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Institut Für Soziologie Arbeits-, Industrie- & Wirtschaftssoziologie Institut für Soziologie Arbeits-, Industrie- & Wirtschaftssoziologie 2012 (J G. 6) WORKING PAPERS : NR. 12 E CONOMIC SOCIOLOGY JENA Steffen Liebig Die Riots in England im August 2011 Ein Literaturbericht ISSN 1864-7588 Jena, November 2012 Steffen Liebig Die Riots in England im August 2011 Ein Literaturbericht Kontakt [email protected] Abstract Die Riots in England im August 2011 kamen für viele Beobachter_innen überraschend. Gleichzeitig gelten sie als die stärksten, die die Generation der heute 20-30 Jährigen bisher erlebt hat. Insgesamt fünf Tage und Nachte lang kam es zu heftigen Auseinandersetzungen mit der Polizei und zu großflächigen Plünderungen in mehreren englischen Großstädten. Der vorliegende Bericht führt in die – im weitesten Sinne – wissenschaftliche englischsprachige Literatur und die amtliche Statistik zum Thema ein. Als Literaturbericht stellt er die wichtigs- ten Publikationen, Haupt-, Fall- und Nebenberichte sowie Fachartikel, detailliert dar, bietet einen Überblick über den Stand der Analyse und Diskussion und weist auf Leerstellen in der Forschung hin. Abschließend wird resümiert, dass – neben anderen gewichtigen Faktoren – soziale Missstände und multiple Deprivation als zentral für eine sozialwissenschaftliche Er- klärung der Riots anzusehen sind. Die Riots zeugen zudem von einer hochgradig fragmentier- ten Gesellschaft, in der etablierte Formen der Konfliktbearbeitung nicht-normierten Konflik- ten weichen. Inhalt 1 Einleitung .................................................................................................................... 1 2 Sehr kurzer Überblick der jüngeren Geschichte der Riots in England ................ 2 2.1 Die Riots von 1980-2005 ....................................................................................... 2 2.2 Die 2011er Riots..................................................................................................... 4 3 Die Literaturlage zu den 2011er Riots...................................................................... 6 3.1 Hauptberichte ......................................................................................................... 7 3.1.1 The Guardian/LSE......................................................................................... 8 3.1.2 NatCen ......................................................................................................... 13 3.1.3 Riot Panel .................................................................................................... 19 3.1.4 Home Office ................................................................................................ 23 3.1.5 Trade Union Congress ................................................................................. 28 3.1.6 ICM Poll ...................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Fallberichte aus London ....................................................................................... 31 3.2.1 Tottenham .................................................................................................... 31 3.2.2 Croydon ....................................................................................................... 33 3.2.3 Ealing .......................................................................................................... 34 3.2.4 Hackney ....................................................................................................... 35 3.2.5 Camberwell und Peckham ........................................................................... 35 3.2.6 Wandsworth ................................................................................................ 36 3.3 Nebenberichte....................................................................................................... 37 3.4 Fachaufsätze ......................................................................................................... 38 3.4.1 Safer Communities ...................................................................................... 38 3.4.2 Sociological Research Online ..................................................................... 44 3.4.3 Weitere Aufsätze ......................................................................................... 50 4 Kontroversen und Diskussion ................................................................................. 55 4.1 Kontroversen ........................................................................................................ 55 4.2 Die Riots als nicht-normierter (Klassen-)Konflikt? ............................................. 57 5 Zusammenfassung und offene Forschungsfragen ................................................. 61 Literatur ............................................................................................................................ 66 ii Tabellen- und Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabelle 1: Kurzübersicht The Guardian/LSE……………………………………….…………8 Tabelle 2: Kurzübersicht NatCen…………………………………………………….…….…13 Tabelle 3: Kurzübersicht Riot Panel…………………………………..…………….………..19 Tabelle 4: Kurzübersicht Home Office………………………………………………….……23 Tabelle 5: Kurzübersicht Trade Union Congress…………………………………..…………28 Tabelle 6: Kurzübersicht ICM Poll………….……………………………………………..…29 Abbildung 1: Rioter Grundtypen…………………………………………………………..…16 Abbildung 2: Hemmende und fördernde Faktoren………………………………………...…17 Abbildung 3: Rioter und Deprivation ……………………………………………………..…21 Abbildung 4: Zeitverlauf der Straftaten ……………………………………………….…..…25 Abbildung 5: Regionale Unterschiede Straftaten ……………………………………...…..…25 Abbildung 6: Rioter und Deprivation Greater Manchester ………………….…………….…52 iii 1 Einleitung Die Riots im August 2011 in England kamen für viele Beobachter_innen überraschend. Riots sind jedoch kein neues Phänomen in England. Seit den 1980er Jahren kam es vor allem in Großstädten immer wieder zu vergleichbaren Szenarien. Dennoch müssen die neuesten Unruhen als die stärksten gelten, die die Generation der heute 20-30 Jährigen bisher erlebt hat. Insgesamt fünf Tage und Nächte lang kam es zu heftigen Auseinanderset- zungen mit der Polizei, zu großflächigen Plünderungen und einer Reihe von weiteren An- griffen. Obwohl der Schwerpunkt der Riots in London lag, waren besonders in der dritten und vierten Nacht auch andere große Städte Englands betroffen. Diese Arbeit fokussiert auf die – im weitesten Sinne – wissenschaftliche und englischspra- chige Literatur und die amtliche Statistik. Als Literaturbericht stellt sie die wichtigsten Publikationen detailliert dar und bietet einen Überblick über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Analyse und Diskussion. 1 Die Arbeit gliedert sich wie folgt: Bevor die eigentliche Literaturschau beginnt, erfolgt in Kapitel 2 zunächst ein kursorischer Überblick der größeren englischen Riots von 1980-2011: Kapitel 2.1 gibt die wichtigsten Riots von 1980-2005 und ihre Charakteristika sehr knapp wieder; in Kapitel 2.2 folgt eine grobe Übersicht über die 2011er Riots. In Kapitel 3 erfolgt schließlich eine ausführliche Darstellung relevanter Literatur über die 2011er Riots. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf empirischen Arbeiten, wissenschaftlicher Literatur und amtlicher Statistik. In Kapitel 3.1 werden die hier so genannten Hauptberich- te ausführlich vorgestellt und diskutiert. Sie sind die wichtigsten und umfassendsten empi- rischen Arbeiten über die Riots und stellen meist Mischformen aus Wissenschaft, Journa- lismus und politischer Auftragsarbeit dar. In 3.2 folgt die Darstellung von Fallberichten, die ein genaueres Bild von einigen lokalen Riotgebieten in London geben können. In Kapi- tel 3.3 werden sehr knapp sogenannte Nebenberichte, die sich zwar mit den Riots befassen, aber aus soziologischer Perspektive weniger relevant sind, zusammengefasst. Abschlie- ßend werden in Kapitel 3.4 die wichtigsten bisher veröffentlichten sozialwissenschaftli- chen Fachaufsätze ausführlich vorgestellt und diskutiert. In Kapitel 4 geht es um eine sehr knappe inhaltliche Diskussion. Zunächst werden in Kapi- tel 4.1 ausgewählte Kontroversen in der Literatur und Politik kurz diskutiert; anschließend wird in Kapitel 4.2 der Frage nachgegangen inwieweit die Riots als nicht-nomierter (Klas- 1 Der Stand der Arbeit ist der Sommer 2012. Neuere Literatur wurde nicht mehr ausführlich berücksich- tigt; es finden sich jedoch Hinweise darauf in den Fußnoten. 1 sen-)Konflikt charakterisiert werden können. Bereits an dieser Stelle soll auf die Unabge- schlossenheit dieser erkundenden Gedanken hingewiesen werden. Abschließend weist Ka- pitel 5 auf offene Forschungsfragen und -felder hin und fasst die vorläufigen Ergebnisse kurz zusammen. 2 Sehr kurzer Überblick der jüngeren Geschichte der Riots in England Anders als in Deutschland hat England eine regelrechte Geschichte von Riots. In diesem Kapitel soll zunächst ein sehr kurzer Überblick über die Riots in der Zeitperiode 1980- 2005 gegeben werden. Anschließend werden – soweit bekannt – der allgemeine Ablauf und einige Grunddaten der 2011er Riots vorgestellt. 2.1 Die Riots von 1980-2005 Ab 1980 kam es in England immer wieder zu Ausschreitungen, Aufständen, Protesten und/oder Unruhen, auf die üblicher Weise mit dem Begriff „Riots“ rekuriert wird (die fol- gende Übersicht basiert auf Hussain/Bagguley 2009; Jobard/King/Wadddington 2009; The Independent 2010; Waddington/King 2009; Waddington/King/Jobard 2009). Die wichtigs- ten werden in diesem Kapitel kurz beschrieben und charakterisiert. 1980 kam es in St. Paul’s, einem relativ armen Stadtteil von Bristol mit einem hohen An- teil an Bevölkerung
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