D I C I O N Á R I O De Q U Í M I Ca
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Theories of Low Energy Nuclear Transmutations
Theories of Low Energy Nuclear Transmutations Y. N. Srivastava Department of Physics & INFN, University of Perugia, Perugia, IT A. Widom and J. Swain Physics Department, Northeastern University, Boston MA, USA Employing concrete examples from nuclear physics it is shown that low energy nuclear reactions can and have been induced by all of the four fundamental interactions (i) (stellar) gravitational, (ii) strong, (iii) electromagnetic and (iv) weak. Differences are highlighted through the great diversity in the rates and similarity through the nature of the nuclear reactions initiated by each. PACS numbers: 26.65.+t, 96.60.Jw, 25.85.Ec, 29.25.Dz,24.75.+i, 25.85.-w, 28.41.Ak,24.75.+i I. INTRODUCTION We show below through physical examples that low energy nuclear reactions have been induced by all of the four fundamental interactions: gravitational, strong, electromagnetic and weak. Gravity: Gravitational interactions are well known to cause nuclear reactions and fusion in a star. Were it not for nuclear activity, a star would be dynamically unstable and undergo gravitational collapse[1, 2]. In fact, standard theory predicts the collapse of a star when the nuclear fuel is exhausted as the star can no longer counteract the inward compression due to gravitation. Nuclear: A laboratory example of low energy strong interaction fusion is provided by a fast discharge in fine deuterated polymer fibers. In such fibers, deuterons are accelerated to speeds high enough to overcome the barrier due to mutual Coulomb repulsion, giving rise to the production of 2:5 MeV neutrons through low energy reactions such as d + d ! n + 3He: (1) In the same set of experiments[3], also non deuterated fibers exhibit an \anomalous" production of neutrons, at a rate over 6 orders of magnitude larger than that expected through natural contamination of deuterons in a normal material. -
United States Patent (19) (11) 4,078,917 Swanson 45) Mar
United States Patent (19) (11) 4,078,917 Swanson 45) Mar. 14, 1978 54 EXTRACTION OF ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE from antimony sulfide ore concentrate by solubility FROMANTIMONY SULFDE ORE differential of the trioxide in lower alkanol solutions of 76 Inventor: Rollan Swanson, The Baker House, sodium or potassium hydroxide and wherein the total 220 California Ave., Santa Monica, amount of water contained in the concentrate, the alka Calif. 95405 nol and the hydroxide is not more than 26.52 volume percent of the antimony sulfide content; which process (21) Appl. No.: 652,093 includes treating the ore in the absence of substantial (22) Filed: Jan. 26, 1976 amounts of air with an alkanol solution containing an excess of sodium or potassium hydroxide, basis Sb2S3 51) Int. Cl’.............................................. C22B 30/02 content in the ore; separating also, in the absence of 52 U.S. C. .................................... 7.5/101 R; 7.5/108; substantial amounts of air, insoluble concentrate mate 75/121; 42.3/87; 423/617 rial from a filtrate composed of water, alkanol, hydrox 58) Field of Search ..................... 75/101 R, 121, 108; ide and sulfide of potassium or sodium, antimony triox 423/87, 617 ide trihydrate, sodium or potassium dihydro pyroan (56) References Cited timonite; repeatedly extracting the insoluble material U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS with the filtrate also in the absence of substantial 796,849 8/1905 MacArthur ........................ 75/121 X amounts of air; allowing the filtrate to settle so as to 975,148 ill/1910 Masson .................................. 75/121 form a precipitate of antimony trioxide and sodium or 1,548,854 8/1925 Schleicher . -
Optical Properties of KTP Crystals and Their Potential for Terahertz Generation
crystals Article Optical Properties of KTP Crystals and Their Potential for Terahertz Generation Alexander Mamrashev 1,* ID , Nazar Nikolaev 1 ID , Valery Antsygin 1, Yury Andreev 2,3, Grigory Lanskii 2,3 and Arkady Meshalkin 4 1 Institute of Automation & Electrometry, SB RAS, 1, Ac. Koptyug Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; [email protected] (N.N.); [email protected] (V.A.) 2 Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems, SB RAS, 10/3, Akademicheskii Ave., Tomsk 634055, Russia; [email protected] (Y.A.); [email protected] (G.L.) 3 Siberian Physical Technical Institute of Tomsk State University, 1 Novosobornaya Sq., Tomsk 634050, Russia 4 Institute of Thermophysics, SB RAS, 1, Ac. Lavrent’ev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-383-330-8378 Received: 30 June 2018; Accepted: 28 July 2018; Published: 31 July 2018 Abstract: High nonlinearity, wide transparency range and optical quality allowed potassium titanyl phosphate (KTiOPO4, KTP) crystals to be used in a wide range of nonlinear applications. The success of KTP usage in the visible and infrared (IR) ranges drives interest in applying it at longer wavelengths, that is, in the terahertz (THz) range. We use THz optical properties of KTP crystals measured by terahertz time-domain spectrometer (THz-TDS) and refractive index approximated in the form of Sellmeier equations to investigate KTP application possibilities for IR-to-THz and THz-to-THz wave conversion. As a result, phase matching for s − f ! f and s − f ! s types of difference frequency generation (DFG) of Ti:Sapphire laser (at the wavelengths of 0.65, 0.8 and 1.1 µm) is found possible, as well as second harmonic generation (SHG) of THz waves by f + s ! f type of interaction in the XZ principle plane of the crystal. -
Powder Synthesis and Properties of Litao3 Ceramics ⇑ Tao Yang, Yan-Gai Liu , Lei Zhang, Mei-Ling Hu, Qian Yang, Zhao-Hui Huang, Ming-Hao Fang
Advanced Powder Technology 25 (2014) 933–936 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Advanced Powder Technology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apt Original Research Paper Powder synthesis and properties of LiTaO3 ceramics ⇑ Tao Yang, Yan-gai Liu , Lei Zhang, Mei-ling Hu, Qian Yang, Zhao-hui Huang, Ming-hao Fang School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China article info abstract Article history: The LiTaO3 powders with sub micrometer grade grain size have been synthesized successfully using a Received 26 April 2013 molten salt method. Lithium tantalate began to form at 400 °C reaction temperature and transformed Received in revised form 8 January 2014 to pure phase without residual reactants when it was processed at 500 °C for 4 h in static air. The Accepted 17 January 2014 undoped LiTaO ceramics with a Curie temperature about 663 °C were obtained by pressureless sintering Available online 28 January 2014 3 at 1300 °C for 3 h. The relative dielectric constant (er) increases from 50 to 375 at temperature ranging from 30 to 663 °C and then decreases quickly as the temperature increases above 663 °C. The ceramics Keywords: shows a relative dielectric constant of 49.4, a dielectric loss factor (tand) of 0.007, a coercive field (Ec) Lithium tantalite ceramics of 28.66 kV/cm and a remnant polarization (Pr) of 32.48 C/cm2 at room temperature. Molten salt method l Sintering Ó 2014 The Society of Powder Technology Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. and The Society of Powder Ferroelectric properties Technology Japan. -
Chemical List
1 EXHIBIT 1 2 CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION LIST 3 4 1. Pyrophoric Chemicals 5 1.1. Aluminum alkyls: R3Al, R2AlCl, RAlCl2 6 Examples: Et3Al, Et2AlCl, EtAlCl2, Me3Al, Diethylethoxyaluminium 7 1.2. Grignard Reagents: RMgX (R=alkyl, aryl, vinyl X=halogen) 8 1.3. Lithium Reagents: RLi (R = alkyls, aryls, vinyls) 9 Examples: Butyllithium, Isobutyllithium, sec-Butyllithium, tert-Butyllithium, 10 Ethyllithium, Isopropyllithium, Methyllithium, (Trimethylsilyl)methyllithium, 11 Phenyllithium, 2-Thienyllithium, Vinyllithium, Lithium acetylide ethylenediamine 12 complex, Lithium (trimethylsilyl)acetylide, Lithium phenylacetylide 13 1.4. Zinc Alkyl Reagents: RZnX, R2Zn 14 Examples: Et2Zn 15 1.5. Metal carbonyls: Lithium carbonyl, Nickel tetracarbonyl, Dicobalt octacarbonyl 16 1.6. Metal powders (finely divided): Bismuth, Calcium, Cobalt, Hafnium, Iron, 17 Magnesium, Titanium, Uranium, Zinc, Zirconium 18 1.7. Low Valent Metals: Titanium dichloride 19 1.8. Metal hydrides: Potassium Hydride, Sodium hydride, Lithium Aluminum Hydride, 20 Diethylaluminium hydride, Diisobutylaluminum hydride 21 1.9. Nonmetal hydrides: Arsine, Boranes, Diethylarsine, diethylphosphine, Germane, 22 Phosphine, phenylphosphine, Silane, Methanetellurol (CH3TeH) 23 1.10. Non-metal alkyls: R3B, R3P, R3As; Tributylphosphine, Dichloro(methyl)silane 24 1.11. Used hydrogenation catalysts: Raney nickel, Palladium, Platinum 25 1.12. Activated Copper fuel cell catalysts, e.g. Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 26 1.13. Finely Divided Sulfides: Iron Sulfides (FeS, FeS2, Fe3S4), and Potassium Sulfide 27 (K2S) 28 REFERRAL -
Tourmalines and Relaxor Ferroelectrics of The
Correlations between Crystal Structure and Elastic Properties of Piezoelectric Crystals: Tourmalines and Relaxor Ferroelectrics of the type CaxBa1-xNb2O6 and Ce:CaxBa1-xNb2O6 DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines “Doktor der Naturwissenschaften” an der Fakultät für Geowissenschaften der Ruhr-Universität Bochum Germany von Chandra Shekhar Pandey aus Bareilly (India) Bochum, 2010 1. Gutachter Prof. Dr. Jürgen Schreuer 2. Gutachter Prof. Dr. Ladislav Bohatý Datum der Vorlage 20.10.2010 Datum der Disputation 17.12.2010 “If we knew what we were doing, it wouldn't be research” Albert Einstein This thesis is dedicated to My Love Arti & My sweet ‘n’ cute loving daughter Aditi Abstract In this thesis the elastic properties of two distinct groups of piezoelectric crystals are presented: one is natural tourmaline occurring with a vast variability in chemical compositions with a stable phase over a wide temperature range and hence allowing to examine the influence of chemical composition on its physical properties; while the other is synthetically grown relaxor ferroelectric calcium barium niobate (CBN) exhibiting a ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition and thus invoking the interest to investigate the variation of elastic properties in both phases as well as in the vicinity of the phase transition. To this end the non-destructive innovative method of resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) was employed. The full sets of elastic, piezoelectric, dielectric constants and coefficients of thermal expansion of five natural single crystal tourmalines of gem quality have been determined between 100 K and 903 K. The main influence of Li and Fe on elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric properties of tourmalines was studied. -
Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: a Review
resources Review Global Lithium Sources—Industrial Use and Future in the Electric Vehicle Industry: A Review Laurence Kavanagh * , Jerome Keohane, Guiomar Garcia Cabellos, Andrew Lloyd and John Cleary EnviroCORE, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny, Road, Co., R93-V960 Carlow, Ireland; [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (G.G.C.); [email protected] (A.L.); [email protected] (J.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 July 2018; Accepted: 11 September 2018; Published: 17 September 2018 Abstract: Lithium is a key component in green energy storage technologies and is rapidly becoming a metal of crucial importance to the European Union. The different industrial uses of lithium are discussed in this review along with a compilation of the locations of the main geological sources of lithium. An emphasis is placed on lithium’s use in lithium ion batteries and their use in the electric vehicle industry. The electric vehicle market is driving new demand for lithium resources. The expected scale-up in this sector will put pressure on current lithium supplies. The European Union has a burgeoning demand for lithium and is the second largest consumer of lithium resources. Currently, only 1–2% of worldwide lithium is produced in the European Union (Portugal). There are several lithium mineralisations scattered across Europe, the majority of which are currently undergoing mining feasibility studies. The increasing cost of lithium is driving a new global mining boom and should see many of Europe’s mineralisation’s becoming economic. The information given in this paper is a source of contextual information that can be used to support the European Union’s drive towards a low carbon economy and to develop the field of research. -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,741,615 B2 Putterman Et Al
USOO7741615B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,741,615 B2 Putterman et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jun. 22, 2010 (54) HIGHENERGY CRYSTAL GENERATORS (56) References Cited AND THERAPPLICATIONS (75) Inventors: Seth Putterman, Los Angeles, CA (US); U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS James K. Gimzewski, Los Angeles, CA 3,258.402 A 6, 1966 Farnsworth (US); Brian B. Naranjo, Los Angeles, 3,386,883. A 6, 1968 Farnsworth CA (US) 3,840,748 A * 10, 1974 Braunlich ................... 378,122 (73) Assignee: The Regents of the University of 5,293.410 A * 3/1994 Chen et al. .................. 376/108 California, Oakland, CA (US) 5,723.954. A 3/1998 Sampayan (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 6.479,924 B1 1 1/2002 Yoo patent is extended or adjusted under 35 7.361,821 B2 4/2008 Chan et al. .................. 435/183 U.S.C. 154(b) by 384 days. (Continued) (21) Appl. No.: 111596,586 OTHER PUBLICATIONS (22) PCT Fled: Apr. 22, 2005 Geuther, J.A., Danon, Y. “Electron and positive ion accelreation with (86) PCT NO.: PCT/US2OOS/O14003 pyroelectric crystals” Journal of Applied Physics vol. 97,074 109 (2005).* S371 (c)(1), (2), (4) Date: Feb. 19, 2008 (Continued) Primary Examiner Jack I Berman (87) PCT Pub. No.: WO2O06/06OO3O Assistant Examiner Meenakshi S Sahu (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm Venable LLP. Henry J. Daley PCT Pub. Date: Jun. 8, 2006 (65) Prior Publication Data (57) ABSTRACT US 2008/O251735A1 Oct. 16, 2008 Ferroelectric, pyroelectric and piezoelectric crystals are used to generate spatially localized high energy (up to and exceed Related U.S. -
Chemical Names and CAS Numbers Final
Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number C3H8O 1‐propanol C4H7BrO2 2‐bromobutyric acid 80‐58‐0 GeH3COOH 2‐germaacetic acid C4H10 2‐methylpropane 75‐28‐5 C3H8O 2‐propanol 67‐63‐0 C6H10O3 4‐acetylbutyric acid 448671 C4H7BrO2 4‐bromobutyric acid 2623‐87‐2 CH3CHO acetaldehyde CH3CONH2 acetamide C8H9NO2 acetaminophen 103‐90‐2 − C2H3O2 acetate ion − CH3COO acetate ion C2H4O2 acetic acid 64‐19‐7 CH3COOH acetic acid (CH3)2CO acetone CH3COCl acetyl chloride C2H2 acetylene 74‐86‐2 HCCH acetylene C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid 50‐78‐2 H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile C3H7NO2 Ala C3H7NO2 alanine 56‐41‐7 NaAlSi3O3 albite AlSb aluminium antimonide 25152‐52‐7 AlAs aluminium arsenide 22831‐42‐1 AlBO2 aluminium borate 61279‐70‐7 AlBO aluminium boron oxide 12041‐48‐4 AlBr3 aluminium bromide 7727‐15‐3 AlBr3•6H2O aluminium bromide hexahydrate 2149397 AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride 17992‐03‐9 AlCl3 aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 7446‐70‐0 AlCl3•6H2O aluminium chloride hexahydrate 7784‐13‐6 AlClO aluminium chloride oxide 13596‐11‐7 AlB2 aluminium diboride 12041‐50‐8 AlF2 aluminium difluoride 13569‐23‐8 AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide 38344‐66‐0 AlB12 aluminium dodecaboride 12041‐54‐2 Al2F6 aluminium fluoride 17949‐86‐9 AlF3 aluminium fluoride 7784‐18‐1 Al(CHO2)3 aluminium formate 7360‐53‐4 1 of 75 Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide 21645‐51‐2 Al2I6 aluminium iodide 18898‐35‐6 AlI3 aluminium iodide 7784‐23‐8 AlBr aluminium monobromide 22359‐97‐3 AlCl aluminium monochloride -
Using Static Charge on Pyroelectric Crystals to Produce Self–Focusing Electron and Ion Beams and Transport Through Tubes
1 Using Static Charge on Pyroelectric Crystals to Produce Self–Focusing Electron and Ion Beams and Transport Through Tubes James D. Brownridge1 and Stephen M. Shafroth2 1Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy State University of New York at Binghamton Binghamton, New York 13902-6000, USA e-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Physics and Astronomy Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3255, USA e-mail: [email protected] Abstract- Static charge in and on the surface of pyroelectric crystals of LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 in a dilute gas has been shown to ionize gas molecules via electron tunneling. The released electrons and positive ions are focused and accelerated according to the sign of the static uncompensated charge. The uncompensated charge is produced when the temperature of the crystal is changed from any initial temperature between about 500K and about 15K. It may be either polarization charge that is inside the crystal surface or compensation charge that is on the surface. The direction of temperature change and the polarity of the base of the crystal determine whether electrons or positive ions are accelerated toward or away from the crystal. The ionization, focusing and acceleration may continue for more than 15 days following a single change in temperature from ~20 oC to ~160 oC to ~20 oC. I. INTRODUCTION Twenty-three centuries ago the Greek philosopher, Theophrastus, described what is now call the "pryoelectric effect". He described how the mineral tourmaline had the power to attract objects such as straw, wood, copper and iron [1]. -
American Chemical Society
VOL. XLI. No. IO. THE JOURNAL OF THE American Chemical Society with which has been incorporated the American Chemical Journal (Founded by Ira Reinsen) [CONTRIBUTIONPROM THE CHEMICALLABORATORY OF VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY.] A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE POTASSIUM AND SODIUM DOUBLE SALTS OF LEAD TETRAFLUORIDE AS SOURCES OF FLU0RINE.l BY GEORGEL. CLARK. Received April 9, 1919. The only strictly chemical method for the preparation of free fluorine which has shown satisfactory possibilities up to the present time is the decomposition of the double salt tripotassium lead hydrogen octafluoride 3KF.HF.PbF4, by heat. This compound was prepared in pure con- dition and studied for the first time by Brauner,2 who showed that the molecule of hydrogen fluoride could be completely removed at tem- peratures below 250', and that fluorine is evolved above 250'. In recent years doubts have been expressed by some chemists that such a discovery was really in accordance with the facts. By using this method, however, it has been found possible in the researches to be described 1 Published by permission of the Director of the Chemical Warfare Service. The general problem of the preparation and use of tripotassium hydrogen lead octafluoride was suggested by Captain A. B. Ray, and the investigations begun under his supervision and with the assistance of Messrs. I. M. Colbeth and J. H. Card, at the American University Experiment Station, Washington, D. C. The intensive solubility measurements, and all of the work on disodium lead hexafluoride were subsequently carried on by the author independently. J. Chenz. Soc., 65, 393 (1894). I478 GEORGE I,. -
Pd and Cu-MEDIATED DOMINO REACTIONS for THE
254 Pd AND Cu-MEDIATED DOMINO REACTIONS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF SULFUR HETEROCYCLES DOI: http://dx.medra.org/10.17374/targets.2018.21.254 Morgan Donnard,* Thomas Castanheiro and Mihaela Gulea* CNRS, University of Strasbourg, LIT UMR 7200, 67000 Strasbourg, France (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]) Abstract. Pd and Cu-mediated domino reactions are powerful tools for the synthesis of heterocycles. In this chapter we have compiled the most relevant examples of such transformations for the synthesis of sulfur- containing heterocycles. These sequences have been organized by type of heterocycle formed and the nature of the substrates (with or without a sulfur atom). Contents 1. Introduction 2. Synthesis of heterocycles incorporating only sulfur heteroatom 2.1. From sulfur-containing starting material 2.2. From sulfur-free starting material 3. Synthesis of heterocycles incorporating one sulfur and at least another heteroatom 3.1. N,S-Heterocycles 3.1.1. From sulfur-containing starting material 3.1.2 From sulfur-free starting material 3.2 O,S-Heterocycles 3.2.1. From sulfur-containing starting material 3.2.2. From sulfur-free starting material 4. Conclusion Acknowledgements References 1. Introduction The impact of organosulfur compounds in pharmaceutical industry is significant, several sulfur- containing drugs being among the most prescribed and sold at present in the world.1 Some of them contain in their structure a sulfur heterocycle (Figure 1). Considering the continual need for the development of medicinal therapies, new S-heterocyclic compounds could lead to forthcoming pharmaceuticals. Figure 1. Structures of drugs containing a sulfur-heterocycle. 255 As a consequence, the search for new syntheses to provide original compounds of these types represents a topical subject.