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Copyright © and Moral Rights for This Thesis Are Retained by the Author And/Or Other Copyright Owners Janarthanan, Dhivya (2019) The country near the city : social space and dominance in Tamil Nadu. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/30970 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. The Country near the City: Social Space and Dominance in Tamil Nadu Dhivya Janarthanan Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD 2015 Department of Sociology and Anthropology School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London ABSTRACT The Country near the City: Social Space and Dominance in Tamil Nadu Recent anthropological, geographical, and historical studies have exorcised the conceptualisation of space as an empty container. Yet the anthropology of space often limits itself to examining representations of space instead of comprehending the wider spectrum of relations and processes that produce social space itself. Within the field of South Asian ethnography, this has, combined with the rejection of the ‘legacies’ of village studies, cast a shadow over the village as an ontologically and epistemologically relevant category. In addition, scholarship of caste and gender only obliquely refers to the dialectic between the production of space and the reconstitution of social relations. This thesis redresses the problems emerging from these issues. Combining fieldwork in Tamil Nadu’s Madurai district with comparative research, the thesis explores the linkages between the production of social space and dominance. This research’s broad ethnographic focus on a micro-region dominated by the Piramalai Kallar caste throws light on transformations of past agrarian territories and caste dominance. With its sharper focus on a village near Madurai city’s administrative boundaries, and close to major national highways, the thesis also highlights the nature of new ruralities, which are shaped by transformations in transport infrastructures, widening markets of land, labour, and credit, global futures trading in agricultural commodities, developmental regimes, and the multi-scalar networks through which dominance and resistance are wrought. Grasping sites such as roads, irrigation tanks, land, and memorials as concrete abstractions, and attending to the turbulent and the normal – the event and the everyday – the thesis uncovers the co-constitutive characteristics of space and social relations, and the hybridity of social space in India. Simultaneously, it discloses the tension between 3 movement and stability, emphasising the relative permanence of social groups and the relative instability of objects and things that produce, and are produced by, this space. 4 CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 3 MAPS AND FIGURES ..................................................................................................... 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ 9 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 13 Repositioning the Field ........................................................................................... 17 Product and Process: Theoretical Handles to Social Space and Social Relations .. 26 Plan of the Thesis ................................................................................................... 43 PART I WHAT IS A FIELD-SITE? ................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 1 VILLAGE, MICRO-REGION, CITY ............................................................... 48 Ūr and Kirāmam: Two Tamil Concepts of Village ................................................... 48 The Country, the City, and New Ruralities ............................................................. 54 Nāṭu and Kallarnatu ............................................................................................... 63 Malaiur and its Residents ....................................................................................... 69 Modes of ‘Knowing’ Space and Social Relations .................................................... 77 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 84 CHAPTER 2 ‘IT IS THAT SORT OF AN ŪR:’ NARRATIVES OF CASTE AND PLACE .......... 86 From Ūr to Āḷkaḷ, or How to get from Place to Caste in a short span of time ....... 89 Kuṇam, Varalāṟu, and an Ūr’s Notoriety ................................................................ 94 Malaiur’s Past (Ūr Varalāṟu) ................................................................................. 102 The Ūr in Sacred Geographies .............................................................................. 107 Landscapes of Self and Other ............................................................................... 109 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 116 PART II WHAT IS A ROAD? ........................................................................................ 121 5 CHAPTER 3 ‘IT IS NOT A RIBBON:’ REPRESENTATIONS OF INDIA’S ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS .................................................................................... 124 Urgency, Uneven Development, and a ‘Pathology of Space’ ............................... 126 Imagining the Public, Imagining Mobility: India’s Rural Roads Programmes ...... 136 Future Estimates and Present Fixes ..................................................................... 145 A Road in Representational Space ....................................................................... 154 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 157 CHAPTER 4 BUT IT MAY BE ‘ALL ABOUT WATER’ AND LAND: ON ROADS, LAND, AND IRRIGATION .............................................................................................................. 159 Roads and Caste Relations ................................................................................... 160 Roads, Land, and Property Disputes .................................................................... 170 Roads and Tanks ................................................................................................... 178 Rural Roads and Criss-crossing Policies: NREGS Roadworks ................................ 190 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 198 PART III HOW IS A MEMORIAL VISIBLE? .................................................................. 200 CHAPTER 5 COMMEMORATION .............................................................................. 202 Martyrs, Memorials, and Commemoration in a Madurai village ......................... 203 The Counter-Commemoration ............................................................................. 220 Who are the Real Caṇṭiyar (Real Toughs)? Two Villages in the Race for Memorials .............................................................................................................................. 227 CHAPTER 6 DESECRATION ........................................................................................ 241 Desecration as Death, and worse: An Ūr responds to a Statue’s Desecration .... 245 The Age of Bronze ................................................................................................ 273 Statues as Portals to Scale-Jumping ..................................................................... 282 Protecting the Statue: New Developments in Malaiur ........................................ 289 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................ 296 6 Reflections on enquiry and exposition ................................................................. 297 Revisiting ūr, kirāmam, nāṭu ................................................................................ 300 Dynamic social relations and their geographies .................................................. 306 GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................. 311 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................... 314 7 MAPS AND FIGURES MAP 1 Tamil Nadu districts 14 MAP 2 Madurai district 68 FIGURE 1 Memorial Pillar, Perungamanallur, 2007 205 FIGURE 2 Mural at Perungamanallur Memorial Site, 2007 208 FIGURE 3 Tēvar Tēciya Maṉṟam’s billboard on Perungamanallur Martyrs’ 213 Commemoration, Usilampatti, Madurai, 2008 FIGURE 4 Malaiur Memorial Pillar, Muthuramalinga Thevar statue in 239 background, January 2015 FIGURE 5 Bronze Thevar statue,
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