Sumatran Tiger Factfile

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SUMATRAN TIGER FACTFILE NAME Sumatran Tiger SCIENTIFIC NAME Panthera tigris sumatrae GEOGRAPHIC RANGE Sumatra (island in Indonesia) HABITAT Tropical sub-mountain and mountain forests, freshwater swamp forests and peat swamps. LIFESPAN 10-15 years in the wild. Up to 20 years in captivity. WEIGHT Males average approx. 120kg. Females average approx. 90kg. DIET Wild boar, deer, monkeys, birds and fish. WILD POPULATION Approx. 400 individuals. IUCN RED LIST STATUS An extremely high risk of becoming extinct in the wild. GENERAL DESCRIPTION Sumatran tigers are the smallest subspecies of tiger. They are very dark in colouration, with defined black stripes on a burnt orange coat, helping them camouflage in dense forest. They have longer fur around the face, compared to other tiger subspecies, giving them a slightly maned appearance. Sumatran tigers are the last remaining island subspecies of tiger, with the Javan and Bali tiger subspecies already extinct. Sumatran tigers are a solitary cat who only come together to mate. Individuals become sexually mature at 3-4 years old and mating can occur at anytime throughout the year. Females give birth to on average 2-3 cubs and will rear them on their own. SUMATRAN TIGER RANGE THREATS • Illegal wildlife trade– Sumatran tigers are poached, not only for their skins, but also bones, teeth and other body parts for the traditional medicine trade. According to a survey from TRAFFIC poaching for trade is responsible for almost 80% of estimated Sumatran tiger deaths. • Habitat loss- Indonesia is the world’s largest palm oil producer, converting large areas of land to palm oil plantations. This not only destroys tiger habitat, but also isolates populations, reducing the size of the gene pool which can lead to problems with inbreeding. Between 1985 and 2014, the island’s forest cover plunged from 58% to 26%. • Human– wildlife conflict– habitat destruction means tigers are forced out of protected areas and closer to human settlements, where they may come into conflict with people. People have been wounded by tigers and livestock killed. Retaliation can lead to killing tigers. • Disease– fragmented populations are particularly vulnerable to diseases such as Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) which can be fatal. .

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Craniometric Variation in the Tiger (Panthera Tigris): Implications for Patterns of Diversity, Taxonomy and Conservation Ji H
ARTICLE IN PRESS www.elsevier.de/mambio ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION Craniometric variation in the tiger (Panthera tigris): Implications for patterns of diversity, taxonomy and conservation Ji H. Maza´ kÃ Shanghai Science and Technology Museum (formerly Shanghai Museum of Natural History), 260 Yan-an Road (East), Shanghai 200002, PR China Received 4 May 2008; accepted 26 June 2008 Abstract Patterns of geographical variation in tigers are reviewed extensively by a morphometric analysis based on 273 skulls of certain wild origin. The following principal observations emerging from this investigation are found: 1. Modern tigers contain two basic forms: the mainland Asia tiger and the Sunda Island tiger. They are differentiated markedly in skull morphology as well as other morphological characters, the characteristic skull shape and small body size in Java/Bali tigers can be interpreted as adaptational responses to a particular island landscape type and prey species fauna, an evolutionary process known as insular dwarﬁsm. 2. The Sumatran tiger (P.t. sumatrae) probably represents a hybrid of mainland and Island tigers, which originated from mainland Southeast Asia, colonized Indonesia and hybridized with the Sunda island tigers (Java tiger) during the late Pleistocene, and was subsequently completely isolated from both the mainland Southeast Asia and Java/ Bali populations. 3. Among the mainland Asia tigers, the Amur or Siberian tiger is the most distinct; India, Indochinese and South China tigers are craniometrically distinguishable on average, but with clear overlaps; the Caspian tiger, on the other hand, is indistinguishable from other mainland forms and extensively overlaps with both the Northern and Southern Asia subspecies. 4. Most proportional craniometric differences among tigers observed from this study are mainly allometric; the pattern of craniometric variation in mainland tigers is clearly clinal; craniometric variation and sexual dimorphism are closely related.
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Sumatran Tiger
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SUMATRAN TIGER CARNIVORA Family: Felidae Genus: Panthera Species: Tigris
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