowing of bone loss and reduced fracture risk. For example, serum CTX decreased by about 30% and PINP by about 20% as a result of the increase in calcium intake. There were also changes in the ratio of carboxylated to undercarboxylated osteocalcin and such changes have been linked to a slowing of bone loss in older subjects. For example, the ratio increased by about 60% after 3 months as a result in the improvement in vitamin K status.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimal Foods
    Optimal Foods 1. Almonds: high in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, with 20% of calories coming from protein and dietary fiber. Nutrients include potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin E and an antioxidant flavonoid called amygdlin also known as laetrile. 2. Barley: Like oat bran it is high in beta-glucan fiber which helps to lower cholesterol. Nutrients include copper, magnesium, phosphorous and niacin. 3. Berries : The darker the berry the higher in anti-oxidants. Nutritionally they are an excellent source of flavonoids, especially anthocyanidins, vitamin C and both soluble and insoluble fiber. 4. Brussels Sprouts : Similar to broccoli, and a member of the cabbage family, it contains cancer fighting glucosinolates. Nutritionally it is an excellent source of vitamin C and K, the B vitamins, beta-carotene, potassium and dietary fiber. 5. Carrots: It contains the highest source of proviatamin A carotenes as well as vitamin K, biotin, vitamin C, B6, potassium, thiamine and fiber. 6. Dark Chocolate: It is rich in the flavonoids, similar to those found in berries and apples, that are more easily absorbed than in other foods. It also provides an amino acid called arginine that helps blood vessels to dilate hence regulating blood flow and helping to lower blood pressure. Choose high-quality semisweet dark chocolate with the highest cocoa content that appeals to your taste buds. 7. Dark leafy greens : Kale, arugula, spinach, mustard greens, chard, collards, etc: low calorie, anti-oxidant dense food with carotenes, vitamin C, folic acid, manganese, copper, vitamin E, copper, vitamin B6, potassium, calcium, iron and dietary fiber. Kale is a particularly excellent bioavailable source of calcium while spinach is not.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines on Food Fortification with Micronutrients
    GUIDELINES ON FOOD FORTIFICATION FORTIFICATION FOOD ON GUIDELINES Interest in micronutrient malnutrition has increased greatly over the last few MICRONUTRIENTS WITH years. One of the main reasons is the realization that micronutrient malnutrition contributes substantially to the global burden of disease. Furthermore, although micronutrient malnutrition is more frequent and severe in the developing world and among disadvantaged populations, it also represents a public health problem in some industrialized countries. Measures to correct micronutrient deficiencies aim at ensuring consumption of a balanced diet that is adequate in every nutrient. Unfortunately, this is far from being achieved everywhere since it requires universal access to adequate food and appropriate dietary habits. Food fortification has the dual advantage of being able to deliver nutrients to large segments of the population without requiring radical changes in food consumption patterns. Drawing on several recent high quality publications and programme experience on the subject, information on food fortification has been critically analysed and then translated into scientifically sound guidelines for application in the field. The main purpose of these guidelines is to assist countries in the design and implementation of appropriate food fortification programmes. They are intended to be a resource for governments and agencies that are currently implementing or considering food fortification, and a source of information for scientists, technologists and the food industry. The guidelines are written from a nutrition and public health perspective, to provide practical guidance on how food fortification should be implemented, monitored and evaluated. They are primarily intended for nutrition-related public health programme managers, but should also be useful to all those working to control micronutrient malnutrition, including the food industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Dietary Reference Intakes (Dris): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Vitamins Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
    Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Vitamins Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12 Pantothenic Biotin Choline Group (µg/d)a (mg/d) (µg/d)b,c (mg/d) d (µg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d)e (mg/d) (µg/d)f (µg/d) Acid (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d)g Infants 0 to 6 mo 400* 40* 10 4* 2.0* 0.2* 0.3* 2* 0.1* 65* 0.4* 1.7* 5* 125* 6 to 12 mo 500* 50* 10 5* 2.5* 0.3* 0.4* 4* 0.3* 80* 0.5* 1.8* 6* 150* Children 1–3 y 300 15 15 6 30* 0.5 0.5 6 0.5 150 0.9 2* 8* 200* 4–8 y 400 25 15 7 55* 0.6 0.6 8 0.6 200 1.2 3* 12* 250* Males 9–13 y 600 45 15 11 60* 0.9 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 4* 20* 375* 14–18 y 900 75 15 15 75* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 25* 550* 19–30 y 900 90 15 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550* 31–50 y 900 90 15 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550* 51–70 y 900 90 15 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4h 5* 30* 550* > 70 y 900 90 20 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4h 5* 30* 550* Females 9–13 y 600 45 15 11 60* 0.9 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 4* 20* 375* 14–18 y 700 65 15 15 75* 1.0 1.0 14 1.2 400i 2.4 5* 25* 400* 19–30 y 700 75 15 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.3 400i 2.4 5* 30* 425* 31–50 y 700 75 15 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.3 400i 2.4 5* 30* 425* 51–70 y 700 75 15 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.5 400 2.4h 5* 30* 425* > 70 y 700 75 20 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.5 400 2.4h 5* 30* 425* Pregnancy 14–18 y 750 80 15 15 75* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450* 19–30 y 770 85 15 15 90* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450* 31–50 y 770 85 15 15 90* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450* Lactation 14–18 y 1,200 115 15 19 75* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* 19–30 y 1,300 120 15 19 90* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* 31–50 y 1,300 120 15 19 90* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*).
    [Show full text]
  • DRIDIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin
    Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6015.html DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES DRI FOR Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline A Report of the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline and Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients Food and Nutrition Board Institute of Medicine NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6015.html NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS • 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. • Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This project was funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Contract No. 282-96-0033, T01; the National Institutes of Health Office of Nutrition Supplements, Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139, T024, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Preven- tion and Health Promotion, Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity; Health Canada; the Institute of Medicine; and the Dietary Reference Intakes Corporate Donors’ Fund.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Tumor Effects of Vitamin B2, B6 and B9 in Promonocytic Lymphoma Cells
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Anti-Tumor Effects of Vitamin B2, B6 and B9 in Promonocytic Lymphoma Cells Kathleen Mikkelsen 1 , Monica D. Prakash 1,2, Nyanbol Kuol 1, Kulmira Nurgali 1, Lily Stojanovska 3 and Vasso Apostolopoulos 1,* 1 Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Werribee Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia 2 School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia 3 College of Food and Agriculture, Department of Nutrition and Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 16427, UAE * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-3-9919-2025 Received: 12 June 2019; Accepted: 30 July 2019; Published: 1 August 2019 Abstract: Chronic inflammation can lead to tumour initiation and progression. Vitamin B complex has the ability to regulate the immune response and, therefore, inflammation but many of the mechanistic and molecular processes involved in this regulation are still not fully understood. This study sought to determine some of these processes by studying the effects of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) B6 (pyridoxine) and B9 (folic acid) on un-differentiated pro-monocytic lymphoma cells in regard to their ability to alter the proliferation, migration, apoptosis, cytokines and expression levels of programmed death ligand 1. We show that vitamin B2, B6 and B9, on pro-monocytic lymphoma cells exerted an anti-tumorigenic effect. This data could form the basis for future studies in using vitamin B supplementation to reduce cancer cell growth in vivo. Keywords: vitamin B complex; pro-monocytes; U937 cell line; riboflavin; pyridoxine; folate; vitamin B2; vitamin B6; vitamin B9 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Vitamins in Alzheimer's Disease—Review of the Latest Reports
    nutrients Review Vitamins in Alzheimer’s Disease—Review of the Latest Reports , Anita Mielech y , Anna Pu´scion-Jakubik* y , Renata Markiewicz-Zukowska˙ and Katarzyna Socha Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2D Street, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (R.M.-Z.);˙ [email protected] (K.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-8574-854-69 These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 3 November 2020; Accepted: 9 November 2020; Published: 11 November 2020 Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, and the aging of the population means that the number of cases is successively increasing. The cause of the disease has not been established, but it is suggested that many factors affect it, including nutritional aspects. As part of the work, the PubMed database has been searched, beginning from 2005, for terms related to key nutritional aspects. A diet rich in antioxidant vitamins can improve the cognitive functions of patients. Thanks to an adequate intake of B vitamins, homocysteine levels are reduced, which indirectly protects against the development of the disease. A properly balanced diet, as well as the use of appropriate supplementation, can contribute to improving the clinical condition of patients with AD. Keywords: Alzheimer disease; nutrition; antioxidant 1. Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia in the world, accounting for 2/3 of all dementias. In aging societies, the number of AD patients is predicted to increase.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Nutrition June 2013 Supplement
    Journal of Nutrition June 2013 Supplement CDC research papers look at sociodemographic and lifestyle variables and their relationship to nutritional biomarkers Expanding research from CDC’s The Journal of Nutrition Second National Report on The June 2013 issue of The Journal Biochemical Indicators of Diet and of Nutrition contains eight articles Nutrition to better understand from CDC’s environmental health potential causes of deficiencies laboratory (http://jn.nutrition.org/ content/143/6.toc). CDC released its Second Nutrition Report in 2012. The report used Each article addresses a different NHANES data from 2003–2006 for 58 category of nutritional biomarkers indicators of diet and nutrition like evaluated in CDC’s Second vitamin D, iodine, and folate. Nutrition Report: water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble nutrients, The Second Nutrition Report found trace elements (iron and iodine), that less than 10% of the U.S. phytoestrogens (isoflavones population was at risk for selected and lignans), and acrylamide nutritional deficiencies. However, for hemoglobin adducts. most of the nutritional indicators, deficiencies varied by age, sex, or race-ethnicity. http://www.cdc.gov/nutritionreport/ Variables used in the CDC data analysis In the June 2013 issue of The Journal of Nutrition, CDC researchers Lifestyle Sociodemographic evaluated sociodemographic, • Alcohol consumption • Age lifestyle, and physiologic variables like education, smoking, fasting, • Body mass index • Education and pregnancy to understand what • Dietary supplement use • Income role they may play in nutritional • Physical activity • Race-ethnicity deficiencies. • Smoking • Sex What these articles tell us CDC researchers discovered that Physiologic the sociodemographic and lifestyle • Fasting • Pregnancy variables provided some insight into the demographic differences found • Inflammation • Renal function in CDC’s Second Nutrition Report, but overall differences in nutritional biomarker levels still depended on age, sex, or race-ethnicity.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomoleculesbiomolecules
    1414Unit Objectives BiomoleculesBiomolecules After studying this Unit, you will be able to • explain the characteristics of “It is the harmonious and synchronous progress of chemical biomolecules like carbohydrates, reactions in body which leads to life”. proteins and nucleic acids and hormones; • classify carbohydrates, proteins, A living system grows, sustains and reproduces itself. nucleic acids and vitamins on the The most amazing thing about a living system is that it basis of their structures; is composed of non-living atoms and molecules. The • explain the difference between pursuit of knowledge of what goes on chemically within DNA and RNA; a living system falls in the domain of biochemistry. Living • describe the role of biomolecules systems are made up of various complex biomolecules in biosystem. like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, etc. Proteins and carbohydrates are essential constituents of our food. These biomolecules interact with each other and constitute the molecular logic of life processes. In addition, some simple molecules like vitamins and mineral salts also play an important role in the functions of organisms. Structures and functions of some of these biomolecules are discussed in this Unit. 14.114.114.1 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are primarily produced by plants and form a very large group of naturally occurring organic compounds. Some common examples of carbohydrates are cane sugar, glucose, starch, etc. Most of them have a general formula, Cx(H2O)y, and were considered as hydrates of carbon from where the name carbohydrate was derived. For example, the molecular formula of glucose (C6H12O6) fits into this general formula, C6(H2O)6. But all the compounds which fit into this formula may not be classified as carbohydrates.
    [Show full text]