Jimmy Carter Dentro Do Partido Democrata, No Caminho Percorrido Por Ele Até Chegar À Presidência Dos EUA

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Jimmy Carter Dentro Do Partido Democrata, No Caminho Percorrido Por Ele Até Chegar À Presidência Dos EUA 1 PEDRO PORTOCARRERO PINHEIRO PARA ENTENDER O FENÔMENO CARTER: GOVERNO, PARTIDO E MOVIMENTOS SOCIAIS NUM CONTEXTO DE CRISE Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense (PPGH/UFF), como requisito parcial para obtenção do Grau de Mestre. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Cecília da Silva Azevedo Banca de avaliação: Prof. Dr. Flávio Limoncic Prof. Dr. Thaddeus Gregory Blanchette Suplentes: Prof. Dr. Sabrina Medeiros Prof. Dr. Marco Pamplona Niterói 2013 2 AGRADECIMENTOS A minha orientadora, Cecília da Silva Azevedo, pelo apoio inestimável e pela confiança em mim depositada. Aos professores Flávio Limoncic e Thaddeus Blanchette, pelos valorosos conselhos e pela disposição em participar da avaliação deste trabalho. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense (PPGH/UFF), bem como ao CNPq e à FAPERJ por acreditarem neste trabalho e viabilizá-lo financeiramente. A todos os que me acompanharam, de perto ou de longe, nesta jornada, pela paciência, compreensão, ajuda e troca de ideias nos momentos mais difíceis. 3 RESUMO Este trabalho procura dar conta da ascensão de Jimmy Carter dentro do Partido Democrata, no caminho percorrido por ele até chegar à presidência dos EUA. Não se trata, contudo, de uma biografia; o trabalho procura inserir a trajetória pessoal de Carter no contexto maior das transformações políticas, sociais e econômicas pelas quais passavam os EUA na década de 70. Para tanto, concebemos uma tríade de atores sociais, composta por militantes profissionais do partido, integrantes de movimentos sociais e funcionários tecnocratas da área econômica. Nosso objetivo é observar pontos de interação e atritos entre esses agentes, dentro e fora do governo, de modo a compreender a formação de uma cultura política específica do Partido Democrata, cuja origem está no seu processo de nacionalização e unificação. Procuramos ainda relacionar a crise de governabilidade enfrentada por Carter durante seu mandato com as estratégias legislativas do governo, as condicionantes econômicas e políticas do período, e a percepção do governo e da liderança pessoal de Carter por parte da opinião pública. Palavras-chave: culturas políticas, Jimmy Carter, Partido Democrata, EUA anos 70 4 ABSTRACT This study is an attempt to understand the rise of Jimmy Carter inside the Democratic Party, on his way to the presidency of the United States. It isn’t a biography, however; this work tries to frame Carter’s personal path inside the larger context of the political, social and economic changes of United States during the 70’s. For this purpose, we conceived a triad of social actors, composed by professional politicians of the party, members of social movements and technocrats of the economic area. Our goal is to observe points of interaction and conflicts among these agents, inside and outside the government, in order to understand the building of a political culture that is specific of the Democratic Party, whose origin is related to its process of nationalization and unification. We try also to relate the crisis of governability faced by Carter during his term with the legislative strategies of the administration, the economic and political constraints of the period, and the perception of the government and of Carter’s personal leadership by the public opinion. Keywords: political cultures, Jimmy Carter, Democratic Party, USA during the 70’s 5 SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................... 7 2. A CRISE DE IDENTIDADE DO PARTIDO DEMOCRATA ....................................... 21 2.1 AS CONVENÇÕES DE 1968 E 1972: A REVOLUÇÃO INTERNA DO PARTIDO DEMOCRATA ......................................................................................................................... 22 2.1.1 1968: a explosão de Chicago ........................................................................................... 22 2.1.2 O Partido Democrata em reforma .................................................................................... 26 2.1.3 A insurgência de 1972 ..................................................................................................... 34 2.1.3.1 Uma radiografia do resultado ....................................................................................... 50 2.2.4 Depois da derrota ............................................................................................................. 54 2.2 CONCLUSÃO .................................................................................................................... 62 3. A CAMPANHA DE 1976 ................................................................................................... 67 3.1 COMO INICIAR UMA CAMPANHA PRESIDENCIAL ................................................ 67 3.2 “E FOI DADA A PARTIDA...” ......................................................................................... 73 3.3 A ESCOLHA DO CANDIDATO DEMOCRATA ............................................................ 75 3.3.1 Primeira Fase: Todos contra todos .................................................................................. 75 3.3.1.1 Iowa .............................................................................................................................. 75 3.3.1.2 New Hampshire ............................................................................................................ 76 3.3.1.3 Massachusetts ............................................................................................................... 77 3.3.1.4 Florida ........................................................................................................................... 79 3.3.1.5 Illinois ........................................................................................................................... 83 3.3.1.6 Carolina do Norte ......................................................................................................... 84 3.3.2 Segunda fase: Todos contra Carter .................................................................................. 85 3.3.2.1 Nova York e Wisconsin ................................................................................................ 86 3.3.2.2 Uma digressão: a legislação de financiamento de campanhas ..................................... 88 3.3.2.3 Pennsylvania ................................................................................................................. 90 3.3.2.4 A “gafe”: o ethnic purity affair .................................................................................... 92 3.3.3 “Pilotando a locomotiva”................................................................................................. 94 3.3.3.1 Interlúdio: o affair Shrum ............................................................................................. 94 3.3.3.2 Os novos desafiantes .................................................................................................... 96 3.3.4 A Convenção ................................................................................................................. 108 3.3.4.1 Digressão: nota sobre o “populista” Jimmy Carter .................................................... 116 3.3.4.2 Os dias seguintes ........................................................................................................ 119 3.4 A CAMPANHA ............................................................................................................... 120 3.4.1 A cobertura da mídia sobre Jimmy Carter ..................................................................... 120 3.4.2 De novo, aborto e católicos ........................................................................................... 122 3.4.3 Estratégia de Carter para o outono ................................................................................ 123 3.4.4 A imagem dos concorrentes .......................................................................................... 124 3.5 O INÍCIO DA CAMPANHA ........................................................................................... 125 6 3.6 A INDEFINIÇÃO ............................................................................................................ 133 3.7 O RESULTADO .............................................................................................................. 140 3.8 GRUPO DE ATLANTA X MILITANTES DEMOCRATAS ......................................... 144 3.9 CARTER E OS TEMAS .................................................................................................. 145 4. ARTICULAÇÃO POLÍTICA, CONGRESSO E OPINIÃO PÚBLICA NO GOVERNO DE JIMMY CARTER .................................................................................... 150 4.1 A MONTAGEM DO GABINETE ................................................................................... 152 4.2 A CONSTRUÇÃO DE COALIZÕES E O “NOVO CONGRESSO” ............................. 159 4.3 ESTABELECENDO UM ESTILO DE GOVERNAR (JANEIRO DE 1977 – JANEIRO DE 1979) ................................................................................................................................ 164 4.3.1 O plano energético de 1977 ........................................................................................... 164 4.3.2 Reforma do sistema de bem-estar social ....................................................................... 168 4.3.3 A saída de Bert Lance do governo ...............................................................................
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