Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences Vol. 41(1), February 2012, pp. 90-97

Status of the seawater quality at few industrially important coasts of () off

Poonam Bhadja & Rahul Kundu* Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India. *[E-Mail: [email protected], [email protected] ] Received 21 November 2010; revised 24 January 2011

Present study reports the spatial and temporal variations of the seawater quality from five major shores along the South Saurashtra coastline (India). The results suggested normal range of physical, chemical and biological characteristics in the samples of Dwarka and Mangrol as these coasts are not affected by any apparent anthropogenic effects of any kind. The results also suggested considerable anthropogenic load to the coastal waters of three other shores studied where moderate to high degree of industrial activities existed. Results of the present study revealed that the spatio-temporal variations of water quality parameters were considerably affected by anthropogenic impacts at Veraval, moderately at Kodinar and somewhat lesser degree at Diu.

[Keywords: Anthropogenic impact; India; Saurashtra coast; Seawater quality; Spatial and temporal variation]

Introduction the aquatic system are mainly controlled by the Seawater resources are considered to be one of the fluctuations in the physical and chemical major components of environmental resources that are characteristics of the water body13. The Arabian Sea is under threat either from over exploitation or pollution, considered as one of the most productive zones in the caused by human activities1. Coastal area is the most world oceans14-15. Coastal regions between Okha and dynamic and productive ecosystems and are also foci Bhavnagar is now a hot-spot for mega industries like of human settlements, industry and tourism2. Thus, Refineries, Cement, Chemicals, Soda Ash, Rayon, the water quality plays very important role in well- Power plant, Fertilizer and other supportive being of human, animals and plants inhabiting the industries. This coastline is known for its rich marine area3. The quality of surface water within a region is life especially intertidal biota in its extended intertidal influenced by both natural processes and and subtidal areas16. Present studies therefore, have anthropogenic activities4. Marine water quality has been aimed to set up a seasonal database of standard become a matter of serious concern because of its water quality parameters of five shores along the effects on human health and aquatic ecosystems South Saurashtra coastline which are favourite for including marine life5. Physico-chemical setting up mega industries. characteristics are indeed vital water quality parameters for monitoring due to their instability6, Materials and Methods where significant variations in physico-chemical Saurashtra region is located south-western part of parameters affect the quality of water resources7. Gujarat State (India), part of the semi-arid to arid The proper and meaningful monitoring should Kathiawar Peninsula, and occupies a total coastal include examination of spatial and temporal patterns stretch of 865 km. On an average, it receives 600 to of surface water quality, identification of chemical 700 mm rainfall annually. Dwarka to Diu segment of species related to hydrological conditions and the south Saurashtra coastline stretches for about assessment of environmental quality indicators8-12. 300 km with smooth and straight sandy of rocky- The nature and distribution of the flora and fauna in sandy beaches. The beaches are usually calcareous and dominated by bioclasts, the consolidated ancient ______equivalent of these biogenic sands are milliolite rocks. *Corresponding Author The milliolite forms the substratum for the beach Phone: + 91 281 2586419, Fax: + 91 281 2577633, 2586419 sands and occur as cliffs, wave cut platforms and BHADJA & KUNDU: SEAWATER QUALITY AT FEW INDUSTRIALLY IMPORTANT COASTS OF GUJARAT 91

submerged dunes, all along the shoreline indicating receives wastes from different sources. The coastal quaternary sea level fluctuations. Tides in Saurashtra area between Kodinar and Veraval is fast emerging as coast are mixed, predominantly semidiurnal type with an industrial hot-spot and few mega industries like a large diurnal inequality. The study was conducted chemicals, cement, polyester etc. are already in on five different stations (Fig. 1) of Saurashtra operation. Mangrol is a small hamlet around 50 km coastline, at Diu (20° 42′ N, 71° 01′ E), Kodinar west of Veraval with predominantly fisherman (20° 46′ N, 70° 46′ E), Veraval (20° 53′ N, 70° 26′ E), population. Dwarka, around 175 km west of Veraval, Mangrol (21° 07′ N, 70° 07′ E) and Dwarka (22° 13′ is a major pilgrim town of India. N, 68° 58′ E). These shores were selected on the basis Each sampling stations were visited monthly and at of their strategic locations, existing industries, least six samples of surface seawater were collected infrastructural facilities for the likelihood of being from different locations of the same coast. However, developed as industrial zones, different anthropogenic the locations for the collection of samples in a activities along the entire coastal area. particular coast were fixed. The study was conducted The South Saurashtra coastline is basically rocky- during November 2007 to October 2008 and the sandy, being rockier in the east and west, sandier in collected data were presented season wise as the the central part and more rocky-muddy in the far weather condition of this part of the peninsular India eastern part. Union Territory of Diu, a small seasonal typically represents the periods of winter (December tourist town, is devoid of industrial and other to February), summer (March to May), monsoon anthropogenic pressures. A little away from this area (June to August) and post-monsoon (September to on the eastern side, the fishing town Zaffrabad, port November). town Pipavav and Asia’s largest ship breaking yard Some physical parameters like seawater Alang is situated. Kodinar is a small town around temperature, pH and conductivity were measured 40 km west of Diu and has large cement factory and a directly in the field using portable multi parameter sugar factory. On the other hand, Veraval is one of the analyzer. Parameters like TS and TDS were largest fish landing site of India situated around determined gravimetrically and samples for DO and 60 km west of Kodinar, surrounded by a Rayon BOD were preserved in BOD bottle and later factory, number of small to medium scale industries analyzed. For the analysis of turbidity, salinity, COD, and 42 fish processing industries. It involves Port calcium, magnesium, sulphate, sulphide, phosphate, activities like transport, boat manufacture and ammonia, chlorophyll and phaeophytin, seawater samples were collected in polyethylene bottles. The analytical procedures for all parameters were adopted from APHA17 and Trivedi and Goel18. The obtained data were subjected to different statistical analyses for their cumulative acceptability. Significance of spatial and temporal variations was compared by using single factor ANOVA. Correlation coefficients analysis was also performed to find out relationship between various water quality parameters within a sampling site. Cluster analysis were conducted to detect multivariate spatial similarities in marine water quality. All statistical analyses were done as per Sokal and Rohlf19.

Results and Discussion Temperature is one of the most important factors in the coastal ecosystems, which influences the physico- chemical characters of coastal water13. Since, the sampling sites were on the open sea coastline off

Arabian Sea, were situated more than tens of Fig. 1Map showing the locations of the selected shores from kilometers away of each other but shared the common where the sampling was done. open coastline, spatial variations were not evident. 92 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 41, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2012

The shores are open and continuous without any temperature the pH values also did not show much barrier and thus, normal tidal activities occurred all spatial variations (Table 6). However, slight along this coastline. The seasonal variations in the fluctuations were observed which may be due to local seawater temperature showed similar pattern in all the environmental conditions. Veraval and Diu was sampling sites (Tables 1 to 5). Seasonal fluctuations recorded high pH values (Tables 3 and 5), which may in the water temperature were typical of this area20. be due to high anthropogenic activities in these two The pH of water is important because many biological locations. Veraval is a highly industrialized shore activities can occur only within narrow range21. Like where human interference to the coastline is high Table 1Physico-chemical characteristics of seawater from Dwarka coast. Values expressed are mean ± SD.

Parameters Seasons Winter Summer Monsoon Post-monsoon Temperature (oC) 21.22 ± 0.06 25.71 ± 0.10 23.12 ± 0.06 25.16 ± 0.06 pH 8.16 ± 0.01 8.25 ± 0.01 8.23 ± 0.01 8.26 ± 0.01 Conductivity (mS/cm) 17.34 ± 0.07 17.51 ± 0.07 17.49 ± 0.08 17.58 ± 0.05 TS (g/l) 40.05 ± 0.14 40.69 ± 0.09 44.26 ± 0.12 43.56 ± 0.04 TDS (g/l) 39.92 ± 0.21 40.64 ± 0.09 44.20 ± 0.12 43.51 ± 0.04 Turbidity (NTU) 5.08 ± 0.05 5.12 ± 0.01 5.21 ± 0.01 5.18 ± 0.02

Salinity (%0) 32.64 ± 0.04 35.58 ± 0.07 34.31 ± 0.09 35.30 ± 0.08 DO (mg/l) 6.35 ± 0.02 5.67 ± 0.02 6.18 ± 0.03 6.22 ± 0.02 BOD (mg/l) 0.61 ± 0.03 0.64 ± 0.03 0.79 ± 0.03 0.76 ± 0.04 COD (mg/l) 1.01 ± 0.02 0.86 ± 0.02 0.91 ± 0.03 1.00 ± 0.02 Sulphide (mg/l) 0.22 ± 0.01 0.23 ± 0.01 0.26 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.01 Sulphate (g/l) 2.62 ± 0.01 2.75 ± 0.02 2.96 ± 0.01 2.75 ± 0.02 Calcium (g/l) 0.42 ± 0.01 0.42 ± 0.01 0.42 ± 0.00 0.43 ± 0.01 Magnesium (g/l) 1.33 ± 0.01 1.32 ± 0.01 1.33 ± 0.00 1.33 ± 0.01 Phosphate (mg/l) 0.07 ± 0.000 0.06 ± 0.001 0.08 ± 0.001 0.06 ± 0.001 Ammonia (mg/l) 0.02 ± 0.001 0.01 ± 0.000 0.02 ± 0.001 0.02 ± 0.001 Chlorophyll (mg/m3) 1.30 ± 0.018 1.10 ± 0.025 1.22 ± 0.014 1.19 ± 0.012 Phaeophytin (mg/m3) 0.14 ± 0.001 0.11 ± 0.002 0.13 ± 0.001 0.12 ± 0.001

Table 2Physico-chemical characteristics of seawater from Mangrol coast. Values expressed are mean ± SD

Parameters Seasons Winter Summer Monsoon Post-monsoon Temperature (oC) 21.22 ± 0.05 25.79 ± 0.05 23.47 ± 0.03 25.15 ± 0.07 pH 8.14 ± 0.00 8.30 ± 0.02 8.17 ± 0.02 8.22 ± 0.01 Conductivity (mS/cm) 17.23 ± 0.07 17.31 ± 0.05 17.39 ± 0.05 17.41 ± 0.04 TS (g/l) 39.56 ± 0.10 40.44 ± 0.12 45.41 ± 0.56 44.38 ± 0.12 TDS (g/l) 39.03 ± 0.13 39.61 ± 0.13 43.94 ± 0.15 43.89 ± 0.15 Turbidity (NTU) 4.47 ± 0.06 4.81 ± 0.05 5.03 ± 0.07 5.12 ± 0.05

Salinity (%0) 32.39 ± 0.06 35.24 ± 0.08 34.13 ± 0.08 34.73 ± 0.06 DO (mg/l) 6.17 ± 0.01 5.62 ± 0.04 6.10 ± 0.05 6.14 ± 0.02 BOD (mg/l) 0.62 ± 0.01 0.67 ± 0.02 0.95 ± 0.02 0.75 ± 0.02 COD (mg/l) 0.95 ± 0.02 0.95 ± 0.01 0.95 ± 0.03 0.93 ± 0.01 Sulphide (mg/l) 0.22 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.01 Sulphate (g/l) 2.87 ± 0.03 2.56 ± 0.03 3.22 ± 0.02 2.95 ± 0.04 Calcium (g/l) 0.43 ± 0.01 0.44 ± 0.01 0.45 ± 0.01 0.43 ± 0.00 Magnesium (g/l) 1.32 ± 0.01 1.34 ± 0.01 1.35 ± 0.01 1.33 ± 0.01 Phosphate (mg/l) 0.07 ± 0.001 0.06 ± 0.001 0.07 ± 0.002 0.06 ± 0.001 Ammonia (mg/l) 0.02 ± 0.001 0.01 ± 0.001 0.02 ± 0.001 0.02 ± 0.001 Chlorophyll (mg/m3) 1.30 ± 0.021 1.12 ± 0.047 1.23 ± 0.012 1.17 ± 0.019 Phaeophytin (mg/m3) 0.14 ± 0.001 0.10 ± 0.002 0.13 ± 0.001 0.12 ± 0.001 BHADJA & KUNDU: SEAWATER QUALITY AT FEW INDUSTRIALLY IMPORTANT COASTS OF GUJARAT 93

Table 3Physico-chemical characteristics of seawater from Veraval coast. Values expressed are mean ± SD

Parameters Seasons Winter Summer Monsoon Post-monsoon Temperature (oC) 21.14 ± 0.08 25.83 ± 0.11 23.52 ± 0.07 25.28 ± 0.10 pH 8.20 ± 0.04 8.32 ± 0.06 8.20 ± 0.01 8.26 ± 0.02 Conductivity (mS/cm) 17.22 ± 0.05 17.31 ± 0.06 17.47 ± 0.05 17.32 ± 0.03 TS (g/l) 39.75 ± 0.15 40.71 ± 0.08 45.68 ± 0.59 44.29 ± 0.95 TDS (g/l) 39.31 ± 0.22 40.26 ± 0.10 44.82 ± 0.54 43.36 ± 0.43 Turbidity (NTU) 4.20 ± 0.08 4.62 ± 0.03 5.37 ± 0.06 5.01 ± 0.05

Salinity (%0) 32.47 ± 0.06 35.40 ± 0.08 34.19 ± 0.16 35.29 ± 0.10 DO (mg/l) 6.25 ± 0.02 5.64 ± 0.04 6.17 ± 0.07 6.38 ± 0.04 BOD (mg/l) 0.61 ± 0.02 0.81 ± 0.03 0.75 ± 0.03 0.65 ± 0.03 COD (mg/l) 1.00 ± 0.03 1.00 ± 0.04 0.91 ± 0.03 0.95 ± 0.02 Sulphide (mg/l) 0.22 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.02 0.28 ± 0.02 Sulphate (g/l) 2.75 ± 0.03 2.77 ± 0.03 3.69 ± 0.02 3.06 ± 0.03 Calcium (g/l) 0.42 ± 0.01 0.41 ± 0.01 0.41 ± 0.01 0.41 ± 0.01 Magnesium (g/l) 1.33 ± 0.01 1.32 ± 0.00 1.32 ± 0.01 1.32 ± 0.00 Phosphate (mg/l) 0.07 ± 0.001 0.06 ± 0.001 0.07 ± 0.001 0.07 ± 0.002 Ammonia (mg/l) 0.02 ± 0.001 0.01 ± 0.000 0.02 ± 0.001 0.02 ± 0.000 Chlorophyll (mg/m3) 1.28 ± 0.013 1.12 ± 0.023 1.20 ± 0.005 1.16 ± 0.018 Phaeophytin (mg/m3) 0.13 ± 0.001 0.10 ± 0.002 0.13 ± 0.001 0.12 ± 0.001

Table 4Physico-chemical characteristics of seawater from Kodinar coast. Values expressed are mean ± SD.

Seasons Parameters Winter Summer Monsoon Post-monsoon Temperature (oC) 21.17 ± 0.04 25.63 ± 0.09 23.28 ± 0.07 25.23 ± 0.08 pH 8.20 ± 0.01 8.27 ± 0.03 8.18 ± 0.02 8.22 ± 0.02 Conductivity (mS/cm) 17.23 ± 0.04 17.17 ± 0.05 17.31 ± 0.06 17.31 ± 0.06 TS (g/l) 40.59 ± 0.09 40.37 ± 0.32 43.79 ± 0.41 43.35 ± 0.11 TDS (g/l) 40.18 ± 0.18 40.27 ± 0.09 43.13 ± 0.15 42.82 ± 0.09 Turbidity (NTU) 4.52 ± 0.07 4.72 ± 0.08 5.00 ± 0.15 4.75 ± 0.13

Salinity (%0) 33.26 ± 0.06 35.36 ± 0.23 34.15 ± 0.08 34.56 ± 0.13 DO (mg/l) 6.14 ± 0.02 5.74 ± 0.03 6.12 ± 0.04 6.25 ± 0.03 BOD (mg/l) 0.92 ± 0.02 0.89 ± 0.05 0.48 ± 0.05 0.78 ± 0.06 COD (mg/l) 1.07 ± 0.07 0.97 ± 0.03 1.05 ± 0.11 1.00 ± 0.06 Sulphide (mg/l) 0.23 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.01 0.23 ± 0.01 Sulphate (g/l) 3.11 ± 0.14 2.81 ± 0.06 3.20 ± 0.15 3.37 ± 0.08 Calcium (g/l) 0.43 ± 0.00 0.43 ± 0.01 0.41 ± 0.01 0.42 ± 0.01 Magnesium (g/l) 1.32 ± 0.01 1.33 ± 0.00 1.32 ± 0.00 1.32 ± 0.00 Phosphate (mg/l) 0.07 ± 0.001 0.06 ± 0.002 0.07 ± 0.002 0.06 ± 0.002 Ammonia (mg/l) 0.02 ± 0.001 0.01 ± 0.001 0.02 ± 0.001 0.02 ± 0.001 Chlorophyll (mg/m3) 1.28 ± 0.026 1.09 ± 0.020 1.19 ± 0.009 1.16 ± 0.015 Phaeophytin (mg/m3) 0.13 ± 0.001 0.10 ± 0.002 0.13 ± 0.001 0.12 ± 0.001 throughout the year. Diu, on the other hand, is a temperature, and decomposition of organic matter22. seasonal tourist centre where the human activity The conductivity values of seawater from the reaches to its maximum during winter months7. The sampling sites showed statistically significant spatial pH was low during the peak monsoon season and temporal variations (Table 6). This may be due to probably due to the influence of freshwater influx, the varying degrees of suspended solids present in dilution of saline water, reduction of salinity and different locations. It was evident that Dwarka, Diu 94 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 41, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2012

Table 5Physico-chemical characteristics of seawater from Diu coast. Values expressed are mean ± SD.

Seasons Parameters Winter Summer Monsoon Post-monsoon Temperature (oC) 21.09 ± 0.07 25.59 ± 0.10 23.07 ± 0.08 25.06 ± 0.08 pH 8.39 ± 0.12 8.23 ± 0.01 8.24 ± 0.01 8.20 ± 0.10 Conductivity (mS/cm) 17.28 ± 0.09 17.46 ± 0.07 17.42 ± 0.05 17.52 ± 0.03 TS (g/l) 39.80 ± 0.08 40.43 ± 0.23 44.12 ± 0.31 43.66 ± 0.14 TDS (g/l) 39.27 ± 0.12 39.97 ± 0.27 43.33 ± 0.31 43.24 ± 0.11 Turbidity (NTU) 4.03 ± 0.04 4.50 ± 0.04 5.30 ± 0.06 5.14 ± 0.04

Salinity (%0) 32.22 ± 0.07 34.14 ± 0.06 33.04 ± 0.08 32.97 ± 0.11 DO (mg/l) 6.08 ± 0.02 5.71 ± 0.01 6.04 ± 0.06 6.05 ± 0.03 BOD (mg/l) 0.62 ± 0.14 0.61 ± 0.04 0.78 ± 0.02 0.74 ± 0.05 COD (mg/l) 0.95 ± 0.06 0.86 ± 0.04 0.96 ± 0.02 1.00 ± 0.04 Sulphide (mg/l) 0.21 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.01 Sulphate (g/l) 2.73 ± 0.04 2.77 ± 0.03 3.32 ± 0.01 2.77 ± 0.01 Calcium (g/l) 0.44 ± 0.00 0.44 ± 0.01 0.41 ± 0.01 0.43 ± 0.00 Magnesium (g/l) 1.33 ± 0.01 1.33 ± 0.01 1.32 ± 0.01 1.33 ± 0.01 Phosphate (mg/l) 0.07 ± 0.003 0.06 ± 0.004 0.08 ± 0.004 0.07 ± 0.002 Ammonia (mg/l) 0.02 ± 0.0004 0.02 ± 0.0004 0.02 ± 0.0004 0.02 ± 0.0003

and Mangrol the conductivity was high compare to that Table 6Results of ANOVA of the mean values of the of other two stations (Tables 1 to 5). In all these three seawater parameters for spatial variations. '*' sign denotes significant at P = 0.05 level. stations the tidal activity was found to be very high due to their uneven rocky substratum and steep slope of Parameters Calculated F value subtidal shelf. The shores of these areas are calcareous, Temperature °c 0.00101 uneven, and full of small pools and puddles with pH 0.54357 occasional sandy and muddy patches. The rough tidal Conductivity mS/cm 3.60301* activity possibly increased the solid levels which TS g/l 0.05031 probably been responsible for the variations in the TDS g/l 0.05194 conductivity values7. Conductivity value of each Turbidity NTU 0.77242 station was much higher in monsoon season due to Salinity ℅o 0.77837 facing strong wave action of Arabian Sea and effects of DO mg/l 0.21115 monsoon wind. Boyd23 suggested that the fluctuation in BOD mg/l 0.28831 electric conductivity was due to fluctuation in total COD mg/l 1.80615 dissolved solids and salinity. Significant variation Sulphide mg/l 2.73802 found in case of conductivity between sampling Sulphate g/l 0.96897 stations with positive correlation coefficient (r) values Calcium g/l 3.91477* among conductivity and total dissolved solids at Magnesium g/l 2.53517 Phosphate mg/l 0.13446 Dwarka (0.658), Mangrol (0.942), Veraval (0.882), Ammonia mg/l 0.79036 Kodinar (0.947) and Diu (0.613). The relation between Chlorophyll mg/m3 0.11429 total dissolved solid and electric conductivity is a Phaeophytin mg/m3 0.05391 function of the type and nature of the dissolved cations and anions in the water24. Other physical parameters between TS, TDS and turbidity. Maximum turbidity like total solids, total dissolved solids and turbidity in observed in monsoon and post-monsoon seasons the seawater however, did not show any statistically possibly due to rainwater runoff during south-west 20 significant spatial and temporal variations between the monsoon season prevailing in this area . coasts (Table 6) but, high values were observed in In the chemical parameters, salinity levels did not Dwarka and Diu (Tables 1 and 5). The statistical show any statistically significant spatial and temporal analysis also revealed strong positive correlation variations in any of the sampling sites (Table 6). This BHADJA & KUNDU: SEAWATER QUALITY AT FEW INDUSTRIALLY IMPORTANT COASTS OF GUJARAT 95

may be due the fact the sampling sites are actually with both chlorophyll (0.916) and phaeophytin open shore where much fluctuations do not occur. The (0.941). salinity of Diu (Table 5) was found to be lower The results clearly indicate a very healthy seawater possibly due to dilution of incoming seawater with condition at Dwarka. In case of Mangrol which is freshwater rivulets near the sampling area. Similar another relatively unaffected area showed similar trend was observed in case of DO, BOD and COD correlation coefficient values like Dwarka. This (Tables 1 to 5). The observed DO was above 5 mg/l coastline is free from any anthropogenic pressure which is also reported earlier in the Arabian Sea25 and which is reflected from its water quality parameters. in Gulf of Kachchh26. The DO was lower during At Veraval, negative correlation were found between summer when the temperature was high and pH and chlorophyll (-0.887) and phaeophytin maximum during post-monsoon and winter when the (-0.985), whereas, positive correlation between temperature was low and high tidal activity due to conductivity and TDS (0.897), turbidity (0.947) and windy monsoon conditions27. With the DO level sulphate (0.948) clearly indicating anthropogenically beyond 5 mg/l level the BOD and COD would be affected water quality status. The physico-chemical minimum28, which was reflected in the study. The parameters at Kodinar which is also affected by inverse relationship between temperature and DO29 anthropogenic pressure in the form of industrial run and between salinity and DO30 are a natural process. off showed similar pattern like Veraval. The results The macro nutrients like sulphide and sulphate levels also indicated that presence of sulphate which (Tables 1 to 5) showed slight variations from place to influenced the water quality parameters significantly. place depending on their locations, coast The results suggested moderately influenced water characteristics and population levels. Calcium levels quality at Kodinar compared to that of Dwarka and showed statistically significant spatial variations Mangrol. In case of Diu, water quality parameters (Table 6) may be due to the characteristics of showed less correlation between them indicating substratum and the level of intertidal population. relatively less human interference in the coastline. However, levels of macro nutrients were found to be Cluster analysis was applied through a dendrogram to high in Veraval, Kodinar and Diu (Tables 3, 4 and 5) find out the similarity groups between the sampling where human interference to the coast is relatively stations (Fig. 2), grouping all the five sampling high. Ascending degree of pollution from domestic stations into three statistically meaningful clusters. sewage, industrial effluent and port and fishing The two stations (Kodinar and Veraval) form cluster 1 activities might have enhanced levels of macro which comprises relatively high anthropogenically nutrients of these areas27 than the relatively influenced sites that receive waste from industries, undisturbed coasts of Mangrol and Dwarka. domestic sewage and fisheries related activities. Biological parameters chlorophyll and phaeophytin Cluster 2 includes cluster 1 and station Mangrol that did not show statistically significant spatial and was resemble to almost one another. Mangrol temporal variations (Table 6). Higher values were sampling site corresponds to moderately influenced observed in relatively less human interfered sampling sites. sites like Mangrol and Dwarka (Tables 1 and 2), and low values were obtained from highly industrialized Conclusion sampling sites Veraval and Kodinar (Tables 3 and 4). The water quality of the coastal regimes of Dwarka Higher chlorophyll concentration in the northern and Mangrol was almost near to the ideal conditions Arabian Sea is attributed with the winter cooling possibly due to absence of any significant phenomena31. The obtained correlation coefficient anthropogenic impact on the coast. Whereas at values between temperature and chlorophyll (-0.944), Veraval and Kodinar, the water quality was indicative and between temperature and phaeophytin (-0.896) of high degree of anthropogenic impact. The showed negative relationship in all the shores studied. condition of Kodinar coast however, was not as Salinity also had a significant negative correlation anthropogenically influenced as Veraval as indicated with chlorophyll (-0.931) and phaeophytin (-0.852) by correlation coefficient test. This trend was whereas, chlorophyll showed very strong positive somewhat similar in case of Diu, which is correlation with phaeophytin (0.975). The dissolved predominantly seasonal tourist centre with limited oxygen levels had very significant positive correlation anthropogenic activities. 96 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 41, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2012

Fig. 2Dendrogram plot showing similarity in the seawater quality between the selected coasts

Acknowledgements population ecology of intertidal macrofauna at an industrially Present study was supported by UGC, Govt. of influenced coast, J. Water Sci. Tech., 61(6)(2010) 1505-1514. 8 Bengraine K and Marhaba T F, Using principal component India and part of a major research oriented analysis to monitor spatial and temporal changes in water programme of Govt. of Gujarat (India). quality, J. Hazard. Mater., 100(1-3)(2003) 179-195. 9 Ouyang Y, Application of principal component and factor ReferenceS analysis to evaluate surface water quality monitoring 1 Efe S T, Urban warming in Nigerian cities. The case of warri network, Water Res., 39(12)(2005) 2621-2635. metropolis, African J. Environ. Stud., 2(2)(2001) 6. 10 Ouyang Y, Nkedi-Kizza P, Wu Q T, Shinde D and Huang C H, 2 Xiaojun Y, Remote Sensing and GIS for Coastal Ecosystem Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality, Assessment and Management, ISPRS J. Photogra. Remote Water Res., 40(20)(2006) 3800-3810. Sens., 63(5)(2008) 485-487. 11 Perkins R G and Underwood G J C, Gradients of chlorophyll 3 Dixon W and Chiswell B, Review of aquatic monitoring a and water chemistry along an eutrophic reservoir with program design. Water Res., 30(9)(1996) 1935-1948. determination of the limiting nutrient by in situ nutrient 4 Pejman A H, Nabi Bidhendi G R, Karbassi A R., Mehrdadi addition, Water Res., 34(3)(2000) 713-724. N and Esmaeili M B, Evaluation of spatial variations in 12 Voutsa D, Manoli E, Samara C, Sofoniou M and Stratis I, A surface water quality using multivariate statistical study of surface water quality in Macedonia, Greece: techniques, International J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 6(3)(2009) Speciation of nitrogen and phosphorus, Water Air Soil Poll., 467-476. 129(1-4)(2001) 13-32. 5 Gupta I, Dhage S and Rakesh Kumar, Study of variations in 13 Sundaramanickam A, Shivakumar T, Kumaran R. water quality of Mumbai coast through multivariate analysis Ammaiappan V and Velappam R., A comparative study of techniques, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 38(2)(2009) 170-177. Physico-chemical Investigation along Parangipettai and 6 Efe S I, Ogban F E, Horsfall M and Akporhonor E E, Cuddalore Coast, J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 1(1)(2008) 1-10. Seasonal variations of physic-chemical characteristics in 14 Qasim S Z, Biological productivity of the Indian Ocean, Water Resources Quality in Western Niger Delta Region, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 6(1977) 122-137. Nigeria, J. Appl. Sci. Environ., 9(1)(2005) 191-195. 15 De Sousa, S.N, Dileep Kumar, M S, Arma Sardessai V V S S 7 Vaghela A, Bhadja P, Ramoliya J, Patel N and Kundu R, and Shirodkar P V, Seasonal variability in oxygen and nutrients Seasonal variations in the water quality, diversity and in the central and eastern Arabian sea, Curr. Sci., 71(11)(1996). BHADJA & KUNDU: SEAWATER QUALITY AT FEW INDUSTRIALLY IMPORTANT COASTS OF GUJARAT 97

16 Shukla J and Misra B M, Relationship between Sea Surface 25 Raghunathan C, Sen Gupta R., Wangikar U. and Lakhmapurkar Temperature and Wind Speed over the Central Arabian Sea J, A record of live corals along the Saurashtra coast of Gujarat, and Monsoon Rainfall over India, Monthly Weather Rev., Arabian Sea, Curr. Sci., 87(8)(2004) 1131-1138. 105(1977)998-1002. 26 Desa E, Zingde M D, Vethamory P, Babu M T, D’Sausa S N. 17 APHA Standard Methods for the Examinations of Water and and Verlecar X N, Dissolved oxygen – a target indicator in Wastewater, 19th Edition, (American Public Health determining use of the Gulf of Kachchh waters, Mar. Poll. Association, Washington DC, USA) 1995. Bull., 50(1)(2005) 73-79. 18 Trivedi R K & Goel P K, Chemical and Biological Methods 27 Faragallah H M, Askar A I, Okbah M A and Moustafa H M, for Water pollution studies, (Environment Pollution V C Physico-chemical characteristics of the open Mediterranean College of Science, Karad) 1986. Sea water far about 60 km from Damietta harbor, Egypt, 19 Sokal R R & Rohlf F J, Biometry (W.H. Freeman and J. Ecol. The Nat. Environ., 1(5)(2009) 106-119. Company, San Francisco) 1969. 28 Paul D K and Mukherjee P, A preliminary study of 20 Misra S and Kundu R, Seasonal variations in population physicochemical characteristics of a perennial fish pond, dynamics of key intertidal molluscs at two contrasting J. Hemat. Ecotoxic., 1(1)(2006) 4-56. locations, Aqua. Ecol., 39(2005) 315-324. 29 Sheathe J O. and Kazama F, Assessment of surface water 21 Shephered J & Bromage N, Intensive Fish Farming, (Oxford quality using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study Blackwell Scientific Publication, London) 1992. of the Fuji river basin, Japan, Environ. Model. Software, 22 Zingde M D, Sharma P and Sabnis M M, Physico-chemical 22(4)(2007) 464-47. investigation in Auranga river estuary (Gujarat). Mahasagar- 30 Pillai C S G, Rajagopalan M S and Varghese M A, Bulletin National Institute of Oceanography, 18(1985) preliminary report on a reconnaissance survey of the major 307-321. coastal and marine ecosystems in . Mar. Inf. 23 Boyd C E Water Quality in warm water fish ponds, Serv. T & E Ser., 14(1979) 16-20. (Craftmaster Printer, Inc. Opelika, Alabama) 1981. 31 Dey S and Singh R P, Comparison of chlorophyll distribution 24 Clair N Sawyer, Perry L mc Carty, Gene F Parkin, Chemistry in the northeastern Arabian Sea and southern Bay of Bengal for Environmental Engineering, Forth edition (Mc Graw-Hill using IRS-P4 Ocean Color Monitor data, Remote sens. International editions) 1994. Environ., 85(2003) 424-428.