Danzig (Gdansk)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Danzig (Gdansk) Danzig (Gdansk) City on the Baltic Sea. Over centuries, Danzig was passed back and forth between Germany and Poland. After World War I, the League of Nations designated Danzig a "free city" that did not belong to any specific country. Ninety-six percent of the city's population was German. Thousands of Jews moved to Danzig, increasing the city's Jewish population five-fold, despite the fact that the government had begun to restrict Jewish rights. In addition, the German majority was strongly nationalistic and antisemitic. They were very influenced by the Nazis after Hitler came to power in January 1933. In May 1933 the Nazi Party became the leading power in Danzig. Hermann Rauschning, a Christian conservative, was elected head of the senate. He was opposed to racial antisemitism for both ideological and practical reasons. In November 1934 he was fired by the Nazi leader, Albert Forster. The next man in the post, Arthur Greiser, also believed that he was obligated to respect Danzig's international character and not completely associate the city with the anti-Jewish policies of Nazi Germany. In 1935 the Jewish community of Danzig turned to the League of Nations for help, but by that time the organization was too weak to have enough influence. The League's High Commissioner for Danzig did attempt to get antisemitic actions postponed, and in September 1937, he was able to convince Hitler to postpone the activation of the Nuremberg Laws in Danzig. However, after the Kristallnacht pogrom of November 1938, the Nuremberg Laws were put into effect, with just a few changes. As the anti-Jewish legislation became more severe, most of the Jews of Danzig emigrated, leaving only 4,000. The Jewish community and the government decided to cooperate with regard to Jewish emigration, and on December 17, 1938, the Jews announced publicly that they were willing to leave. When the war broke out in September 1939 and Danzig united with Germany, only 1,600 Jews were left. Emigration continued until the fall of 1940. At the end of February 1941, the city's remaining 600 Jews were deported to their deaths in Poland. __________________________________________________________________________ 1/1 Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies .
Recommended publications
  • Perceptive Intent in the Works of Guenter Grass: an Investigation and Assessment with Extensive Bibliography
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1971 Perceptive Intent in the Works of Guenter Grass: an Investigation and Assessment With Extensive Bibliography. George Alexander Everett rJ Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Everett, George Alexander Jr, "Perceptive Intent in the Works of Guenter Grass: an Investigation and Assessment With Extensive Bibliography." (1971). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1980. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1980 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 71-29,361 EVERETT, Jr., George Alexander, 1942- PRECEPTIVE INTENT IN THE WORKS OF GUNTER GRASS: AN INVESTIGATION AND ASSESSMENT WITH EXTENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1971 Language and Literature, modern University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PRECEPTIVE INTENT IN THE WORKS OF GUNTER GRASS; AN INVESTIGATION AND ASSESSMENT WITH EXTENSIVE BIBIIOGRAPHY A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Foreign Languages by George Alexander Everett, Jr. B.A., University of Mississippi, 1964 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1966 May, 1971 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • June WTTW & WFMT Member Magazine
    Air Check Dear Member, The Guide As we approach the end of another busy fiscal year, I would like to take this opportunity to express my The Member Magazine for WTTW and WFMT heartfelt thanks to all of you, our loyal members of WTTW and WFMT, for making possible all of the quality Renée Crown Public Media Center content we produce and present, across all of our media platforms. If you happen to get an email, letter, 5400 North Saint Louis Avenue or phone call with our fiscal year end appeal, I’ll hope you’ll consider supporting this special initiative at Chicago, Illinois 60625 a very important time. Your continuing support is much appreciated. Main Switchboard This month on WTTW11 and wttw.com, you will find much that will inspire, (773) 583-5000 entertain, and educate. In case you missed our live stream on May 20, you Member and Viewer Services can watch as ten of the area’s most outstanding high school educators (and (773) 509-1111 x 6 one school principal) receive this year’s Golden Apple Awards for Excellence WFMT Radio Networks (773) 279-2000 in Teaching. Enjoy a wide variety of great music content, including a Great Chicago Production Center Performances tribute to folk legend Joan Baez for her 75th birthday; a fond (773) 583-5000 look back at The Kingston Trio with the current members of the group; a 1990 concert from the four icons who make up the country supergroup The Websites wttw.com Highwaymen; a rousing and nostalgic show by local Chicago bands of the wfmt.com 1960s and ’70s, Cornerstones of Rock, taped at WTTW’s Grainger Studio; and a unique and fun performance by The Piano Guys at Red Rocks: A Soundstage President & CEO Special Event.
    [Show full text]
  • Unusual Approaches to Teaching the Holocaust. Jan Láníček, Andy
    Láníček, J., Pearce, A., Raffaele, D., Rathbone, K. & Westermann, E. “Unusual Approaches to Teaching the Holocaust”. Australian Journal of Jewish Studies XXXIII (2020): 80-117 Unusual Approaches to Teaching the Holocaust. Jan Láníček, Andy Pearce, Danielle Raffaele, Keith Rathbone & Edward Westermann Introduction (Láníček) Holocaust pedagogy keeps evolving. Educators all over the world develop new lecture materials and in-class exercises, select new resources to engage emerging generations of students with the topic, and design assessment tasks that test diverse skills, but also challenge students to re-think perhaps familiar topics. In an era when students can easily access a large volume of resources online – often of problematic quality, and when the film industry keeps producing Holocaust blockbusters in large numbers – we as educators need to be selective in our decisions about the material we use in face-to-face or virtual classrooms. Apart from technological advances in the last decades which facilitate but also complicate our efforts, we are now quickly approaching the post-witness era, the time when we will not be able to rely on those who “were there”. This major milestone carries various challenges that we need to consider when preparing our curriculum in the following years. But we have reason to be optimistic. Student interest in Holocaust courses remains high, and also the general public and governmental agencies recognize and support the need for education in the history of genocides. If we focus on Australia alone, a new Holocaust museum was just open in Adelaide, South Australia, and there are progressing plans to open Holocaust museums in Brisbane and Perth, the capitals of Queensland and Western Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Poles Under German Occupation the Situation and Attitudes of Poles During the German Occupation
    Truth About Camps | W imię prawdy historycznej (en) https://en.truthaboutcamps.eu/thn/poles-under-german-occu/15596,Poles-under-German-Occupation.html 2021-09-25, 22:48 Poles under German Occupation The Situation and Attitudes of Poles during the German Occupation The Polish population found itself in a very difficult situation during the very first days of the war, both in the territories incorporated into the Third Reich and in The General Government. The policy of the German occupier was primarily aimed at the liquidation of the Polish intellectual elite and leadership, and at the subsequent enslavement, maximal exploitation, and Germanization of Polish society. Terror was conducted on a mass and general scale. Executions, resettlements, arrests, deportations to camps, and street round-ups were a constant element of the everyday life of Poles during the war. Initially the policy of the German occupier was primarily aimed at the liquidation of the Polish intellectual elite and leadership, and at the subsequent enslavement, maximal exploitation, and Germanization of Polish society. Terror was conducted on a mass and general scale. Food rationing was imposed in cities and towns, with food coupons covering about one-third of a person’s daily needs. Levies — obligatory, regular deliveries of selected produce — were introduced in the countryside. Farmers who failed to deliver their levy were subject to severe repressions, including the death penalty. Devaluation and difficulty with finding employment were the reason for most Poles’ poverty and for the everyday problems in obtaining basic products. The occupier also limited access to healthcare. The birthrate fell dramatically while the incidence of infectious diseases increased significantly.
    [Show full text]
  • Flyer IHRA.Indd
    International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (Ed.) Killing Sites Research and Remembrance Co-Ed.: Steering Committee: Dr. Thomas Lutz (Topography of Terror Foundation, Berlin), Dr. David Silberklang (Yad Vashem, Jerusalem), Dr. Piotr Trojański (Institute of History, Pedagogical University of Krakow), Dr. Juliane Wetzel (Center for Research on Antisemitism, TU Berlin), Dr. Miriam Bistrovic (Project Coordinator) IHRA series, vol. 1 More than 2,000,000 Jews were killed by shooting during the Holocaust Metropol Verlag at several thousand mass killing sites across Europe. e International März 2015 Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) aims to raise awareness of ISBN: ---- this centrally important aspect of the Holocaust by bringing together Seiten · ,– Euro organizations and individuals dealing with the subject. is publication is the rst relatively comprehensive and up-to-date anthology on the topic that re ects both the research and the eldwork on the Killing Sites. ........................................................................................................................................ INTRODUCTORY LECTURES REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES David Silberklang: Killing Sites – Research and Remembrance Jacek Waligóra: “Periphery of Remembrance”. Dobromil and Lacko Introduction to the Conference and IHRA Perspective Alti Rodal: e Ukrainian Jewish Encounter’s Position and Dieter Pohl: Historiography and Nazi Killing Sites Aims in Relation to Killing Sites in the Territory of Ukraine Andrej Angrick: Operation 1005: e Nazi Regime’s Meylakh
    [Show full text]
  • Wielki Akt Sprawiedliwości Dziejowej Albert Forster — Krwawy »Wielkorzqdca Gdański« Przed Maj Wyższym Trybunałem Narodowym R
    Zajścia w «tfefcsamSrii PARYŻ (PAP) — Wediug doniesień Agencji France Presse z Aleksandrii — podczas starć między policją a wojskiem zginęło 7 oficerów policji. Starcia trwa­ ją. W centrum miasta słychać strzelani-# Hę. Ulicami krążą wozy sanitarne, zbie­ rając rannych, których liczba przekra­ cza już 100 osób. Sytuacja w mieście Rok IV, Nr 94 przypomina wojnę domową. Wtorek, dnia 6 kwietnia 1948 r. WYDANIE A CENA 3 ZŁ -N, 1 Wielki akt sprawiedliwości dziejowej Albert Forster — krwawy »wielkorzqdca gdański« przed Maj wyższym Trybunałem Narodowym R. P. Wczoraj rozpoczął się w Gdańsku jeden z nawiększych z dotychczasowych tę ponurą prawdę, to wie, że najsurowsza procesów przeciw zbrodniarzom hitlerowskim. Pt zed Najwyższym Trybunałem kara, której zażąda, będzie tą postacią po­ Narodowym R. P. stanął b. „wielkorządca gdański”, najwierniejszy uczeń Hitle­ tępienia, za którą stać będzie niewzruszenie ra, Gauleiter Alherl Forster. ^ autorytet moralny tej miary, że w przyszło­ ści każdy bezstronny badacz orzeknie: Zainteresowanie procesem mieszkańców Wybrzeża jest olbrzymie. Na dłu­ „NARESZCIE SPRAWIEDLIWOŚCI STA- go przed rozpoczęciem rozprawy piękr.ie odnowioną salę Wielkiego Teatru Miej .O SIE ZADOŚĆ". skiego we Wrzeszczu, gdzie toczy się proces, zapełniły tłumy ludności. Technicz­ GLOS ZABIERA OSK. ALBERT FORSTER na strona organizacji procesu jest przygotowana niezwykle starannie. Po przemówieniach prokuratora zabiera glos dla złożenia wyjaśnień, oskarżony, Skład Najwyższego Trybunału Narodowego stanowią: przewodniczący — Albert Forster: „Panie Prezydencie, Naj­ Stanisław Rybczyński, sędziowie — Józef Zembaty, Henryk Cieśluk, Roman wyższy Trybunale Narodowy! — rozpoczy­ Szpakopf, oraz ławnicy — Henryk Wójcicki. Janusz Wierusz - Kowalski, Sta­ na oskarżony. — Jeśli mi wolno chciałbym nisław Stefański, Stanisław Stasiak i JanWilandt. Oskarżenie wnoszą prokurato­ dożyć kilka wyjaśnień natury ogólnej. Pierwszy raz w żyau staję przed tak wy­ rzy NTN: Tadeusz Cyprian i Marian Siewierski.
    [Show full text]
  • Spis Treści Fundacja Generał Elżbiety Zawackiej 1990–2010
    SPIS TREŚCI FUNDACJA GENERAŁ ELŻBIETY ZAWACKIEJ 1990–2010 W dwudziestolecie działalności Fundacji (Maria Dmochowska) ........... 1 Naukowy i popularyzatorski dorobek Fundacji Generał Elżbiety Zawackiej (Katarzyna Minczykowska) .................................................. 5 Wystawa „Fundacja Generał Elżbiety Zawackiej 1990–2010” (kurator: Dorota Kromp, oprac. grafi czne: Tomasz Pietrzyk) PRZYCZYNKI HISTORYCZNE Przysposobienie Wojskowe Kobiet w II Rzeczypospolitej (Małgorzata Piastowicz) ............................................................................................. 15 Wpływ warunków obozowych na fi zyczny i psychiczny stan zdrowia więźniarek niemieckich obozów koncentracyjnych (Agnieszka Fedorowicz) ...................... ...................................................................... 39 ŹRÓDŁA Źródła do dziejów tajnego nauczania w regionie Kujaw wschodnich i ziemi dobrzyńskiej 1939–1945 ( Bogdan Ziółkowski ) .................... 49 KRONIKA Rozstrzygnięcie II edycji konkursu „Wielcy zwyczajni” (Nadia Czachowska, „Aż do ofi ary życia mego...” Danuta Siedzikówna „Inka”; Edyta Socha, Wartości, które cenili bardziej niż własne życie – esej o bohaterach „Kamieni na szaniec”; Marcin Mater nowski, Charakterystyka żołnierzakobiety, która odeszła już na wieczną wartę, z wykorzystaniem materiałów dokumentalnych) Na okładce: (Elżbieta Skerska) .................................................................................. 67 Budynek siedziby Refl eksje z XXV Jubileuszowego Zjazdu Łagierników żołnierzy Fundacji Generał Armii
    [Show full text]
  • Short History of Kashubes in the United States
    A short history of Kashubs in the United States Kashubs are a Western Slavic nation, who inhabited the coastline of the Baltic Sea between the Oder and Vistula rivers.Germanization or Polonization were heavy through the 20th century, depending on whether the Kingdom of Prussia or the Republic of Poland governed the specific territory. In 1919, the Kashubian-populated German province of West Prussia passed to Polish control and became the Polish Corridor. The bulk of Kashubian immigrants arrived in the United States between 1840 and 1900, the first wave from the highlands around Konitz/Chojnice, then the Baltic coastline west of Danzig/Gdansk, and finally the forest/agricultural lands around and south of Neustadt/Wejherowo. Early Kashubs settled on the American frontier in Michigan (Parisville and Posen), Wisconsin (Portage and Trempealeau counties), and Minnesota (Winona). Fishermen settled on Jones Island along Lake Michigan in Milwaukee after the U.S. Civil War. Until the end of the 19th century, various railroad companies recruited newcomers to buy cheap farmland or populate towns in the West. This resulted in settlements in western Minnesota, South Dakota, Missouri, and central Nebraska. With the rise of industrialization in the Midwest, Kashubs and natives of Posen/Poznan took the hot and heavy foundry, factory, and steel mill jobs in cities like Chicago, Detroit, and Pittsburgh. In 1900, the number of Kashubs in the United States was estimated at around 100,000. The Kashubs did not establish a permanent immigrant identitybecause larger communities of Germans and Poles outnumbered them. Many early parishes had Kashubian priests and parishioners, but by 1900, their members were predominantly Polish.
    [Show full text]
  • Jerusalemhem Volume 91, February 2020
    Yad VaJerusalemhem Volume 91, February 2020 “Remembering the Holocaust, Fighting Antisemitism” The Fifth World Holocaust Forum at Yad Vashem (pp. 2-7) Yad VaJerusalemhem Volume 91, Adar 5781, February 2020 “Remembering the Holocaust, Published by: Fighting Antisemitism” ■ Contents Chairman of the Council: Rabbi Israel Meir Lau International Holocaust Remembrance Day ■ 2-12 Chancellor of the Council: Dr. Moshe Kantor “Remembering the Holocaust, Vice Chairman of the Council: Dr. Yitzhak Arad Fighting Antisemitism” ■ 2-7 Chairman of the Directorate: Avner Shalev The Fifth World Holocaust Forum at Yad Vashem Director General: Dorit Novak Tackling Antisemitism Through Holocaust Head of the International Institute for Holocaust ■ 8-9 Research and Incumbent, John Najmann Chair Education for Holocaust Studies: Prof. Dan Michman Survivors: Chief Historian: Prof. Dina Porat Faces of Life After the Holocaust ■ 10-11 Academic Advisor: Joining with Facebook to Remember Prof. Yehuda Bauer Holocaust Victims ■ 12 Members of the Yad Vashem Directorate: ■ 13 Shmuel Aboav, Yossi Ahimeir, Daniel Atar, Treasures from the Collections Dr. David Breakstone, Abraham Duvdevani, Love Letter from Auschwitz ■ 14-15 Erez Eshel, Prof. Boleslaw (Bolek) Goldman, Moshe Ha-Elion, Adv. Shlomit Kasirer, Education ■ 16-17 Yehiel Leket, Adv. Tamar Peled Amir, Graduate Spotlight ■ 16-17 Avner Shalev, Baruch Shub, Dalit Stauber, Dr. Zehava Tanne, Dr. Laurence Weinbaum, Tamara Vershitskaya, Belarus Adv. Shoshana Weinshall, Dudi Zilbershlag New Online Course: Chosen Issues in Holocaust History ■ 17 THE MAGAZINE Online Exhibition: Editor-in-Chief: Iris Rosenberg Children in the Holocaust ■ 18-19 Managing Editor: Leah Goldstein Editorial Board: Research ■ 20-23 Simmy Allen The Holocaust in the Soviet Union Tal Ben-Ezra ■ 20-21 Deborah Berman in Real Time Marisa Fine International Book Prize Winners 2019 ■ 21 Dana Porath Lilach Tamir-Itach Yad Vashem Studies: The Cutting Edge of Dana Weiler-Polak Holocaust Research ■ 22-23 ■ Susan Weisberg At the invitation of the President of the Fellows Corner: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Children's Play in the Shadow of War •
    Children’s Play in the Shadow of War • Daniel Feldman The author demonstrates that war places children’s play under acute stress but does not eliminate it. He argues that the persistence of children’s play and games during periods of armed conflict reflects the significance of play as a key mode for children to cope with conditions of war. Episodes of children’s play drawn from the recent Syrian Civil War illustrate the precariousness and importance of children’s play and games during contemporary armed conflict and focus attention on children’s play as a disregarded casualty of war. The article compares the state of underground children’s play in con- temporary Syria with the record of clandestine games played by children in the Holocaust to substantiate its claim that children adapt their play to concretize and comprehend traumatic wartime experience. The article posits that play is both a target of war and a means of therapeutically contending with mass violence. Key words: play and trauma; play therapy; Syrian Civil War; the Holocaust; underground play; war play Children’s play typically becomes one of the first targets of armed conflict. Even before hostilities reach a fever pitch and mortality figures soar to appalling heights, families rush children from vulnerable play spaces, curtail their outdoor games, and interrupt everyday play in many other ways because children’s basic safety, obviously, takes precedence over recreational activity. Characterized by the looming threat of physical danger and pernicious scarcity, war puts both the free play and structured games of childhood under intense strain.
    [Show full text]
  • Yad Vashem – European Holocaust Remembrance Infrastructure
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION Ms Katharina von Schnurbein EC Coordinator on combating Antisemitism Yad Vashem – European Holocaust Remembrance Infrastructure Yad Vashem Jerusalem, 14.00, 12 March 2019 It is a great pleasure to be with you today and highlight EU-Israel cooperation on Holocaust research. Many thanks to Yad Vashem and the EU Delegation to Israel for staging this event together. Yad Vashem is not only one of the most important places to keep the memory of the Shoah alive, but it has also been at front in developing concepts to educate future generations about it. * I visited Yad Vashem for the first time in 1995 with my parents when it was still the old Memorial site. Everyone came out crying. And the last thing one wanted to be is German. Throughout my childhood, Holocaust survivors were part of our circle of friends, and my parents taught us the responsibility that comes with being German in Europe. It was only when I moved to Prague after having finished school and met Shoah survivors who spent their lives sharing their experience with Czech pupils that I understood the need for passing the universal message of this crime against humanity, to prevent it from happening again. * Antisemitism today Europe and Israel share a common history, through the presence of Jewish life in Europe for 2 millenia and the enormous contribution of the Jewish community to European culture, economy and politics. At the same time Jew-hatred has been intrinsic to European DNA. It culminated in the Holocaust 80 years ago and is still haunting Europe today.
    [Show full text]
  • Piaśnica a Scene of German Crimes in Pomerania in 1939
    Piaśnica A scene of German crimes in Pomerania in 1939 Introduction by Monika Tomkiewicz PhD, historian and member of the Regional Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against the Polish Nation in Gdańsk Scientific consultation Prof. dr hab. Bogdan Chrzanowski Text edited by Janosz Józefczyk Mirosław Odyniecki Correction of texts by Mateusz Ihnatowicz, PhD Jacek Pudliszewski, PhD Biographical notes written by Mateusz Ihnatowicz, PhD Cover design by Karol Formela First edition The Stutthof Museum in Sztutowo Wejherowo 2017 ISBN 978-83-946986-5-2 Published by: The Stutthof Museum in Sztutowo for the Branch Office: The Piaśnica Museum in Wejherowo (in organisation) 11/2 Św. Jacka St., 84-200 Wejherowo phone/fax: +48 58 736 11 11 e-mail: [email protected] www.muzeumpiasnickie.pl Table of Contents Introduction. Massacre in Piaśnica ................................................. 4 Piaśnica ......................................................................................... 11 Main Memorial ............................................................................. 13 Crossroads – “Pensive Christ” ...................................................... 14 Grave No. 4 ................................................................................... 15 Grave No. 1 ................................................................................... 16 Grave No. 2 ................................................................................... 17 Monument to Leon Najman – Mirza Kryczyński ......................... 18 Memorial
    [Show full text]