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Emotional Intelligence Buffers the Effect of Physiological Arousal On University of Groningen Emotional intelligence buffers the effect of physiological arousal on dishonesty Pittarello, Andrea; Conte, Beatrice; Caserotti, Marta; Scrimin, Sara; Rubaltelli, Enrico Published in: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review DOI: 10.3758/s13423-017-1285-9 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2018 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Pittarello, A., Conte, B., Caserotti, M., Scrimin, S., & Rubaltelli, E. (2018). Emotional intelligence buffers the effect of physiological arousal on dishonesty. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1), 440-446. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1285-9 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 23-09-2021 Psychon Bull Rev (2018) 25:440–446 DOI 10.3758/s13423-017-1285-9 BRIEF REPORT Emotional intelligence buffers the effect of physiological arousal on dishonesty Andrea Pittarello1 & Beatrice Conte2 & Marta Caserotti3 & Sara Scrimin 3 & Enrico Rubaltelli3 Published online: 13 April 2017 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract We studied the emotional processes that allow peo- tempted to steal office supplies at work. In these situations, ple to balance two competing desires: benefitting from dishon- they face two opposite desires: serving their self-interest, and esty and keeping a positive self-image. We recorded physio- maintaining a positive self-concept. Accordingly, they cheat logical arousal (skin conductance and heart rate) during a to the extent to which they can balance these opposite moti- computer card game in which participants could cheat and fail vations (Ayal & Gino, 2011; Barkan, Ayal, Gino, & Ariely, to report a certain card when presented on the screen to avoid 2012;Mazar,Amir,&Ariely,2008). losing their money. We found that higher skin conductance Recent work examined the cognitive and contextual factors corresponded to lower cheating rates. Importantly, emotional that enable people to reduce this tension and bend ethical intelligence regulated this effect; participants with high emo- rules, such as self-serving justifications and ambiguous rules tional intelligence were less affected by their physiological of conduct (Ayal, Gino, Barkan, & Ariely, 2015;Pittarello, reactions than those with low emotional intelligence. As a Leib, Gordon-Hecker, & Shalvi, 2015; Schweitzer & Hsee, result, they were more likely to profit from dishonesty. 2002; Shalvi, Dana, Handgraaf, & De Dreu, 2011; Shalvi, However, no interaction emerged between heart rate and emo- Gino, Barkan, & Ayal, 2015). However, the emotional mech- tional intelligence. We suggest that the ability to manage and anisms underlying tension reduction have been largely control emotions can allow people to overcome the tension ignored. between doing right or wrong and license them to bend the We aim to fill this gap and propose that the way people rules. manage and control emotions (i.e., emotional intelligence) will allow them to overcome the discomfort that arises from Keywords Skin conductance . Unethical behavior . the desire to do wrong while at the same time maintaining a Emotional intelligence . Arousal . Cheating positive self-image. Specifically, we suggest that people who can successfully manage and control their emotions will be less affected by the arousal elicited by ethical dilemmas (Gu, People encounter ethical dilemmas almost every day. They Zhong, & Page-Gould, 2013; Wilkinson, 1987) than those can receive extra change at the grocery store, or they are who are less capable to do so. As a result, they will be more likely to serve their self-interest dishonestly. * Andrea Pittarello [email protected] Physiological costs of lying 1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9712 Moral concerns can be a source of distress, because they con- TS Groningen, The Netherlands front people with desires that are inconsistent with their moral 2 Department of Psychology and Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, principles (Allport, 1955; Hochman, Glöckner, Fiedler, & University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Ayal, 2015; Rosenberg, 1979; Wilkinson, 1987). These con- 3 Department of Developmental and Socialization Psychology, cerns trigger a stress reaction linked to the autonomic nervous University of Padova, Padova, Italy system (ANS) response. This reaction can be registered in the Psychon Bull Rev (2018) 25:440–446 441 form of physiological arousal in different somatic systems. could attribute stress symptoms to external causes. If arousal Two well-established measures of arousal are the simulta- curbs dishonesty, it is reasonable to expect its effect to be weak- neous registration of changes in heart rate and electrodermal er among people who are generally less impacted by it, such as activity. those who can successfully cope with aversive states and are In normal adults, heart rate (HR) depends on the pacemaker more capable to manage their emotions. activity of the sinoatrial node cells and constantly varies in response to a number of factors, including cognitive effort and emotional stimulation (Kreibig & Gendolla, 2014). The Emotional intelligence and coping strategies sinoatrial node cells are innervated by the sympathetic ner- vous efferents and by the parasympathetic fibers of the vagus Although everybody experiences emotions, people differ in nerve, which exert a speeding-up and a slowing-down influ- the extent to which they identify, manage, and control them. ence on the heart, respectively. Increased sympathetic activity, One construct widely used to account for these differences is which occurs during a challenge or a psychological stress trait emotional intelligence (henceforth: trait EI). According to (Brosschot & Thayer, 2003), correlates with acceleration in Petrides, Pita, and Kokkinaki (2007), trait EI represents a set heart rate. Such acceleration reflects higher arousal of emotional perceptions located at the lowest level of the (Appelhans & Luecken, 2006). personality hierarchies. This definition of trait EI recognizes Likewise, changes in electrodermal activity in response to a the subjective nature of human emotional experience and is stressor represent a reliable index of sympathetic activation concerned with people’s perceptions and management of their (Boucsein, 1992; Kreibig & Gendolla, 2014). Skin conduc- own and others’ emotions. tance level (SCL) is an electrodermal measure caused by the It has been shown that people differ in how they process, activity of sweat glands that are innervated solely by the sym- use, and manage affective information both of interpersonal pathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system (SNS). and intrapersonal nature (Petrides & Furnham, 2003). For in- Because SNS activity is predominant when responding to stance, people with high trait EI are better at coping with emotional challenging stimuli, changes in SCL are a particu- stressful situations and use more adequate emotion regulation larly useful indicator of emotional arousal (Boucsein, 1992). strategies than people with low trait EI (Mikolajczak, Nelis, Hence, both somatic systems respond to stress with a sub- Hansenne, & Quoidbach, 2008; Petrides, Sangareau, stantial increase in their activity and share some common rep- Furnham, & Frederickson, 2006). Additionally, trait EI is re- resentation in the brain. Despite these similarities, the brain lated to different physiological measures. For example, indi- patterns that predict these two autonomic responses are largely viduals with high (vs. low) trait EI exhibited larger pupil dila- distinct (Eisenbarth, Chang, & Wager, 2016). These observed tion when looking at charts reporting the performance of stock differences could reflect different involvement of parasympa- funds (and were more likely to invest even when the fund had thetic and sympathetic responses (Berntson et al., 1997). recently lost value; Rubaltelli, Agnoli, & Franchin, 2016). Whereas an increase in SCL is related exclusively to a sym- Furthermore, individuals with high (vs. low) trait EI tend to pathetic response, HR also is subjected to a more rapid para- have lower levels of low frequency/high frequency heart rate sympathetic contribution (Berntson et al., 1994;Eisenbarth, ratio (an index of stress; Laborde, Brüll, Weber, & Anders, et al. 2016). For these reasons, it is important to measure 2011) and lower cortisol response (Mikolajczak, Roy, multiple types of autonomic activity to clarify the role of dif- Luminet, Fillée, & de Timary, 2007). ferent systems and how they play out when it comes to stress- Based on these findings, we tested the hypothesis that ful decisions. greater physiological activation induced
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