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Social Media, Cyber Hate, and Racism 3 Social Media, Cyber Hate, and Racism 3 SOCIAL MEDIA, CYBER HATE, AND RACISM Khoirul Amin, Mohamad Dziqie Aulia Alfarauqi1*, Khusnul Khatimah2* 1University of Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Faculty of Social and Humaniora, 2University of Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Faculty of Education, Jl. Juanda No. 15, Samarinda 75123, Indonesia *[email protected] (Khoirul Amin) ABSTRACT In the era of information technology, the power of social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and other products of digital technology have led to dramatic changes to the social life of people in a pluralistic Indonesia. The establishment of a digital public space that can accommodate all entities, classes, or social communities to communicate freely, without limit and open up greater opportunities for the achievement of goals in accordance with the interests, both on the basis of political goals, economic, cultural, trust and ethnic , also helped to increase the potential for social conflicts with more complex backgrounds. One of them is the widespread of racism in social media against ethnic of minorities as it occurred during the 2017 Jakarta governor election involving Basuki Tjahaya Purnama, a candidate of the ethnic of Chinese-Indonesian. This paper seeks to explore the contribution of social media as a medium for spreading the hate of speech and racism and the factors that cause it. This article finds that; firstly, the development of information technology and freedom gained by every user in managing social media member space for racism group in Indonesia utilizes the progress of information technology as medium in spreading hatred and racism in Cyber space. Secondly, the existence of hate speech and racism in social media cannot be separated from socio-political situation in society. Keywords: social media, hate speech, racism A. Introduction of participation or discretion in responding The evolution of information- to issues that are developing through social communication technology has given a great media is often expressed with antagonistic change for human civilization, especially expressions, scorn and swearing, even leads for the needs in accessing information to racism. This paper will specifically analyze and communication. The presence of how social media play its role in lifting racist social media as part of innovation of sentiments by taking the example of Jakarta information technology advancement has governor elections in 2017, where the been transformed as a fast, integrative, utterances that lead to racism are found in and interactive communication medium. many social media pages such as Facebook, The presence of communication systems Twitter and Instagram. The target of the with various advantages that increasingly racial utterances are adressed to candidate facilitate the community in overcoming of governor from chineese ethnic, Basuki the constraints in communicating and Tjahaya Purnama, also known as ‘Ahok.’ In accessing the information automatically also addition, racist attitudes and actions are has shifted the role of traditional media in also addressed to supporters and to those accommodating the flow of information, deemed to support or represent identity of opinions, and public communication system. the minority. In political context, the presence of social The case of alleged blasphemy that media is also increasingly enriching the ensnares Ahok can be said to be a catalyst channels for citizens to actively participate in for the return of sentiments against Chinese politics (Andriadi, 2016). However, freedom ethnic in Indonesia, but for the record that 4 Komuniti, Vol. 10, No. 1, Maret 2018 p-ISSN: 2087-085X, e-ISSN: 2549-5623 the case emerges as a national polemic the Initiative against Islam (former Block and eventually leads to racial issues, also against Islam) in Czech Republik and Pegida indispensable role of social media, video (Patriotic Europeans against the Islamization recording of Ahok’s speech in Kepulauan of the Occident) in Germany to mobilize Seribu by the end of 2016 which allegedly society to expel Muslims out from Europe. contained the vilification of the majority Similar in England both of them are middle religion in Indonesia that goes viral and organizations which are frequently use the widespread through Facebook. Despite the social media to do racism and hate speech. results of research showing that the level of In the digital age, information and racial sentiment towards Chinese citizens communications containing racist elements is relatively low, for example, the results can spread in various media spaces with of research conducted by Saiful Mujani increasingly complex subject involvement Research and Consulting (SMRC) for the last and, of course, increasingly luminous for a fifteen years which indicate that the racial pluralistic society (Jakubowicz, 2012)In the sentiment especially to ethnic Chinese in context of socio-political life in Indonesia, Indonesia is very small, especially when we can see that racial sentiments towards compared with the hatred of the community Chinese ethnic have long been one of the against terrorist groups such as ISIS which most sensitive and vulnerable issues of ranks first (Florene, 2016), but in fact, the social upheaval that occurred in May 1998. intensity of speech hatred and racism Until today, despite the fluctuating and against the Chinese ethnic through social heating intensity at certain moments, racial media, especially Facebook can be quite sentiments against Chinese ethnic is proven massive. to be still ongoing in the middle of social To understand the phenomenon, life of society in Indonesia as happened at Andrew Jakubowicz in Cyber Racism the time of governor election of DKI Jakarta (2012), states that the internet has proven to in 2017 and thereafter. In addition, we play a key role in spreading racism, opens cannot deny that in today’s digital era, the opportunities and strengthens community social media holds a role in increasing racial networks based on skin color (White sentiments in Indonesia. New symptoms of power), Islamophobia, anti-Semitism and racism flow against the Chinese community ideology-ultra national. At the same time, can be seen when Ahok as a politician according to Jakubowicz, racist groups and mayor who often showed a hard and are also seeking to exploit and explore the controversial attitude began often spread potential of the internet to spread racism through social media. For intolerant and (Jakubowicz, 2012). For the example is what racist groups, it becomes an opportunity to happened in England According to Awan make the attribute ‘Ahok’ as a capital to build ( 2014) The Internet and social networking a negative perception of Chinese ethnic. sites have been politically used by far- Provocative, sensational and racial stories are right groups such as the English Defense made and disseminated massively through League (EDL) and the British National Party online media and social media ultimately (BNP) to rise the issues of Islamophobia able to mobilize anti-Chinese sentiments in Europe and promote online Cyber hate instead of criticism of Ahok’s policies in an attacks against Muslim communities. Similar objective manner. The mass media in social to England, after the Arab Spring in 2011, media about the inherent arrogance of there is also the case of Cyber hate using Ahok’s leadership style also produces a new social media to radicalize society against mockery attributed to Chinese descendants. refugee and asylum seekers taking refuge If previously there were ridicule in the form across Europe which are mostly Muslims. of ‘Chinese,’ ‘Cokin,’ or ‘Singkek,’ as racial The empirical research held by Hazelka calling to Chinese ethnic, now the word and Schmidt (2017) indicate that social ‘Ahok’ is also used as a term that represents media is used by radical groups such as racial sentiment to them after the Ahok Social Media, Cyber Hate, and Racism 5 phenomenon is crowded in the media social. content, including racism in social media, Apart from that it is a deliberately created as well as the possibility of facilitating in situation with political goals and motives, falsifying identity in social media. The ability but beyond that, these facts also prove that to spread hate speech and racism can also social media plays a very significant role in seen from the ability of actors in accessing spreading racism in Indonesia. information and technology easily. To understand social media relations with social dimension, social media must be B. Social Media understood by sociological approach. Social media is one of the products of technological development that cannot be separated from people’s lives. Social media offers easiness for the community in various aspects, such as the easier to obtain and convey information, express them and gain social and economic benefits. Those things are supported by various gadgets that the community can afford plus the development of sophisticated, cheap and easy-accessible internet network. The rapid development of social media also changes the function of traditional media which formerly dominated Figure 1. The logic of the relationship by large companies into an egalitarian between media technology and society ( media with private sphere. As Peters et al Fuchs, 2012). (2013). This terms sees that the technological “Social media are communication and societal relationships creates a systems that allow their social actors dialectical relationship which influence each to communicate
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