DOCSLIB.ORG

(Title of the Thesis)*

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

WHOSE GOVERNMENT AND WHAT LAW? A POLITICAL SOCIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF CORRUPTION IN LEBANON AND ITS EFFECT ON GOVERNMENT, LEGALITY, AND THE PEOPLE by Ann-Marie Helou A thesis submitted to the Department of Sociology In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada (June 2019) Copyright ©Ann-Marie Helou, 2019 Abstract Levels of corruption in Lebanon are at an all-time high. According to the Transparency International Index, Lebanon ranks 143rd out of 180 in level of corruption (with 180 being the worst). The citizens are also disenchanted with the high levels of political corruption. A survey by Transparency International found that 67% of individuals though that “most” or “all” individuals working in the public sector are corrupt. Clearly, corruption is a pervasive problem in Lebanon. This thesis is about political corruption and how it undermines the structure of government, the rule of law, and the socio-cultural landscape in the Republic of Lebanon. Detailed research on how the rule of law is undermined by corruption is lacking, particularly in the literature about Lebanon. Through nine in-depth interviews with members of the political elite, as well as high-ranking legal and government-related figures, I aim to understand how corruption undermines the societal institutions such as government and law in Lebanon and how, in turn, this impacts citizen interaction with these institutions. The results can be divided into two sections. The first result section addresses how the political elites use their position to engage in corruption and weaken the institution of government. This chapter also addresses how corruption influences citizens’ relationships with government. There are six key themes in this chapter: political self-interest, nepotism, clientelism, sectarianism, transparency, and distrust of government. The second result section analyses how the legal system is manipulated by the political elites to engage in corrupt behaviours, and how this manipulation renders legal institutions weak and inefficient. This chapter addresses how corruption undermines the rule of law, particularly in the eyes of the population. Finally, the thesis ends with a discussion of how all these themes intersect across politics and law. ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I’d like to thank the individuals who took the time to sit down and talk to me while I was in Lebanon. Thank you to those who helped me get connections. My biggest and most heartfelt thanks go out to you. This project would be nothing without you. Above all, I’d like to give my infinite thanks to Dr. David Murakami-Wood and Dr. Fiona Kay for being the two most engaging, empathetic and helpful supervisors. It has been an honour and a pleasure to learn from and work with two people as brilliant as you. I hope one day I can pay it forward and emulate the professionalism, knowledge and helpfulness you have shown me. To the broader Queen’s Faculty, your support throughout this programme has made all the difference! To Dr. Jason Carmichael, I thank you for making me the sociologist I am today. Your guidance and mentorship throughout my undergrad and my time at Queen’s had a direct impact on what I produced and continue to do. I look forward to reuniting with you for my PhD. To my family in Lebanon, thank you for helping me with this project. Particularly Tracy Bou- Farhat who drove me around and sat with me all summer. Words will never be able to truly capture how much that meant to me. Cadet Stephanie Helou who went to bookstores to get me recommendations on the best historical accounts of Lebanon available. I can’t wait to have you as my pilot as I (hopefully) attend conferences. I’d like to thank my mother, Nayla Cachecho, for always supporting me and giving me the opportunity and strength to undertake this program and complete it. My sister, Rita Helou, for her constant positivity. My cat Tom for being the best work companion. I’d like to thank Celina Caswell and Michelle Underhill for being the two kindest and funniest individuals in the department. The long days at the office where made bearable and fun thanks to you. To Martine Rondeau, thank you for your amazing support through the writing process and year. You are the most supportive, intelligent, warmest and kindest individual. I’m convinced the only reason I stayed sane is because of you, my lobster. To the most amazing roommate and friend, Julie Jackson, the following link can only truly capture what an amazing year we had: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9OX8JtJffWo. Thank you to Leora Boussand-Nadler Andrea Salas, Tyler DeJesus and Isobel McShane for your constant and unwavering faith. Thank you all for everything. iii Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... iii List of Abbreviations and Political Definitions ........................................................................................... vi Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 The Government of Lebanon .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Political Sociology vs Political Science .............................................................................................. 4 1.3 The Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................................................. 5 Chapter 2 Literature Review ......................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Theoretical Frameworks ..................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Political Framework ..................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Economic Framework ................................................................................................................ 11 2.1.3 Legal Framework ....................................................................................................................... 14 2.1.4 Socio-Cultural Framework ......................................................................................................... 18 2.2 The Globalization of Corruption ....................................................................................................... 21 2.3 Corruption in the Middle East and North Africa .............................................................................. 23 2.3.1 Political Issues of Corruption in the MENA Region ................................................................. 25 2.3.2 Economic Issues of Corruption in the MENA Region ............................................................... 27 2.3.3 At the Crossroads of Politics and Economics ............................................................................ 29 2.3.4 Corruption and Law ................................................................................................................... 30 2.3.5 Citizen Perception of Corruption ............................................................................................... 31 2.4 Corruption in Lebanon ...................................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 3 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 43 3.1.1 Sample and Sampling Technique ............................................................................................... 44 3.1.2 Qualitative Interviewing ............................................................................................................ 45 3.1.3 Before the Interview................................................................................................................... 46 3.1.4 During the Interview .................................................................................................................. 46 3.1.5 After the Interview ..................................................................................................................... 47 3.1.6 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 47 3.1.7 Changes Between the Grids ....................................................................................................... 48 3.1.8 Strengths and Weaknesses ......................................................................................................... 49 Chapter 4 Political Corruption and the Undermining of Government ........................................................ 51 Chapter 5 Corruption and the Legal System ............................................................................................... 66 iv Chapter 6 Discussion and Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 79 6.1 Connecting the Political, Legal and Social: A Discussion of the Results ........................................
Recommended publications
  • Increasing Enterprise Growth and Jobs in Lebanon

    Increasing Enterprise Growth and Jobs in Lebanon

    INCREASING ENTERPRISE GROWTH AND JOBS IN LEBANON OPTIONS TO INCREASE SME GROWTH AND JOBS ASIA & MIDDLE EAST ECONOMIC GROWTH BEST PRACTICES PROGRAM Students at a Lebanese vocational school learn how to create garment patterns through a specialized training program in Beirut. 1 MAY 2015 Students at a Lebanese vocational school learn how to create garment patterns through a Thisspecialized publication training was producedprogram in for Beiru reviewt. by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Douglas Muir, Janet Gohlke-Rouhayem, and Craig Saltzer of Chemonics International, Hayley Alexander of Banyan Global, and Henri Stetter of the Pragma Corporation for the Asia & Middle East Economic Growth Best Practices Program contract no. AID-OAA-M-12-00008. INCREASING ENTERPRISE GROWTH AND JOBS IN LEBANON OPTIONS TO INCREASE SME GROWTH AND JOBS ASIA & MIDDLE EAST ECONOMIC GROWTH BEST PRACTICES PROGRAM Contract No. AID-OAA-M-12-00008 Contracting Officer Representative, William Baldridge [email protected] (202) 712-4089 The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ 1 SECTION I: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 6 A. Purpose of Assessment..............................................................................................
  • Rim Albitar ID# 201805108 Instructor: Professor Imad Salamey Lebanese American University Department of Social Sciences Political Science Senior Study

    Rim Albitar ID# 201805108 Instructor: Professor Imad Salamey Lebanese American University Department of Social Sciences Political Science Senior Study

    LEBANON AND THE SPRING 2021 INTERNNATIONAL MONETARY FUND BAILOUT Rim Albitar ID# 201805108 Instructor: Professor Imad Salamey Lebanese American University Department of Social Sciences Political Science Senior Study Lebanon and the International Monetary Fund bailout 1 Table of Contents ABSTRACT: ............................................................................................................................................................ 2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE ECONOMIC MELTDOWN: ...................................................... 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE: ................................................................................................................................... 3 METHODOLOGY: ................................................................................................................................................ 5 FINDINGS: .............................................................................................................................................................. 5 IMF CONDITIONS WITH LEBANON: .............................................................................................................................. 5 THE FUTURE MOVEMENT RESPONSE: ............................................................................................................................ 7 HEZBOLLAH RESPONSE: ................................................................................................................................................... 8 THE FREE PATRIOTIC MOVEMENT
  • State Fragility in Lebanon: Proximate Causes and Sources of Resilience

    State Fragility in Lebanon: Proximate Causes and Sources of Resilience

    APRIL 2018 State fragility in Lebanon: Proximate causes and sources of resilience Bilal Malaeb This report is part of an initiative by the International Growth Centre’s Commission on State Fragility, Growth and Development. While every effort has been made to ensure this is an evidence-based report, limited data availability necessitated the use of media reports and other sources. The opinions in this report do not necessarily represent those of the IGC, the Commission, or the institutions to which I belong. Any errors remain my own. Bilal Malaeb University of Oxford and University of Southampton [email protected] About the commission The LSE-Oxford Commission on State Fragility, Growth and Development was launched in March 2017 to guide policy to address state fragility. The commission, established under the auspices of the International Growth Centre, is sponsored by LSE and University of Oxford’s Blavatnik School of Government. It is funded from the LSE KEI Fund and the British Academy’s Sustainable Development Programme through the Global Challenges Research Fund. Cover photo: Fogline Studio/Getty 2 State fragility in Lebanon: Proximate causes and sources of resilience Contents Introduction 4 State (il)legitimacy 9 Ineffective state with limited capacity 15 The private sector: A source of resilience 22 Security 26 Resilience 29 Conclusion and policy recommendations 30 References 36 3 State fragility in Lebanon: Proximate causes and sources of resilience Introduction Lebanon is an Arab-Mediterranean country that has endured a turbulent past and continues to suffer its consequences. The country enjoys a strong private sector and resilient communities.
  • Generation What? Arabic Countries LEBANON National Report

    Generation What? Arabic Countries LEBANON National Report

    ENI 2016/381-187 Generation What? Arabic Countries LEBANON National Report “Out with the old, in with the new”? A portrait of a torn generation in the making. By: Marie-Noëlle AbiYaghi, Léa Yammine (Lebanon Support) March, 2019 1 2 Scientific coordination: Anne Muxel ​ and Céline Mardon ​ ​ ​ ​ 1 sociologist at CEVIPOF (CNRS/SciencesPo) 2 statistician and ergonomist at CNAM The content of this study does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Responsibility for the information and views expressed in the study lies entirely with the author(s). Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Project implemented by AISBL EBU-UER in partnership with ASBU, COPEAM, Upian and Yami 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. A CONSTANTLY ADAPTING GENERATION: ITERATIONS BETWEEN CONFORMING OR INDIVIDUAL EXITS. 7 3. DISCONNECT BETWEEN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM AND THE JOB MARKET 12 4. A DISCERNING DIAGNOSIS ON CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY IN LEBANON 15 5. CONSERVATISM 2.0: THE YOUTH PERPETUATING CONSERVATIVE CUSTOMS. 17 6. RELIGION BETWEEN THE PRIVATE AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE 21 7. MIXED IDENTITIES: CONCEPTUALISING ONE’S SELF, COUNTRY, THE ARAB WORLD, AND THE WORLD. 24 8. IN SEARCH OF (ALTERNATIVE) WAYS TO POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? 27 9. CONCLUSION 33 2 1. Introduction Lebanon was one of the first countries in the region to complete its demographic transition, with continuously decreasing fertility rates (approximately 1.5%) and a 1 predominantly young country , with youth constituting 27% of the population in 2 2012 . In spite of this, the Ministry of Youth and Sports was only established in the year 2000, as youth issues were previously nested under the auspices of the Ministry of Education.
  • The Impact of the Syrian Refugee Crisis on the Civil Society Sector in Lebanon Laura El Chmali ±

    The Impact of the Syrian Refugee Crisis on the Civil Society Sector in Lebanon Laura El Chmali ±

    July-December 2017 Volume: 7, No: 2, pp. 361 – 394 ISSN: 2046-4436 e-ISSN: 2046-4444 tplondon.com/bordercrossing Article history: 4 September 2017 Accepted 15 December 2017 The Impact of the Syrian Refugee Crisis on the Civil Society Sector in Lebanon Laura El Chmali ± Abstract This article is driven by an interest to explore the role of local Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and community-based organizations (CBOs) that deal with Syrian refugees in Lebanon seeing the void left by the Lebanese weak state to cope with this situation. How the Syrian conflict has affected the civil society landscape in Lebanon and how the inflow of international aid has affected the work of this local CSOs, as well as, their relationship with Lebanese state authorities on the national and local levels are examined. To this extent, the ways in which the management of Syrian refugees by local CSOs and CBOs has been affected by external factors, including the Lebanese government policies and the role of international organizations (EU, UN) in managing the crisis in Lebanon are examined. Since the beginning of the Syrian conflict and the influx of millions of refugees into Lebanon, the civil society sector in Lebanon has undergone significant transformations. To cope with the overwhelming number of Syrians living in Lebanon, Lebanese civil society has expanded with the creation of new CSOs as well as the introduction of additional programs and projects in existing CSOs to assist refugees. These civil society organizations fill a void created by the Lebanese government in its unwillingness or inability to assist with the refugee response in the areas of healthcare, education and vocational training.
  • The Political Salience of Corruption: the Politics of Corruption During the Arab Spring

    The Political Salience of Corruption: the Politics of Corruption During the Arab Spring

    The Political Salience of Corruption: The Politics of Corruption During the Arab Spring Eric Freeman Department of Political Science McGill University October 2015 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science Copyright © Eric Freeman 2015 I Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgements Figures and Tables Chapter 1: Introduction The Puzzle of Corruption’s Destabilizing Effect Literature Review Corruption and Authoritarian Stability in the MENA Literature Framing Effects Literature Post-Arab Spring Corruption Literature The Argument The Dependent Variable Independent Variable Intervening Variables Methodology Chapters to Follow Chapter 2: Tunisia Introduction The Politics of Corruption in Tunisia Type of Corruption Elite-Level Cronyism, Intermediate-Level Patronage, and Low-Level Bribery Cronyism and the Framing of Corruption The Limitations of Intermediate-Level Patronage in Tunisia Making Matter Worse: Intervening Variables that Frame Corruption Macroeconomic Conditions Conspicuous Consumption Regime Type The Political Salience of Grievances about Corruption in Tunisia Chapter 3: Morocco Introduction The Politics of Corruption in Morocco Type of Corruption: Elite-Level Cronyism Intermediate-Level Patronage and the Dense Web of Patron-Client Relations in Morocco The Efficacy of Intermediate-Level Patronage in Morocco Intervening Variables: A mixed bag of effects Macroeconomic Conditions Conspicuous
  • The National Anti-Corruption Strategy 2020 - 2025

    The National Anti-Corruption Strategy 2020 - 2025

    Republic of Lebanon The National Anti-Corruption Strategy 2020 - 2025 Republic of Lebanon The National Anti-Corruption Strategy 2020 - 2025 The National Anti-Corruption Strategy (2020 - 2025) Republic of Lebanon . 1 Table of Content Executive summary ........................................................................................................................ 91 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 91 General context .......................................................................................................................... 91 The Process of Development since 2009 ....................................................................... 91 Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 91 Part I: Status of corruption and anti-corruption in Lebanon ..................................... 91 The concept of corruption ...................................................................................................... 91 General Overview ....................................................................................................................... 91 Influencing Factors ................................................................................................................... 91 Political Factors .......................................................................................................................
  • Could Privatization Policies Improve the Electricity Generation Capacity in Lebanon?

    Could Privatization Policies Improve the Electricity Generation Capacity in Lebanon?

    Could privatization policies improve the electricity generation capacity in Lebanon? Jakob Teichmann S1855301 4th July, 2018 European Public Administration University of Twente, Enschede First supervisor: Dr. Veronica Junjan Second supervisor: Dr. Irna van der Molen Abstract The aim of this thesis is to answer the question whether New Public Management-inspired pol- icies like privatization could help with the problems the Lebanese electricity sector is currently facing. In order to answer this question, first the theoretical background of NPM is explained. In 2002, a law was passed in Lebanon that allowed to privatize the electricity sector. However, this law was never implemented. This raises the question which context and content variables might influence such an implementation trajectory and what makes the Lebanese context un- suitable for such reforms. According to this research, a wide range of obstructing factors stopped the implementation of the law. These include inter alia the lack of political will to implement, the content of the law, a lack in the administrative capacity, and generally the external and internal security in Leba- non. Overall, this means that NPM-reforms could potentially work in fragile circumstances like Lebanon but the specific conditions in Lebanon are currently not suited for such reforms. Table of content 1. Introduction p. 5 1.1. Research problem p. 5 1.2. Relevance p. 6 1.3. Context p. 7 1.4. Research Question p. 9 1.5. Outline of the thesis p. 10 2. Theory p. 11 2.1. Electricity sector p. 11 2.1.1. Electricity generation p. 11 2.1.2.
  • Rule of Law Quick Scan Lebanon

    Rule of Law Quick Scan Lebanon

    Rule of Law Quick Scan Lebanon The Rule of Law in Lebanon: Prospects and Challenges Rule of Law Quick Scan Lebanon Prospects and Challenges HiiL Rule of Law Quick Scan Series This document is part of HiiL’s Rule of Law Quick Scan Series. Each Quick Scan provides a brief overview of the status of rule of law in a country. April 2012 The writing of the Quick Scan was finalised in January 2012 HiiL Quick Scans | The Rule of Law in Lebanon 2 Foreword This document is part of HiiL’s Rule of Law Quick Scan Series. Each Quick Scan provides a brief overview of the status of rule of law in a country. The Quick Scan Series is primarily meant for busy practitioners and academics who want to have a snapshot of the rule of law in a country, particularly with a view to understanding what the main trends and challenges regarding the rule of law are and where local and international stakeholders can possibly make a positive difference. Each Quick Scan is written by a reputable rule of law expert from academia and/ or practice, who is either from the concerned country or has spent many years living and working there. The Quick Scan Series aims to be neutral and balanced. To achieve this aim, the authors have consulted sources from a wide range of stakeholders, including the government, (inter)national NGOs, academia, and international organizations. They present differences of opinion or analysis, but do not pronounce judgment on which view is correct. In the context of their work on the Quick Scan they have visited the country and talked to different stakeholders, presented drafts and revised in view of the comments they received.
  • Phd Thesis, That Is, the Theoretical Model, Estimation Results and Policy Implications

    Phd Thesis, That Is, the Theoretical Model, Estimation Results and Policy Implications

    The Impact of Corruption on Economic Growth in Lebanon Moe Farida* Agricultural and Resource Economics Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources The University of Sydney NSW 2000 Phone: 61 2 93514684 Fax: 61 2 93514953 Email: [email protected] Abstract This paper seeks to examine the direct and indirect effects of corruption on economic growth in Lebanon. We hypothesise that corruption reduces a country’s standard of living as measured by the real GDP per worker. We argue that corruption deters economic growth, reduces the productivity of capital and decreases the effect of government expenditure on growth. Using a neoclassical model, we find empirical support indicating that corruption increases inefficiencies and reduces economic growth. Results also suggest that corruption does not alter the effect of foreign aid on output. They imply that the marginal benefit to output of reducing corruption outweighs virtually any other policy action. That is, unless corruption is reduced in Lebanon, efforts to improve private and public investment will have a minimal impact on per capita GDP. Keywords: corruption, economic growth, investment, government expenditure, and foreign aid. * I am indebted to A/Prof Fredoun Ahmad-Esfahani for his supervision and constructive insights Preface Title of Thesis: The Impact of Corruption on Economic Growth in Lebanon Supervisor: A/Prof Fredoun Ahmadi-Esfahani Corruption is a major barrier to sound development, affecting a wide range of economies across the world. Measuring and explaining corruption is no easy task. The increased interest in such a phenomenon has produced a multitude of policy prescriptions, reform initiatives and international fora.
  • Russia and the Moslem World 2019 – 2 (304)

    Russia and the Moslem World 2019 – 2 (304)

    2019.02.001 1 RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES RUSSIA AND THE MOSLEM WORLD 2019 – 2 (304) SCIENCE-INFORMATION BULLETIN Moscow 2019 2 ББК 66.3; 66.4; 86.38 УДК 297 Centre for Global and Regional Studies Ilya Zaytsev – Director of Publications Velihan Mirzehanov – Scientific Consultant Elena Dmitrieva – Editor-in-Chief Editorial Board: Belinsky Andrey, Vasiliy Belozerov, Olga Bibikova (First Deputy Editor-in-Chief), Igor Dobayev, Alexander Gordon, Shamil Kashaf, Alexei Malashenko, Dina Malysheva, Aziz Niyazi (Deputy Editor-in-Chief), Valentina Schensnovich (Executive Secretary), Natalia Ginesina (Managing editor, Translator) Russia and the Moslem World: Science УДК 297 Information Bulletin / INION RAS, Centre for Global and Regional Studies. – Moscow, 2019. – N 2 (304). – 125 p. ISSN 1072-6403 The published scientific materials on the current political, social and religious issues concerning the relations between Russia and the global Islamic Ummah as well as Muslim countries are represented in the form of articles, reviews and abstracts. ББК 66.3; 66.4; 86.38 DOI: 10.31249/rmw/2019.02.00 ISSN 1072-6403 ©ИНИОН РАН, 2019 2019.02.001 3 CONTENTS MODERN RUSSIA: IDEOLOGY, POLITICS, CULTURE AND RELIGION 019.02.001. Anatoliy Rudakov, Sergei Ustinkin. About Perspectives of Policy for Forming and Strengthening Russian Identity............................................. 6 019.02.002. Igor Kuznetsov. Value Foundations of Interreligious Consent of Orthodox Christians and Muslims of Russia ................................................................... 8 2019.02.003. Natalya Skorokhodova. Russia as Object of Information War of the West ................................................... 11 PLACE AND ROLE OF ISLAM IN REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, THE CAUCASSUS AND CENTRAL ASIA 2019.02.004.
  • Lebanon Since 2000

    Lebanon Since 2000

    The Arab NGO Network for Development (ANND) is a regional network, working in 12 Arab countries with nine national networks and 23 NGO members. The Network’s work focuses on Social and Economic Rights in the Arab Region. ANND was established in 1997 and its headquarters is located in Beirut, Lebanon since 2000. The AUB Policy Institute (Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs) is an independent, research-based, policy-oriented institute. Inaugurated in 2006, the Institute aims to harness, develop, and initiate policy- relevant research in the Arab region. The Institute is committed to expanding and deepening policy-relevant knowledge production in and about the Arab region; and to creating a space for the interdisciplinary exchange of ideas among researchers, civil society and policy-makers. This report is an addendum to the first report published in 2017 by ANND and the Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs monitoring obstacles and challenges to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in Lebanon. While the 2017 report defines all structural challenges in relation to sustainable development goals 1 (End Poverty), 2 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and 10 (Reducing inequalities), this report provides further information on the initiatives taken at national level in 2017 and early 2018 with regard to the Agenda 2030 and the SDGs. 2018 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 4 KEY CHALLENGES IDENTIFIED BY THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR SDGS AND STEPS OF IMPLEMENTATION 5