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Rsité Du Littoral Thèse de doctorat de l’Université du Littoral École Doctorale 104 « Science de la Matière, du Rayonnement et de l’Environnement » Spécialité : Géoscience, Écologie , Paléontologie, Océanographie Relations environnement et évolution spatio -temporelle des petits poissons pélagiques dans le système d'upwelling de la zone NW africaine Thèse présentée par Ahmed JEYID Mohamed Ahmed Soutenue le 12 Décembre 2016 Pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Uni versité du Littoral Côte d’Opal e Jury : Olivier LE PAPE, P rofesseur, Agrocampus Ouest Rapporteur Luis TITO-DE-MORAI S, Directeur de recherches, IRD Rapporteur Jacques MASSE, Chercheur Ifremer Nantes Examinateur Mahfoud TALEB OULD SIDI , Directeu r de Recherche , Mauritanie Examinateur Ad CORTEN, C hercheur RIVO - Netherlands Examinateur Rachid AMARA, Professeur ULCO, France Directeur de thèse Vincent VANTREPOTTE, Chercheur CNRS, France Co-encadrant Mahmoud B ACHA, Chercheur CNRS Invité Avant-propos Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une convention de collaboration entre l’Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale (ULCO) et l’Institut Mauritanien de Recherches Océanographiques et des Pêches (IMROP), Mauritanie. Dans le cadre de cette convention, monsieur AHMED JEYID Mohamed Ahmed a bénéficié d’une bourse de mobilité financée par l’Ambassade de France en Mauritanie. Les travaux de recherche ont été effectués au sein du laboratoire d’Océanologie et Géosciences à la Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Naturel de Wimereux sous la direction du professeur Rachid AMARA. 2 Liste des figures Figure 1. Différents types de contrôles trophiques au sein d'un réseau trophique simplifié à quatre niveaux dans un écosystème marin et rôle des poissons pélagiques dans ces réseaux. Le facteur de contrôle est représenté par la ligne rouge et les réponses par les lignes bleues (d'après Cury et al ., 2002). ………………………………………………………………….. 19 Figure 2. Les changements environnementaux peuvent affecter les populations de poissons à tous les niveaux d'organisation biologique (Rijnsdorp et al ., 2009)………………………… 20 Figure 3. Évolution des captures mondiales des petits poissons pélagiques par rapport aux poissons démersaux………………………………………………………………………….. 21 Figure 4. Évolution des captures (normalisées en pourcentage) d'anchois (trait pointillé) et de sardines (trait plein) dans différents systèmes d'upwelling. (D'après Alheit et al ., 2009)…. 24 Figure 5. Carte schématique montrant la localisation des 3 zones d'upwelling et les principaux courants (en bleu clair, les courants de surface, en bleu foncé les courants de fonds), les zones de rétention (orange) et de dispersion (vert) sur le plateau continental, la zone frontale (ligne pointillée) entre les masses d'eau (NACW, North Atlantic Central Water ; SACW: South Atlantic Central Water; AC: Azores Current; CanC: Canary Current). (Modifié d'après Arístegui et al ., 2009 et Cropper et al ., 2014)……………………………………… 25 Figure 6. Topographie de la zone de l’upwelling Nord-Ouest africain issu de GEBCO 30’. Les iso-contours 200 et 2000 m de profondeur sont indiqués en noir………………… 26 Figure 7. Distribution saisonnière du vent (m.s -1), de la température (SST °C) et de la Chlorophylle-a (mg.m -3) au cours des différentes saisons (d'après PELEGRÍ et PEÑA- IZQUIERDO, 2015)…………………………………………………………………………..28 Figure 8. Présentation des 4 espèces étudiées: (a) la sardine, Sardina pilchardus ; (b) sardinelle ronde, Sardinella aurita ; (c) sardinelle plate, Sardinella maderensis et (d) l'anchois, Engraulis encrasicolus (crédits photos : Braham et Corten, 2015)…………………………..30 Figure 9. Carte synthétique représentant les zones de répartition et les aires de ponte de la sardine dans la zone nord-ouest africaine (Chlaida, 2009)……………………………..32 Figure 10. Schéma migratoire de Sardinella aurita (d'après Corten, 2012 adapté de Boely and Fréon 1979)……………………………………………………………………………...34 Figure 11. Capture des deux espèces de sardinelle ( S. aurita and S. maderensis ) au large de l'Afrique du Nord-Ouest (d'après Braham et Corten, 2015) et par pays (d'après Corten, 2012)………………………………………………………………………………………….35 3 Figure 12. Capture des petits poissons pélagiques au large de l'Afrique du Nord-Ouest par pays et par espèces (données FAO)…………………………………………………………..37 Figure 13. Changement de la distribution des stocks de petits pélagiques. (a) : extension vers le sud de la sardine et (b) extension vers le nord de la sardinelle (d'après Fréon et al ., 2009)………………………………………………………………………………………….42 Figure 14. Évolution des captures de sardines et sardinelles dans la sous-région (données FAO)………………………………………………………………………………………….43 Figure I.1. Study area the NW Africa region from 10° to 35°N showing the position of stations analyzed…………………………………………………………………………….. 54 Figure I.2 . Space-time Hovmöller plot of the seasonal and interannual variability of the Chl a (mg/m 3) obtained from 1998 to 2013 with three different sensor: SeaWiFS 1998-2001; MERIS 2002-2011and Modis 2012-2013……………………………………………………55 Figure I.3. Seasonal and latitudinal evolution of a) SST (°C), b) CUI (m3s -1100m -1), c) turbulence (m 3s-3) and d) Chl a concentration (mg.m -3) from 2002 to 2011……………… 60 Figure I.4. Annual and latitudinal evolution of a) SST (°C), b) CUI (m 3s-1 100m -1), c) turbulence (m 3s-3) and d) Chl a concentration (mg.m -3) from 2002 to 2011……………… 63 Figure I.5. Annual evolution of a) SST (°C), b) CUI (m 3s-1100m -1), c) turbulence (m 3s-3) and Chl a concentration (mg.m -3) from 2002 to 2011 in the three upwelling zones as described in section 3.1: black circle : 10°-19° lat N; with square : 20°-25° lat N and black triangle: 26°- 35° lat N. ……………………………………………………………………………………..65 Figure I.6. Map of the relative contribution of the seasonal cycle to the total variance of the Chl a and SST MERIS 8D time series estimated from the Census X-11 decomposition procedure and distribution of the significant monotonic trends (expressed in %/yr) in Chl a and SST over the MERIS time period (2002-2012). White pixels represent data for which no significant change has been evidenced from the Mann Kendall seasonal test (p>0,05)…………………………………………………………………………………. 68 Figure I.7. Latitudinal variation in the phenology (peak timing, duration, duration of the growth period and amplitude) of the phytoplankton bloom from 2002 to 2011…………….71 Figure I.8. Annual evolution of the phenology of phytoplankton bloom from 2002 to 2011 in the three upwelling zones as described in section 3.1. (a): 25-35° lat N ; (b): 20-25° lat N and (c): 10-19° lat N………………………………………………………………………………73 Figure II.1. Study area off NW Africa showing the acoustic transect prospected from 1995 to 2006. The major capes and the main geographic features and oceanographic currents are 4 indicated. Frontal zone between water masses (dashed line) and mesoscale eddies (cyclones and anticyclones) south of the Canary Islands. NACW: North Atlantic Central Water; SACW: South Atlantic Central Water; AC: Azores Current; CanC: Canary Current; MC: Mauritanian Current; NEC: North equatorial Current; NECC: North equatorial Countercurrent. ………84 Figure II.2 . Annual and latitudinal evolution of (a) Chl a concentration (mg.m -3), b) SST (°C), c) CUI (m 3s-1 100m -1), d) Wind Index Mixing (m 3s-3) and e) Coastal Index of Retention (CIR) from 1995 to 2006……………………………...............…………………………….91 Figure II.3. Anchovy, sardine and sardinella time series evolution of biomass (a), abundance (SA) and position of the centre of gravity of species abundance. The straight black line indicate the mean position of the centre of gravity of each species during the period 1995 to 2006…………………………………………………………………………………………...95 Figure II.4 . Estimated smoothing curves obtained by the GAM applied to anchovy abundance: Depth (a), SST (b), WMI (c), CUI (d), CIR(e) and Chl a (f). The solid line shows the fitted GAM function and the gray shading indicates 95% confidence intervals. Relative density of data points is indicated by the rug plot on the x-axis…………………………….97 Figure II.5 . Estimated smoothing curves obtained by the GAM applied to sardine abundance: Depth (a), SST (b), WMI (c), CUI (d) and Chl a (e). The solid line shows the fitted GAM function and the gray shading indicates 95% confidence intervals. Relative density of data points is indicated by the rug plot on the x- axis……………………………………….......................................................................…..98 Figure II.6 . Estimated smoothing curves obtained by the GAM applied to sardinella abundance: Depth (a), SST (b), WMI (c), CUI (d), CIR(e) and Chl a (f). The solid line shows the fitted GAM function and the gray shading indicates 95% confidence intervals. Relative density of data points is indicated by the rug plot on the x-axis……………………………..99 Figure II.7 : Anchovy/sardine biomass off Morocco and Mauritania during the summer (June-August) from 1994 to 2006 estimated by scientific acoustic cruises conducted by the Russian vessels « ATLANTIDA » and l’AtlantNIRO (Data from FAO)……………………….........................................................................................……103 Figure: III.1. Map showing the study area off Mauritanian coast…………………………115 Figure: III.2 . Seasonal (left column) and interannual (right column) of environmental conditions (Chl a , WMI, CUI , SST and SLA ) off the Mauritanian coast between 16°N and 21°N ………………………………………………………………………………………...120 Figure III.3. Monthly and annual average trends of sardine (a ,b) and sardinella (c, d) CPUE in the five latitudes in the Mauritanian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)………………….121 5 Figure III.4. Monthly average
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