Dialogue Writing: Analysis of Student-Teacher Interactive Writing in the Learning of English As a Second Language
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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 252 097 FL 014 793 AUTHOR Kreeft, Joy; And Others TITLE Dialogue Writing: Analysis of Student-Teacher Interactive Writing in the Learning of English as a Second Language. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C. SPONS AGENCY National Inst. of Education (ED), Washington, DC. PUB DATE Dec 84 CONTRACT G-83-0030 NOTE 435p. PUB TYPE Reports 7 Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC18 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Classroom Techniques; *Dialogs (Language); *Diaries; Discourse Analysis; Elementary Education; *English (SeCond Language); Grade 6; Grammar; Language Patterns; *Language Usage; Limited English Speaking; Morphemes; Questioning Techniques; *Second Language Learning; Teacher Student Relationship; *Writing Processes IDENTIFIERS *Dialogue Journals ABSTRACT A study of the dialogue journal writing of six sixth grade students of English as a Second Language (ESL) examines the interaction with the teacher. The subjects had been in the United States for less than .a year, and came from Korean, Vietnamese/Chinese, Burmese, and Italian language backgrounds. Data for the study were drawn from the students' dialogue journals and classroom observations and from interviews with the teacher and each student. The study is divided into three sections. In the first, dialogue journal interaction is placed within the classroom context, as a multilingual classrooln management tool, and each student is profiled. The second section contains studies of the journal text,. focusing on various aspects of discourse, including teacher strategies to promote student participation, teacher's questions, characteristics of the language input students receive in the teacher's entries, and patterns in the language functions used by the teacher and students. The third section documents the students' use of English grammatical morphemes, compares it with patterns found .n previous studies of ESL morphology, and ana]yzes it across the ten months of writing in the journals. In addition, the linguistic factors influencing the use of the morphemes and the importance of individual learner strategies and language background in patterns of morpheme use are examined, and analytical issues are discussec (MSE) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *************************************************kk******************** 0a% tr.(\I (NJ Dialogue Writing: Analysis of Student-Teacher Interactive Writing in the. Learning of English as a Second Language NIE -G -83 -0030 by Joy Kreeft Roger W. Shuy with Jana Staton . Leslee Reed Robby Morroy U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Center for Applied- Linguistics NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION Washington, D. C. EDUCAIIONAI RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER 1(ry10 This document has helotreproduced as rot mist horn the piirson or orwrotation originating it December 1984 Minor (-Wilgus have been niarie to improve mprododuatrwality Pouus of view m(1/011011%staled in thisduCU milli (to not nocitssarily lomsent off111411NIE lioSittinor pmhi y The research conduct-:d and reported hereinwas funded by the National Institute of Education under NIE-G-83-0030to the Center for. Applied Linguistics, Joy Kreeft and Roger W.Shuy, Principal Investigators. The views expressed in this report do not necessarilyreflect the position, policy or endorsement of the fundingagency. Project Duration: September 30, 1983- September 29, 1984 This report may not be reproduced without permission. DESCRIPTIVE SUMMARY1 DIALOGUE WRITING: ANALYSIS OF STUDENT-TEACHER INTERACTIVE WRITING IN THE LEARNING OF ENGLISH. AS A SECOND LANGUAGE This study presents dialogue journal writing as an effective practice with students learning English as a .second language (ESL) and analyzes the dialogue journal interaction of six sixth grade students who are beginning ESL learners and their teacher. A dialogue journal is a bound notebook in which students write regularly, as much as they wish and about anything they wish. The teacher responds to each student entry. Thus, they carry on a "conversation" n writing. The kinds of writing that occur can be as diVerse as the studentS. They describe their activities, feelings and attitudes, ask questi ns, seek advice, argue their points, and even Complain. The data base for the study is the daily dialogue journal writing for ..a ten-month period (from September to June) of the six stu- dents and their teacher in a classroom in Los Angeles. The students are in a classroom of 27 students from 12 countries and 10 language backgrounds. The first languages of the students chosen for the study are: Korean (3), Vietnamese/Chinese (1), Burmese (1), and Italian (1). These students had been in the United States for l ss than one year when 1' This study was funded by the National Instiute of Education, NIE-G-83-0030, Joy Kreeft and Roger W. Shuy Princial Investigators, with Jana Staton, Leslee Reed and Robby Morroy, Center r Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C., 1983 - 1984. they, began writing in dialogue journals. One student, from Vietnam,was not literate in his own language when he began writing in English. Four students are male, two female. Data collected during classroomobser- vations and interviews with the teacher and each student complementthe dialogue journal text. The study is divided into threesections. Section I places the dialogue journal interactionwithin the classroom context.. In one chapter the teacher explains the importance of the dialoguejournal as a. classroom management tool in thismultilingual, multiculturalclassroom. A second chapter gives a detailed profile of each student, describestheft student's progress during theyear, and makes available substantialpor- tions of the written text. Section II consists of studies Ofthe dialogue journal text, focusing on various aspects of thediscourse. In one study strategies that the teacher employs to promotestudent participation in the jour- nals and to support student writingare identified and discussed, anda method for determining the effectivenessof each strategy in this type of interaction is outlined. A second study focuses specificallyon the teacher's questions, and finds questioningpatterns in the journals that are quite different from those typically foundin classroom discourse. Questions in the journalsserve not to check student knoWledge, but to support and advance the student's' contribution,and thus promote criti- cal thinking and writing development.' A third study examinescharac- teristics of the language inputthat individual students receivein the teacher's dialogue journal entries, andargues that the acquisitional processes that take place in the dialogue journalinteraction resemble in many ways theprocess of oral language acquisition. We can conclude, therefore that reading and writingcan be naturally acquired, in both first and second languages, inthe process of meaningful interaction. A fourth study examines the languagefunctions used by the teacher and the students- in these journals, andcompares patterns of function use found_ in these data tb those found .inthe dialogue journals of native English speakers (from taton, et al.,,. 1982). This study identifies clear pat- terns in the to cher's use of2language,functionsas she adapts her language to the. glish.proficiency level of the student, and also guides the stude is in theuse of particular functions. Section III documents the students'.use of selected English gram- matical morphemes in.the journals. Chapter Eight, a cross-sectional, .quantitative stud compares patterns of morpheme use among the individ- ual students and ith patterns found in previous studies ofmorphology in ESL, and finds a great deal of uniformityin these. patterns. Chapter Nine, a more'qualitative, longitudinalstudy, analyzes change over the I . ten months of writing in the use of each morpheme. This study also exa- mines in more deta 1 the linguistic factorsthat influence use of the morphemes and the i portance of individual learnerstrategies and. language.backgroundlin patterns of morphemeuse, and discusses important analytical issuest at arise in the analysisof morphemes in dialogue journal text. iii 0 PREFACE, The research reported herewas parried out under contract number NIE-G-0030 with the Natfonal Institute OfEducation, from September 30, 1983, to September 29, 1984. The aim of, the project was to describe patterns of interaction and language acquisitionin the dialogue jour- nals of. beginning ESL learners. This prOject grows out ofan earlier study also funded by NIE,an analysis of\the dialogue journals of native \ English speakers and the same teacher who participated in this study li (Staton, Shuy, Kreeft and Reed, 1982). 1 As Principal Investigators,we wish to acknowledge especially the contributions of our co-investigators:and authors,Jana Staton, Leslee Reed, and Robby Morroy. Jana Staton provided the initial impetus for this study. 'During the 1980-81 school year'shecollected the dialogue \ journal data for four of the students and conductedinterviews with them and Mrs. Reed, She also helped establish the framework forthe study and determine directions for analysis,as well as writing a chapter of this report. Most important,.she.first saw .the tremendouspower of dialogue journal writing as an educationalpractice and the richness of the writing of these students in the journals. This project demonstrates the strength ofpractitioner/researcher collaboration. Mrs. Reed has spent