History Herb Medicine

HISTORY OF HERBAL MEDICINE PRESENT DAY EUROPE & NORTH AMERICA LESSON 5

Lesson 5 Present Day Europe and North America

BRITAIN After the WWII, herbal use, practice and study had a fairly good public following in most of Europe and Britain. There was a time of infighting and conflicts over philosophy, but for the most part herbal medicines could be obtained, and practitioners could be found for those who sought them. The British herbalists started a British Herbal Union Register of Consultant Herbalists in 1960. Members had to take a basic course in Herbology, some clinical training and pass a qualifying exam. The membership slowly tightened its qualifications until a four-year course - much by correspondence, was the basic entrance. The years between 1946 and the early 1970s were increasingly bleak in Britain for herbalists, but at least they did not have any problems from government or the medical associations.

WONDER DRUGS The era of wonder drugs from the pharmaceutical industry was upon the Western world and little attention was paid to herbalists in Britain. The pharmaceutical companies were busy spinning out the new synthetic chemical drugs. One German company seemed to strike gold, producing a perfect sedative to calm down people in their now-busy lifestyles. This sedative had no side effects and was often given to women. Being safe during pregnancy, it was considered beneficial for keeping a woman calm Fig 5.1 Synthetic while carrying the baby. The drug was called thalidomide. Wonder Drugs

Thalidomide was vigorously marketed throughout Europe, Britain and North America as the perfect safe sedative. In the early to mid-60’s, the alarming news arrived of its side effects -- gross physical deformities (most common was the absence of, or vestigially-developed, limbs). It was withdrawn from sale in Britain and most other country in 1964. This made it very plain that testing and restrictions of drugs was needed. The British Ministry of Health started drafting a new Medicine Bill in 1964.

RESTRICTION OF OTC This new bill was meant to restrict the sale of any over-the-counter (OTC) drug. Up to this point in time, herbal products had seen no restriction in their sale except for poisonous drugs. This initiative sent a wave of fear through the herbal community in Britain. It was particularly upsetting for Frank Potter, a director of Potter’s (the biggest botanical distributor in Britain). Upon reading the proposed bill, he felt their successful business might come to a dramatic halt. The Ministry was to set up a board of pharmacists to evaluate all drugs on the grounds of safety and efficacy. This seemed like making a goat the gardener, as the herbalists felt they would be wiped out by the pharmacists not supporting or, agreeing to, the herbalists’ “old, outdated system”.

SAFE AGAIN In the face of these events, there was enough reason for UK herbalists to Fig. 5.2 British Herbal leave petty conflicts behind and join as one voice and go to the Pharmacopoeia government. The Ministry agreed that it would protect Herbalists as stated in 1548 by Statute of King Henry VIII. Though botanical products would also have to undergo proof of safety and efficacy, they could use the evidence of historical facts. They were further told that they could use botanicals found in a standard monograph reference book. This sounded good, but what standardized reference book could they use? They finally decided to produce their own and thus set up a committee for compiling the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. The pharmacopoeia came out in stages with 115 herbs in 1976, with a final version in 1981 updated and expanded in 1990 and 2002.

NOT AGAIN When the bill came out from the Ministry, it was not what the herbalists were hoping for. They were only to sell herbs in their shops. They could not make house calls. They could only prescribe herbs to people they saw in person - even if the person was extremely ill and bedridden. They could only use crude powdered herbs. No tinctures, tablets, capsules, creams, etc. Fig. 5.3 British Herbal The number of herbs they could use was dramatically curtailed. It didn’t Compendium 2002 look very good.

The British Herbal Medical Association's lobbying swung into action. The flood of mail to all MPs was so overwhelming that the government backed

down and in April of 1978 herbalists were able to celebrate and maintain their rights to practice freely.

WHAT ABOUT MANUFACTURING? The next blow to herbalists came from the manufacturing industry. The government decided that botanical medicines could only be sold in pharmacies, thus putting many health food stores and herbal dispensaries out of business. The rules were going to be the same for herbal manufacturing as for pharmaceutical manufacturing. Many companies and stores went out of business. Some amalgamated into larger companies and many spent $100,000 to $500,000 tooling up for the inspections. The public demanded more access to the products, so herbalists got them back in the health food stores and the industry moved up a notch in quality of manufacturing.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL HERBALISTS Since the late 1960’s and early 70’s the National Institute of Medical Herbalists (NIMH) has been the leading body of practitioners in the United Kingdom. It had a small training course run by Fred Fletcher-Hyde at his clinic in Leicester. It was a four-year course of weekend seminars, taught mostly by Fred and his sons Arthur and John. Most of the tutorial courses were done by mail. The dropout rate was huge, with 12 graduating from 80 starting. The NIMH had 100 members, but only 50 were really practicing.

Then a new breed of students interested in alternative medicine started to show up out of the universities in the 70’s. The likes of Simon Mills, Michael McIntrye, Andrew Chevallier and Kristin Jeffs, all became Fig 5.3 Simon Mills president of the NIMH in their day. Fred Fletcher-Hyde realized that a more rigorous program was needed before the government demanded it. So, a Dutchman named Hein Zeylstra opened the new school in Tunbridge Wells with 42 students under a new name, The School of Herbal Medicine. In the early 80’s, alternative medicine was moving forward in England with approximately 10 million people going to alternative practitioners on a regular basis. The Prince of Wales was the guest of honour at a 1983 dinner for NIMH and stated that it was high time to take account ‘long-neglected complementary methods of medicine’.

This got the British Medical Association (BMA) launching an investigation themselves. Of course, their investigation team were Fig 5.4 composed entirely of medical doctors and the report was very negative. It Fred Fletcher- highlighted among other things, the poor training that herbalists and others Hyde in the alternative movement had. This spawned a large number of institutes teaching bogus courses that had impressive looking certificates. You could get a degree in Herbal medicine for 1,500 pounds over two long

weekends. The director of this institute said there was no need to waste four years of your life ... we can get you a certificate very easily.

PRODUCTS IN BRITAIN On the product front, all herbal products had to pass the new pharmaceutical manufacturing rules by 1990. Preparing for this deadline killed more small companies, but the ones that survived were solid, well- run companies. The government set up newer stricter rules in 1985 for safety and efficacy of botanicals for licensing ‘natural’ medicine. The rules were set up, however, so that not one product would be able to pass regardless of the millions spent trying to meet the rules for each product. The public response again came to the rescue and the government backed down. The only new restriction was that licensing would be on a herb-by- herb basis, but only for self-limiting conditions such as rheumatic pain, coughs, colds and so on. There had to be a bibliographic reference proving traditional use. More serious problems like high blood pressure, cardiac problems, liver and kidney disorders had to be handled by professionals, not by OTC.

BATTLES OVER CHEMICAL DETAILS There were several small scuffles over the next few years. One related to the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) in comfrey that was finally overcome. The biggest problem was the lack of seats in the training school. It was only able to take 100 students per year. A new institute was needed. It was decided, for financial reasons, to join a university and on May 6th 1994 a new school in Middlesex was established as the first four-year, European University degree-giving program in Herbal Medicine. The future of herbal medicine was looking the best it had since the days of Skelton and Coffin. Then the other shoe dropped. In anticipation of a single market economy for the EC, Britain was asked to get their pharmaceutical market in line with the rest of Europe. This of course did not include Herbal practitioners. Phytotherapy was mostly the practice of medical doctors and Naturopaths in the rest of Europe. Herbalists would have to become MDs if they wanted to practice Fig 5.5 Comfrey in the UK.

LOBBYING WINS AGAIN The herbal lobby force moved into action again with notices everywhere and mail arriving by the truckloads for every MP. John Major said they had to put an end to it and on Nov 11th 1994 the government took a new position and again the herbal industry was protected in the UK. There is still the threat looming of what the rest of the EC will do in 10 – 15 years, as the UK has the only practicing herbal group. No doubt there will be further adventures as the UK departs the EU under Brexit.

FRENCH (A LESSON TO BE LEARNED)

MAURICE MESSEGUE (14 Dec 1921 – 16 June 2017) A sign hung on the door of a small office in Nice, France. Maurice Messegue, Medecine par les plantes on the door and some 40-people waiting inside to see this man. Messegue was short, stocky gentleman, with long hair and piercing black eyes. He used a stack of index cards and a pendulum, which he used to determine what was wrong with his patients. People came from miles around to see him. He was considered the great healer in 1948. Local doctors got jealous and sent in police to raid his office, confiscating his index cards and his stock of plant medicines. He was charged with practicing medicine. After tracking down some 228 patients, the prosecutor could not find one that would testify against him. Instead they heard many Fig 5.6: Maurice Messegue stories of miracle cures. The judge gave him a light fine and sent him on his way. He was never charged again, but his fame grew with the nationwide publicity. By the early ‘60s he had already become a legend, treating commoners and VIPs like Churchill, Mistinguette, Cocteau, Utrillo, Sacha Guitry and King George V. His books were sold by the 100,000s, with eleven full time secretaries employed to answer his phones and mail. Even though he became very wealthy, he always insisted he was a simple peasant, with no magic tricks. “My cures . . . are nothing if not natural”, he would say. “I succeed because I’ve remained a true peasant man in touch with nature.” He used simple herbs like thyme, couchgrass, hawthorne, dog rose, marshmallow, dandelion, plantain and others. He learned most of what knew from his father, a country healer himself.

DR. JEAN VALNET (26 July 1920 - 29 May 1995)

Dr Jean Valnet was born in a small village in Franche-Comte in the eastern part of France. He had decided he was going to be a doctor when he was six years old. His maternal grandmother was a midwife that used lots of aromatic herbs. Remembering those smells, he sought to work with volatile oils and Aromatherapy. He later wrote the book Practice of Aromatherapy that is a key reference book to this day. He not only worked with the scents, but with the antimicrobial aspects of the oils.

Fig 5.7 Dr. Jean Valnet Although French medicine had fallen under the spell of the new dazzling chemical medicine like the rest of the Western world; it still retained a solid attachment to phytotherapy and traditional folklore. The Pharmacopoeia was still rich in plant drugs, having 190 monographs in it in 1975. By contrast the Swiss had 180, the Russians 140, Britain featured 125, the Italians only 105 and the international Pharmacopoeia listed a mere 49.

In 1972 Valnet, Dr Jean-Claude Lapraz, Dr. Christian Duraffourd and Dr. Paul Belaiche gathered together to form a new association devoted to the study and promotion of phytotherapy. In 1976, they had their first

conference, which was lightly attended, but it attracted over 200 practitioners the next year. By 1978, Belaiche started the Institut National de Phytotherapie, offering a three-year program via weekend study. By 1980, 84% of the public preferred to use ‘gentle’ medicine, as herbs are conceived in France. This meant that herbal medicine moved into the realm of medical doctors, with new manufacturing companies mushrooming up. Healthcare being socialized in France, much of the industries’ products were paid for by the state, as a form of “medicare.”

THE NEW PRODUCT A new type a product was produced to replace the inconvenience of galenical tinctures and teas - the nebulisat. This was made by taking either an alcohol or aqueous extract of plants and spray-drying them at high speed to create a fine powder, then sealing them in a gelatin capsule. This had several advantages, including offering a more concentrated form of the medicine, a more convenient form to take the medicine and an extract that absorbed almost instantaneously into the system. Now phytotherapy had fast-acting medicine, which gave them a place right beside the synthetic pharmaceutical companies. The downside was the product’s expense.

These new three-phase capsules were very expensive to the consumer, but since the government was paying the bill, no one really questioned it.

MORE DOCTORS GET TRAINED With this new system in place, more and more doctors wanted to learn the ‘new’ system of using botanicals that the public were demanding. The problem was they didn’t want to spend almost all their weekends for three years to get the credentials to use these products. So, in 1981 Dr. Roger Moatti started a new, less demanding and considerably cheaper course. This new course was still for three years, but only involved seven Sundays a year and a one-day congress at the end, with exams. This new school, of course, turned out many more professionals that were using botanical remedies, much to the joy of the manufacturing sector. This got the manufacturers sponsoring large parts of the program, making it a very economical adventure for the professional.

Botanical medicine was in its heyday in France, with a good number of doctors working under the phytotherapy banner. Their own success was also their downfall. At this point in time, the use of OTC botanicals was severely limited to the public. The best way to get them was to go to a medical doctor. Besides, it was covered by the French health care system. A growing number of medical doctors, armed with prescription pads, were dosing the nation. The biggest problem, even though the doctors had certificates on their wall, they only had a very basic understanding of phytotherapy and the new remedies were much stronger than in earlier times.

THE MINISTRY HAS ENOUGH Dr. Valnet was horrified and wrote many articles on the irresponsible prescribing of botanicals, especially essential oils that were very strong medicine. The doctors were overprescribing and often harming their patients. Of more concern to the Ministry of Health was the cost. The drug budget had gotten completely out of control, so on Dec. 31st 1989 the new botanical prescriptions stopped being covered. A further blow was delivered when the Ministry told medical doctors that they could only prescribe from a new, much more limited, list of botanicals, which did not include the new high-potency botanicals.

THE SYSTEM COLLAPSES The new medical revolution was over. The waiting rooms that were crammed with patients wanting the new gentle botanicals were now empty, as the price of the medicines were too expensive for the average person. The pharmacies stopped carrying the products and the industry collapsed. The number of students in the botanical schools dropped off dramatically and was later closed in 1993. This phase of extreme commercialization and empire-building in the French phytotherapy world collapsed on itself. A small group of academics amongst Valnet’s original students joined together and, out of public view, began research on a new form of botanical medicine based on the ‘terrain’ of the individual. They said they would not return to the public eye until they had all of their research in order.

THE REST OF EUROPE DR. VOGEL Dr. Alfred Vogel is a famous Swiss natural healer, born in 1902, at Aesch, near Basle in Switzerland. He died in 1996. Like another famous Swiss healer, Paracelsus, he started learning the way of herbs form the countryside around him at a very young age. By eighteen he was running a health shop in Basle. He liked to observe from nature, and upon seeing a deer eating beard moss (Usnea barbata) on a skiing trip, he decided that the deer used it to protect themselves from the cold. He tested it and found it had great attributes. He travelled a lot and brought herbs back from all Fig 5.8 Dr. Alfred Vogel over the world. He was one of the first people to study Echinacea, introduced to him by Black Elk a Lakota Indian from south Dakota. This later became the product Echinaforce in the Bioforce line. The Bioforce line that he started now sells in 30 countries, with $130 million in sales yearly. The company grows most of their own plants on their farm at Roggwil.

THE MANUFACTURERS Across the border in a suburb of Berlin we find Lichtwer-Pharma, producers of Kwai garlic, St. John’s wort and a number of other single herb products. Their St. John’s wort, called Jarsin 300, is one of the most popular in Europe. Schwabe, another German company, started by Willmar Schwabe in the mid 50’s produced the first research and product around Ginkgo (EGb 761). There are over 5.4 million prescriptions written for Ginkgo a year in Germany alone. Another very important company is Madaus, which also makes standardized products. The prescribing authorities for herbal medicine in Germany are the medical doctors and naturopaths, not herbalists. More than 80% of the medical doctors prescribe phytomedicines in Germany. The average pharmacy in German is 1/3 Fig 5.6 Standardization of plant botanical, 1/3 homeopathic and 1/3 pharmaceutical. Most of the research constituents on botanical medicine in the western world comes out of Germany.

COMMISSION E Commission E was completed in Germany in 1994. It includes some 342 monographs, with production financed by the government. Commission E has no legal status now. It has been replaced by a large European monograph system called ESCOP. The use of botanical medicines is very big in Germany, but many feel that it is run by big business. This often means that monographs are really written about branded, standardized extracts, not the whole herb. Structuring monographs for products with standardized potency has hit the whole plant extract industry, like Bioforce, hard in recent years and has significantly influenced commerce in North America, as well.

Fig 5.7 ESCOP European THE GREEN PEOPLE Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy THE WAR ON QUACKS In North America, it was basically a battle between industry and government regulators until quite recently. The Canadian Health Protection Branch (HPB), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and American Medical Association (AMA) were out to get the herbal industry and herbal practitioners. There were very few people that kept the candle of herbal medicine alive from the end of the WWII to the early late 1960’s and early 1970’s. The last of the Eclectic Schools in North America closed in 1938. Even after the Flexner report swept the American landscape bare of competition, the AMA was concerned with ‘Cultist Menace’. They made it their number one job to educate the American public about ‘quackery’. In 1968 the president of the AMA claimed that they spent more money each year than the entire cost of health education, plus the cost of medical research, to protect the American public from quacks. The mode at the FDA was little different, cracking down on any possible case of ‘health quackery’, especially the health food store. They went to extraordinary

lengths in this “holy war,” with there being only one herbal pharmacy in USA, that being Nature’s Herbs company in downtown San Francisco. Run by Nathan Pothurst, it was raided on a regular basis. One of his famous customers was my mentor, Dr. John Christopher.

It was felt that herbals might take business away from the multi-billion- dollar prescription drug industry, so the stakes were high. The only other place you could get botanicals was in ethnic shops, especially Chinatown. These groups kept mostly to themselves, so it was not considered a threat. The first way North Americans got to use herbs after WWII was as part of the “general recognized as safe” (GRAS) list. This was list made up by the FDA in 1958 for additives in the food industry. It contained several botanicals. If the herb was on that list, it was felt to be safe with no problem for human consumption. So now herbs could only be sold as food additives.

Everywhere there were legal problems. A good example was sassafras root bark; which had a 200-year record of wide use in USA, with no side affects. In 1960, the FDA fed massive amounts of safrole, a constituent of the essential oil of sassafras to rats, and noted liver cancer. They promptly banned the sale of sassafras. As was pointed out by Dr. Norman Farnsworth, among others at the time, since safrole in not very soluble in water, it was not a problem. It was also pointed out that they should Fig 5.8 Back to Eden logically ban the sales of nutmeg, star anise, pepper and black tea as they by Jethro Kloss also contained safrole. The problem was there was no organization of trained herbalists, like in Britain, to raise a voice. The AMA and the FDA had their way. The pharmaceutical companies, in the cases of Rauvolfia (sometimes spelled Rauwolfia), and Digitalis tended to focus their research on botanicals with toxic drug derivatives. Other research on botanicals was conducted on the hormones extracted from Mexican yams as a cheap alternative to hormones from animals.

A few of the books and teachers for people that were interested in alternative remedies during the 70s were written by Benedict Lust, Jethro Kloss, Bernard Jensen, and John R Christopher. There were two schools: Dr. Nowell’s Dominion Herbal College via correspondence, out of Vancouver and Dr. Edward Shook’s Master Herbalist program from Emerson College of Herbology in Montreal. The materials for these books were simple books to read, with a final exam.

The most famous books of the era were Maud Grieve’s Modern Herbal, Jethro Kloss’s Back to Eden and Joseph E Meyer’s The Herbalist.

DR. JOHN R CHRISTOPHER (1909–6 Feb 1983)

Dr. Christopher was one of my major mentors. He wore a three-piece suit and golden chain attached to a Pocket watch, everywhere he went. I travelled with him doing many of his lectures during the mid 1980’s. He was the author of many books including the School of Natural Healing, which was extracted from a set of notes he used to create a correspondence course. He travelled extensively during the 70’s and 80’s, taught literally thousands of seminars, and influenced a whole generation of herbalists. He was the main connection from the old era of herbal medicine and the new direction it was taking. Many feel that he single-handedly kept herbal medicine alive during ‘the dark ages’ of botanical medicine in North America. Dr. Christopher was a Mormon man, living in and around Salt Lake City, Utah. His formulas were the inspiration behind Nature’s Way, Nature’s Herb and Sunshine Products.

He took his training from many people, notably Dr. Shook, and Dominion Herbal College. His philosophy came mostly out of the Thomsonian Fig. 5.9 Dr. John R. tradition. His favorite herbs were cayenne, lobelia and goldenseal. He was Christopher a great supporter of the mucusless diet and live foods, and a proponent of iridology.

DR. BERNARD JENSEN (25 Mar 1908–22 Feb 2001) Dr. Jensen was also one of my major mentors, teaching me iridology, nutrition and research in longevity. He had a Health Spa in the hills around Escondido Ca. called the Hidden Valley. He was a prolific author, writing over 25 books on health and nutrition. He travelled and studied with excellent doctors and nutritionists. He travelled to over 55 countries to observe many different life-styles and ways of eating. With each step, He gained knowledge and wisdom; which he joyfully shares with colleagues and students. For example, in Turkey where people were consuming sesame seeds and sesame butter, he found some of the strongest people in the world. In Switzerland, people stayed healthy by hiking in the Alps, Fig 5.10 Dr. Bernard breathing fresh air, and sunbathing. He went to Russia and found men and Jensen women as old as 165 years eating millet and rye. In Bulgaria, people stayed well by eating lots of yogurt, clabbered milk, and whey. He went to Japan where they were growing chlorella, a powerful whole food filled with vitamins and minerals necessary to health. These are just a few of the fascinating ways people maintain and improve their health.

MICHAEL TIERRA - THE WAY OF HERBS Dr. Michael Tierra L.AC. OMD, AHG is one of the forerunners of the North American Natural Health movement and was amongst one of the first groups of acupuncturists to be licensed in the USA. He began his herbal and natural healing studies in 1968 while living in a community in the Fig. 5.11 Michael Tierra Klamath National Forest in northern California. There he learned the wild

forest plants and healing ways of the Karok and Yurok Indians. Starting in 1970, Michael studied and apprenticed with Norma Myers and Dr. Christopher, and began his Chinese medicine and acupuncture studies with Efrem Korngold, Foon Lee Wong and Mariam Lee in San Francisco. Soon his studies channeled into practicing and teaching in San Francisco. Additionally, he began studying Ayurvedic medicine and yoga with Baba Hari Dass, which later precipitated his move to Santa Cruz, Ca. There, in 1976, Michael started the first wholistic health school in Santa Cruz, called the Garden of Sanjivani, where he was the Director and teacher in residence.

In 1989, he co-founded the American Herbalists Guild, an organization whose goal is to establish standards for the professional practice of clinical herbal medicine in the United States. Michael founded The East West College of Herbalism with David and Sarah Holland. The East West College of Herbalism is recognized as an accredited professional herbal college in the UK. Each year, in the spring, Michael and his wife, Lesley travel abroad to teach at the East West College.

NORMA MYERS (KWI-TSI-TSA-LAS) ‘THE WILD WOMAN OF THE NORTH’ AMERICAN INDIAN HEALER’ Norma Myers did many things, including teach high school on Alert Bay, North Vancouver Island in B.C. She was part First Nation and held the honored role of a medicine woman. She wild crafted herbs on the Island and travelled across Canada with a band of apprentices, ever changing. She was a mentor of many of today’s famous herbalists.

JEANNE ROSE - HERB AND THINGS SAN FRANCISCO HIPPY Jeanne Rose is the founder of New Age Creations, the first body-care company in the United States to use aromatherapy (since 1967). She is the Director of the Institute of Aromatic Studies, principal tutor of both the Herbal Studies Course and the Aromatherapy Studies Course by home-study. She brings over 40 years of experience and personal research in her practice of Aromatherapy. Jeanne Rose is the Executive Director of The Aromatic Plant Project (APP), past president of the American Herbalist Association; and President Emeritus of NAHA. She is active on the Education Fig. 5.11 Jeanne Rose Committee of several aromatherapy organizations to select national guidelines for Aromatherapy education.

JULIETTE DE BAÏRACLI LEVY FROM UK Juliette de Baïracli Levy wrote mostly on cures for animals, but she influenced a whole generation of herbalists. She offered detailed directions for treating all farm animals with natural methods, while stating her evidence that “mechanized” farming methods have led to the demise of domesticated animals’ overall health. She asserts that poor and inadequate natural habitat, unnatural feeding practices, and a reliance on medicine to fight individual symptoms of disease without addressing the whole animal have weakened farm animals’ innate disease-fighting ability. She pioneered herbal veterinary medicine. Her books, first published in 1952 and now classics in the field, have once again been thoroughly revised and updated, Fig 5.12 Juliette de with a considerable amount of new information added. A documentary Baïracli Levy about her, called Juliette of the Herbs, is available online.

ROSEMARY GLADSTAR Rosemary is a pioneer in the herbal movement and has been called the 'godmother of American Herbalism'. She began over 35 years ago developing herbal formulas in her herb shop, Rosemary's Garden in Sonoma County, California. She is the founder of the California School of Herbal Studies, the oldest running herb school in the United States, author of The Science and Art of Herbalism home study course, and is the organizer of the International Herb Symposium and The New England Women's Herbal Conference held annually in NE. She is the author of numerous herb books including the best seller Herbal Healing for Women, Fig 5.13 Rosemary Gladstar The Storey BASICS guide Herbal Healing Series, Herbal Remedies for Vibrant Health. Rosemary is also the co-founder of Traditional Medicinal Tea Company and did all the original formulations for the company. She has taught extensively throughout the United States and worldwide at venues as varied as backyard gardens, native villages, garden clubs to universities and hospitals. She has won numerous awards and certificates for her work with medicinal plants, but her greatest reward has been in watching the herbal renaissance soar from its birth and feeling in some small exciting way, a part of it.

Her greatest passion has been the work of United Plant Savers, a non- profit organization that Rosemary founded in 1994 and is currently president of. UPS is dedicated to the conservation and cultivation of at-risk North American medicinal plants and to preserving botanical sanctuaries across the U.S. to help preserve the land that these precious native species thrive on.

Rosemary lives and works from her home, Sage Mountain Herbal Retreat Center, a 500-acre botanical preserve in central Vermont.

MICHAEL MOORE Michael Moore taught Herbology since the early 1970s. He first started with a small herb shop in Berkeley Ca where he had a distinguished clientele that included Janice Joplin and the San Francisco Hell’s Angels. He is often considered the ‘godfather’ of modern herbal medicine in North America. He taught courses in Albuquerque, New Mexico through the Southwest School of Botanical Medicine. This program was basically a six-month travelling apprenticeship and now is a combination of home study and workshops from his graduates (after his death). He was the author of several books including Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West, Medicinal Plants of the Desert and Canyon West and Los Remedios. Michael Fig. 5.14 Michael Moore past away in February 20, 2009.

DAVID HOFFMAN A Welsh-born herbalist, educated in England and member of NIMH, he moved to California in the mid 1980s. He teaches at the California School of Herbal medicine. He is the author of numerous books and a popular lecturer around the world. David has been a phytotherapist for over 30 years. He is the author of 17 books, including the Holistic Herbal and Medical Herbalism. He is on the advisory board of the American Botanical Council, a founding member and past president of the American Herbalists Guild and is active in the environmental & peace movements.

Fig 5.15 David Hoffman AMANDA MCQUADE CRAWFORD Amanda McQuade Crawford, BA, DipPhyto, MNIMH, MNZAMH, RH (AHG), is a Medical Herbalist, Professor, Author and Television Personality. She hosts "What a Relief!", a television show on the Veria TV network which teaches viewers about natural herbal treatments for common, everyday ailments. McQuade Crawford has a degree in phytotherapy (herbal medicine) from Britain's College of Phytotherapy. She was elected a member of the National Institute of Medical Herbalists (MNIMH) in 1986, and is a founding member of the American Herbalists Guild. She is also noted for her exploration of traditional herbal remedies in remote areas of the world. On her own volition, she has traveled to and learned from licensed physicians and folk healers in places including South America, Europe, New Zealand, and Scotland's Findhorn Ecovillage, an experimental community in sustainable development. Under auspices of the World Health Organization, Crawford organized a two-month Fig 5.16 Amanda exploration of herbal medicine in the People's Republic of China. McQuade Crawford Previously in private practice in Beverly Hills and Ojai, Calif., McQuade Crawford integrated her knowledge and experience of herbs with stress management and an awareness of the role that spiritual well-being has on health. She grew and gathered most of her plant-based therapies from her organic gardens in Ojai.

McQuade Crawford also helped develop Solixir, a line of botanical beverages that contain standardized herbs and are sold at Whole Foods. She is a partner in the company. She currently works as a medical herbalist consultant, working with the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and the American Botanical Council to help set standards for quality as a review panelist, while improving production controls within the natural products industry. Dr. McQuade Crawford has also published a number of works such as “Herbal Remedies for Women” and “The Herbal Menopause Book”.

ED SMITH Often called ‘Herbal’ Ed, he is one of the driving forces behind high quality herbal tinctures. Owner and founder of Herb Pharm, he has traveled extensively. He has an organic farm in Southern Oregon where they raise much of the material for their tincture line. Ed has worked as a medical herbalist for over 30 years and is a founding member of the American Herbalists Guild. He designs and formulates Herb Pharm’s herbal extracts and compounds, and is an internationally-respected teacher and lecturer on medicinal herbs and herbal healthcare. He has traveled to over 60 countries in search of medicinal herbs and knowledge of their traditional and Fig 5.17 Ed Smith modern uses.

DAVID WINSTON David Winston is a herbalist, founder of Herbalist and Alchemist, internationally-known lecturer, author and ethnobotanist. David has almost 40 years of training in Cherokee, Chinese and Western herbal traditions. He has had a clinical practice for over 30 years and is a herbal consultant to physicians throughout the USA and Canada. President of Herbalist & Alchemist, Inc. an herbal manufacturing company, he is also founder/director of David Winston's Center for Herbal Studies, which features his highly respected Two-Year Clinical Herbalist Training Program. He teaches frequently at medical schools, symposia and herb Fig 5.18 David Winston conferences.

David is the co-author of Winston & Kuhn's Herbal Therapies and Supplements: A Scientific and Traditional Approach, 2nd ed., Wolters Kluwer, 2008, and Adaptogens: Herbs for Strength, Stamina, and Stress Relief, Healing Arts, 2007, he is the author of Saw Palmetto for Men & Women, Storey, 1999, Herbal Therapeutics, Specific Indications For Herbs and Herbal Formulas, HTRL, 2003, and a contributing author to American Herbalism, published in 1992 by Crossings Press. In addition, he is a founding/professional member of the American Herbalists Guild, and he has served four terms on the Board of Directors.

KATHI KEVILLE Kathi Keville has studied herbs since 1969. Her attraction to fragrant plants led to an involvement in aromatherapy. Her books include Herbs for Health and Healing; The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs; and Herbs: American Country Living. Keville is editor of the American Herb Association Quarterly, an honorary life member of the American Aromatherapy Association, a member of the National Institute of Holistic Aromatherapy, and a founding professional member of the American Herbalists Guild. She also is a masseuse and owns a mail-order herb business specializing in Fig. 5.13 Kathi Keville aromatherapy cosmetics. She travels throughout North America teaching seminars.

CHRISTOPHER HOBBS Christopher is known for his prolific writings on medicinal plants, mushrooms and liver herbs. A fourth-generation herbalist and botanist, Hobbs has been working with natural medicines for nearly 40 years. He is a Co-Founder and professional member of the American Herbalists Guild, and has served on the admissions review committee from its inception. He has formulated supplement lines, written about a wide variety of herbs, has taught at a variety of schools and lectured widely.

Hobbs grew up in a botanical and herbal family. His dad and great uncle were botany professors in California, and his grandmother and great- Fig. 5.14 Christopher grandmother were herbalists. In 1968, Hobbs studied diet and fasting Hobbs with Paul Bragg in Desert Hot Springs, California. He took up experimenting with herbs from Maud Grieve's Herbal and started leading “weed walks” in 1969. He worked in a natural foods coop in rural Oregon and taught classes in herbs and natural healing, while acquainting himself with the herbs of the Pacific coast. In 1980 he spent a year studying polarity therapy at the Alive Polarity Institute on Orcas Island and in a hot springs center in Calistoga, California. At this point he decided to devote his life to natural healing and herbs. He taught with Rosemary Gladstar from 1980 to 1990 in northern California at the California School of Herbal Studies as a regular guest teacher, before moving to Santa Cruz in 1984 where he spent most of the next two decades. In 1984, he completed two years of pre-med training at Cabrillo College, and opened a herb company, Native Herb Company with his partner, Beth Baugh. The company focused on producing single tinctures and formulas that incorporated lesser-known Pacific coast wild herbs. The company was sold to Rainbow Light Nutritional Systems in 1989. He studied acupuncture at 5 Branches Institute and in the clinic of Michael and Lesley Tierra and was licensed in the State of California. Hobbs ran his own clinical practice on Mission Street in front of Heartwood Spa from 1996 to 1999, when he moved to Williams, Oregon. He moved back to Santa Cruz in 2001, then to Davis in 2002 to complete an undergraduate degree in biological sciences. In November 2013, he completed a Ph.D. program at the University of California, Berkeley,

studying the chemistry, pharmacology, botany, phylogenetics, and ethnobotany of the medicinal genus Artemisia.

Hobbs has been collecting rare herbal books for over 30 years and collected over 8000 books relating to herbal medicine and the history of medicine. He compiled extensive collections in ethnobotany, early American materia medica and medical botany, botany, history of ancient medicine (including many 16th and 17th century herbals), European phytotherapy (including Hagers Handbuch) and nearly complete collections of the journals Planta Medica, Herba Hungarica, Herba Polonica, Fitoterapia, The Eclectic Medical Journal, the American Journal of Pharmacy (from the early 1800s), Phytotherapy Research and a number of others.

Hobbs has taught or lectured at universities and medical schools such as Yale Medical School, Stanford Medical School, Bastyr University and the National School of Naturopathic Medicine; the University of California, Santa Cruz and the University of California, Davis. He has been a regular presenter at such conferences as Breitenbush Herb Conference, Medicines from the Earth, the Green Nation's Gathering, American Herbalists Guild Annual Conference, and the International Herb Symposium. He has lectured internationally in Canada, South America, Great Britain and Europe. He now teaches ethnobotany at University of Berkley. MARK BLUMENTHAL Mark Blumenthal is the Executive Director of the American Botanical Council (ABC), a nonprofit research and education organization in Austin, Texas. He is also the editor and publisher of HerbalGram, the quarterly journal of the ABC and the Herb Research Foundation of Boulder, Colorado, an affiliated non-profit organization.

Mr. Blumenthal has an extensive background in the area of herbs and medicinal plants with over 20 years’ experience as either a seller or producer of herb products, and since 1988, as an educator and researcher in his role as director of ABC. Fig. 5.15 Mark Blumenthal He is the senior editor of a book of translations of the Therapeutic Monographs on Medicinal Plants for Human Use of the Commission E of the Special Expert Committee Federal Health Agency of Germany; which was published in 1995.

Mr. Blumenthal is a popular speaker on herbal issues and has made hundreds of presentations to schools, associations, and numerous consumer, pharmacy, nursing, medical, regulatory, agricultural and industry groups. He is a popular guest on radio and television talk shows and has appeared on over 200 in the past five years. He is also a major source of information for journalists, editors and freelance writers and is quoted extensively in articles in the trade and popular press.

ROB MCCALEB Rob McCaleb is founder and president of the Herb Research Foundation (HRF) in Boulder, CO, an internationally recognized research and education organization dedicated to providing facts on the health benefits of herbs. HRF has more than 250,000 scientific studies and references on file covering thousands of herbs used in foods, dietary supplements, medicines and cosmetics. Under Rob’s direction, HRF tracks the scientific study of these plants throughout the world, providing the latest research information to scientists, doctors, the media and public. Its goal is to support and encourage herb research and education, and to promote responsible and informed herb use.

Rob has more than 20 years’ experience in botanical research and business. He was Research Director for Celestial Seasonings (America’s largest herbal tea company) for 13 years and served on the Board of Directors of the American Herbal Products Association and Herb Trade Association. He was one of five scientists appointed by President Clinton to serve on the Fig 5.16 Rob McCaleb Commission on Dietary Supplement Labels. Rob has also served as an advisor to U.S. Congress, the Office of Technology Assessment, the Office of Dietary Supplements, the Office of Alternative Medicine and other federal and state agencies. He has educated hundreds of doctors and pharmacists through Harvard and Columbia Medical Schools’ programs and other Continuing Medical Education programs.

Rob lectures and writes widely on medicinal plants. He serves on the editorial boards of a number of popular and scientific publications, including HerbalGram, Herbs for Health, Natural Health, and Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, and is co-author of The Encyclopedia of Popular Herbs (Prima Publishing, 2000). Educated in Cellular Biology and Botany at the University of Texas and University of Colorado, he is currently a PhD candidate in ethnobotany at Union Institute. His international work has involved development of herbs as cash crops and medicinal resources throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe since 1980, including projects for U.S. Agency for International Development and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

MINDY GREEN Mindy Green has 35 years experience in the natural products and health care industries, Ms. Green has served as Program Specialist for the Integrative Resource Center at the University of Colorado Hospital, Anschutz Cancer Center, where she developed and implemented specialized educational programs and resources on complementary therapies for patients and staff. From 1995 to 2001 she served as Director of Education, and later, Director of Research at the Herb Research Foundation’s non-profit medical library. From 1995 to 2003 Ms. Green was on the faculty of the Colorado-based Rocky Mt. Center for Botanical Studies and at the Boulder College of Massage Therapy; she was co- director and a faculty member of the California School of Herbal Studies from 1985 to 1995.

A licensed esthetician and massage therapist, she has founded and owned several herb and essential oil businesses, most recently Green Scentsations – an independent consulting company specializing in botanical therapies, Fig 5.17 Mindy Green aromatherapy education and product development. She is a nationally certified Registered Aromatherapist, a founding member of the American Herbalists Guild and associate editor of the American Herb Association Newsletter. She has served on the education committees of the Aromatherapy Registration Council and the National Association of Holistic Aromatherapists, and is a member of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists. She is on the advisory board of the Australasian College of Health Sciences, on the board of directors for the non-profit, United Plant Savers, and on the Cosmeceuticals Scientific Advisory Board for the Supply Side West Trade Show and Conference.

A prolific writer and lecturer, Ms. Green has authored over 40 magazine articles and professional papers on botanicals. She is co-author of Aromatherapy, A Complete Guide to the Healing Art; and author of Calendula and Natural Perfumes, and has contributed to numerous other books on herbs. She has conducted many seminars and training programs for professionals and the lay public, and provided consulting services in many aspects of complementary health care. As an expert in botanical therapies, she has provided more than 400 interviews with leading magazines and newspapers on herbs and health.

Ms. Green holds a bachelor’s degree in Holistic Health Sciences and a master’s in Health and Human Services from Columbia Pacific University. She has extensive training in the advanced uses of essential oils from Purdue University and comprehensive training in botanicals and spa therapies from other institutes of higher education. Originally from northern California, Ms. Green is currently works in the botanical research division of R&D as Clinical Aromatherapist for the Aveda Corporation. A long-time environmental activist, she enjoys contributing to global health.

STEVEN FOSTER A respected name in things herbal with over 30 years of experience, Steven Foster is an author, photographer and consultant specializing in medicinal and aromatic plants. He is the author of 15 books and serves on the editorial boards of several magazines including Herbs for Health and HerbalGram. Foster is President of Steven Foster Group, Inc. in Eureka Springs, Arkansas.

In 1974 at age 17, Steven Foster began his career at the Sabbathday Lake, Maine Shaker Community Herb Department - America's oldest herb business, dating to 1799. There he established three acres of production gardens and managed 1700 acres for the commercial harvest of botanicals. Fig 5.18 Steven Foster For thirty-two years, Steven Foster has served as a medicinal and aromatic plant specialist, writer, lecturer and photographer as well as an international consultant to growers, researchers and others in the medicinal and aromatic industries. Foster has over 800 photo-illustrated articles in popular, trade and scientific journals. He serves as Associate Editor for HerbalGram and is on the editorial board of the Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants.

Describing her relationship with Steven Foster, Harvard University Botanist Dr. Shiu Ying Hu (emerita) wrote, "Our conversation reminded me of something that Confucius said two thousand years ago: 'In any company of three persons, there must be one who can be my teacher'. . . I found in Steven Foster a teacher who could share a profound knowledge of economic botany, particularly in the cultivation and uses of herbs."

Steven Foster has pursued photographic goals since 1976. His first photographs appeared in a book on Shaker furniture in 1977. While living at the Sabbathday Lake, Maine Shaker Community, he also served as liaison to visiting photographers on assignment for numerous American and European magazines and newspapers. Today, as a specialist in medicinal and aromatic plants, his stock photo files number over 120,000 images in a highly specialized stock niche.

Books by Steven Foster

A Field Guide to Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs by Steven Foster and Christopher Hobbs, Houghton Mifflin Co., 2002

A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants and Herbs: Eastern and Central North America, by Steven Foster and James A. Duke Houghton Mifflin, Co. 2000

Tyler's Honest Herbal-A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and Related Remedies by Steven Foster and Varro Tyler, PhD, Haworth Press, 1999

Medicinal Herbs-Their History, Use, Recommended Dosages and Cautions by

Steven Foster. Foreword by Mark Blumenthal, Interweave Press, 1998

Herbs for Your Health-A Handy Guide for Knowing and Using 50 Common Herbs by and Photography by Steven Foster, Interweave Press, 1996, Forest Pharmacy-Medicinal Plants in American Forests by Steven Foster, Forest History Society, 1995

A Field Guide to Venomous Animals & Poisonous Plants of North America by Steven Foster and Roger Caras, Houghton Mifflin, Co., 1994

Herbal Emissaries-Bringing Chinese Herbs to the West by Steven Foster and Yue Chongxi, Healing Arts Press, 1992

Echinacea-Nature's Immune Enhancer by Steven Foster, Illustrated by Judith Ann Griffith, Healing Arts Press, 1991

Herbal Renaissance-Growing, Using and Understanding Herbs in the Modern World by Steven Foster, Illustrated and designed by D.D. Dowden. Gibbs Smith Publisher, 1993

Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, & Cosmetics by Albert Y. Leung and Steven Foster, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1996

DR. NORMAN FARNSWORTH (23 Mar 1930–10 Sept 2011) Dr. Norman R. Farnsworth, an internationally renowned scholar in the field of pharmacognosy (medicinal plant research and herbal medicines), has had an extraordinary career in the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy since 1970. The University established an endowed chair in his name. The income generated from the Dr. Norman R. Farnsworth Endowed Chair and research Funds in Pharmacognosy is used to provide funds to support research endeavours, salary, teaching and laboratory and graduate student support. Funds are directed toward sustaining the NAPRALERT database, the world’s largest relational Fig 5.19 Dr. Norman database on natural products which was established by Dr. Farnsworth in Farnsworth 1975. NAPRALERT is an invaluable information resource. Dr. Farnsworth died in September of 2011.

DR. JAMES DUKE Dr. Duke, in retirement from the USDA, is as busy as ever, deeply involved with The Amazon Center for Environmental Education and Research, and consulting for the American Botanical Council, Herbalife and Nature’s Herbs. Dr. Duke has traveled extensively throughout the world adding to his medicinal plant knowledge and has written more than a dozen texts, including the “Handbook of Medicinal Herbs,” “The CRC Handbook of Alternative Cash Crops for the Tropics,” “Amazonian Ethnobotanical Dictionary,” and “The Green Pharmacy.” James Duke probably knows more about medicinal plants then just about anyone on the planet. He’s studied with shamans, folk healers, M.D.’s, naturopaths and herbalists around the world.

He’s distilled his wisdom into a practical guide which will allow the home herbalist to prepare their own remedies and tap the hidden reserves of healing power in plants from the jungles, forests and herbal gardens world wide. Fig. 5.20 James Duke

VARRO E. TYLER (19 Dec 1926–22 Aug 2001) Better known as “Tip” to his friends, Dr. Tyler was the dean of the School of Pharmacy Purdue University, president of the American College of Pharmacognosy and American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. He travelled extensively through Europe, Asia and the Middle East. He wrote several books include The Honest Herbal and Herbs of Choice. An internationally renowned expert in the field of pharmacognosy and botanical medicine died in August of 2001 at the age of 74. An enthusiastic philatelist, he was also one of the world’s experts on forged postage stamps and their forgers.

Tyler was the author of more than 30 books and 350 scientific and educational articles. He had a 30-year career at Purdue University, located here, serving as the dean of the School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences and as the Lilly Distinguished Professor of Pharmacognosy. He Fig 5.21 Varro Tyler retired in 1996.

Tyler was an expert on the safety and therapeutic efficacy of herbal products and was a popular speaker on the topic.

"Tip had a magical ability to explain something scientific in a way that made it understandable to those outside the field," says Marilyn Barrett, Ph.D., of Pharmacognosy Consulting Services in Redwood City, Calif.

"He was committed to herbal medicine—if the herbs had been shown through a rational scientific process to have safety and efficacy according to known scientific principles," says Mark Blumenthal, founder and executive director of the American Botanical Council in Austin, Texas.

"Tip championed the middle ground," says Steven Dentali, senior director of botanical sciences at Nutricia in Boca Raton, Fla., an operating group of Royal Numico. "I am sure he was not thrilled by the lack of support and expression of disappointment he received from many of his academic peers because of his involvement in herbal medicines. Not perceived as a friend of the herbal community either, he told me that if both ends of the spectrum were unhappy with him then he was probably holding a fair position."

TIERAONA LOW DOG MD Dr Low Dog is an Indian medicine elder and medical doctor. Starting her studies with an elder at the age of four she became an important figure in her local group. She expanded her wings in the mid 1980’s, bring her herbal formula to the wider American marketplace. She started a small school of apprentices in Albuquerque, New Mexico in the late 80s.

Tieraona became the first female president of the American Herbalists Guild during this time. She went on to get her MD degree in the mid 90’s Fig 5.22 Tierona Low and started another school with Amanda McQuade Crawford, the National Dog MD College of Phytotherapy, Albuquerque, New Mexico (USA). She got her Doctor of Medicine from the University of New Mexico School of Medicine. Tieraona opened and ran a successful integrative medical clinic in Albuquerque, NM before joining the faculty of the Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine at the University of Arizona where she currently serves as the Director of the Fellowship.

In addition to her work as a clinician and educator, Dr. Low Dog has been involved in national health policy and regulatory issues for more than a decade. In 2000, she was appointed by President Bill Clinton to serve on the White House Commission of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and completed her three-year term in February 2007 as a member of the Advisory Council for the National Institutes of Health National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). Tieraona served as the elected Chair of the United States Pharmacopeia Dietary Supplements and Botanicals Expert Committee from 2000 to 2010. Her many honors of distinction include the Martina de la Cruz medal for her work with indigenous medicines (1998), Time magazine’s “Innovator in Complementary and Alternative Medicine” (2001), the Burt Kallman Scientific Award (2007) and NPR’s People’s Pharmacy award (2010).

Dr. Low Dog is an internationally known speaker on topics ranging from the responsible use of herbal medicine and dietary supplements to integrative approaches to women’s health; with more than 30 publications to her credit. She serves on the editorial/advisory boards of Menopause and Explore journals, Prevention magazine and the American Botanical Council. She has appeared on E!, ABC’s 20/20, CNN, and is a frequent guest NPR’s The People’s Pharmacy. Dr. Low Dog writes a regular column

for Alternative and Complementary Therapies magazine called "Smart Talk on Supplements and Botanicals".

HONORS AND POSITIONS:

Scripps Health: “Lifetime Achievement Award” (2017)

American Herbal Products Association: “Herbal Insight Award” (2015)

Integrative HealthCare Practitioner Symposium – “Lifetime Leadership Award” (2014)

AMERICAN HERBALISTS GUILD The American Herbalists Guild was founded in 1989 as a non-profit, educational organization to represent the goals and voices of herbalists. It is the only peer-review organization in the United States for professional herbalists specializing in the medicinal use of plants. AHG membership Fig. 5.23 America consists of professionals, general members (including students) and Herbalists Guild benefactors.

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT AND EDUCATION ACT OF 1994 On November 13, 1994, President Clinton signed bill S784, the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act. This was the end result of extensive lobbying by the industry and consumer associations. The signing of this act opened the field of supplements to the industry and let Americans make bodily function claims on products as long as they are based on clinical evidence.

Canada Canadian Council of Herbalist Associations (CCHA) The Canadian Council of Herbalist Associations (CCHA) is a not-for-profit organization representing associations of herbal practitioners.

It started as an official association in February of 2005, after several years of negotiating with various provincial associations over a five-year period. Dedicated time and effort was made during these meetings to sift through the debates surrounding issues pertaining to the herbal profession, the Fig. 5.24 CCHA Canadian government’s Natural Health Products Directorate (NHPD) regulations, and the future of herbal medicine in Canada. The cumulative results of these meetings helped form the foundation of the CCHA.

CCHA Mission Statement

The Canadian Council of Herbalist Associations (CCHA) has been created to unify, promote and serve herbal practitioners through active communication with government, the public, and between all herbalist associations in Canada.

The CCHA Mandate

1. To establish herbalists as experts on herbs in Canada. 2. The CCHA creates and maintains a non-profit organization of representatives of associations that represent herbal practitioners. 3. To facilitate unity among associations of herbal practitioners and to ensure the inclusion of herbal practitioners from different traditions. 4. The CCHA provides a forum to further the practice of herbal medicine by herbal practitioners in Canada. 5. The CCHA guides the various associations in setting standards (education, practice, ethics, etc.) and responds to the inquiries of academia, media, and agencies, and to collectively further the aims and goals of herbalism in Canada. 6. The CCHA provides national representation of member associations to the provincial and federal governments in discussion of any and all legislation affecting herbal practitioners and legislation of national health products as it affects herbal practitioners. 7. To facilitate meetings of representatives of associations that represent herbal practitioners. 8. The CCHA council operates by 100% consensus to foster trust and unity.

Each member association may have up to two voting members present at all council meetings. Additional attendees will be considered observers and will not have voting authority.

Member associations that wish to be represented by the CCHA must have standards of practice and grievance procedures such as:

• Code of Ethics • Code of Practice • Scope of Practice • Educational Standards • Disciplinary Procedures

It is the responsibility of each member association to define and implement specific parameters for their association. This includes but is not exclusive to the requirements listed above. Council expects that all member associations meet these requirements by June 1, 2006.

The CCHA respects the definition of an herbal practitioner (and their qualifications) as determined by each member association, likewise, member associations support the definition of an herbal practitioner as defined by the Council. Council formed the following definition of an herbal practitioner with consideration given to the inclusion of herbal practitioners from different traditions and avenues of learning, whether academic, apprenticeship or otherwise.

An herbal practitioner is an individual trained in the practice of herbal medicine who:

• is trained in the therapeutic use of crude botanical medicines; and • primarily uses traditional preparations* of crude botanical material; and • is qualified** and competent to take this responsibility and be held accountable for their recommendations

* Traditional preparations include, but are not limited to: tinctures, teas, capsules, infusions, decoctions, syrups, plasters, poultices, oils, liniments, ointments, fomentations, salves, etc.

** Appropriate qualification could include formal training, self-study, apprenticeship model and others.

The primary task of the CCHA at this time is to act as an advisory body to the NHPD, and to be pro-active in response to regulatory issues set forth by them. The definition of "natural health practitioner" will be coming under review by the NHPD in the near future. We need to ensure that herbal practitioners are officially recognized and included in this definition. According to current regulations, "natural health practitioners" are exempt from manufacturing laws when compounding remedies for clients based on professional consultation. In addition to compounding, many herbal practitioners produce the herbal medicines used in their practice. The CCHA must negotiate with the NHPD to ensure that these defining

features of the practice of herbal medicine be maintained, exempt from manufacturing laws that would otherwise cripple our profession. The review of Bill C 420 is another current item of concern to the CCHA.

In addition to its involvement with standards and regulatory issues, the CCHA will take an active role in promoting the practice of herbal medicine, and herbalism in general, to Canadians. Potential avenues for doing so could include, collaboration with the Canadian Journal of Herbal Medicine, developing links with the media, and the coordination of national herbal events.

Canadian Herbalists

Marie Jutras

Marie graduated as a naturopath from the Institut International de Recherches en Homéopathie et en Biothérapies (IIRHB) in Montreal in 1993. She also graduated in ecological horticulture from the Centre de formation agricole de Mirabel in 1999. Ms. Jutras is an herbalist who has been in the employ of Clef des Champs since 1999, where she prepares the compendium of Clef des Champs products, gives lectures, is responsible for the harvesting and processing of medicinal plants, and is the regulatory affairs officer. She has been a phytotherapy instructor at IIRHB, and was responsible for the harvesting and processing of medicinal plants at the University of Guelph's Alfred College (2001-2006). Ms. Jutras is a member of the Guilde des herboristes and editor-in-chief of the guild's journal, and is the guild's representative on the Canadian Council of Herbalist Associations.

Michael Vertolli B.Sc., R.H.

Michael is a clinical holistic herbalist with over two decades of experience. In his practice integrates Western traditional herbalism, nutrition, homeopathy and lifestyle counseling. He is a well-known and respected lecturer who has been teaching since 1987. He has lectured for many schools and associations.

Michael has written many articles on health and environmental issues. He is a frequent guest on radio and television shows. He is currently writing a two-volume textbook of Western herbal medicine which is the culmination of his many years of empirical research and clinical experience.

Michael is also a leading activist regarding the regulation of natural health Fig 5.26 Michael Vertolli products and therapies. Michael is the president of the Canadian Council of Herbalist Associations and a past president of the Ontario Herbalists Association, the Canadian Coalition of Herbal Associations, and the Canadian Coalition for Health Freedom. He was also a member of Health Canada's Advisory Panel on Natural Health Products and the Minister of Health's Office of Natural Health Products Transition Team.

Living Earth School of Herbalism provides quality education in Western herbalism and related subjects for individuals who wish to learn more for their own personal benefit and for those who wish to pursue a career in this field. Living Earth offers courses and workshops for the general public as well as professional training for herbalists, other practitioners, and employees of the natural health products industry.

Living Earth is located in a rural setting north of Toronto. It is not the institutionalized environment typical of other schools and colleges. Classes are small and somewhat informal. A significant proportion of classes and programs is devoted to experiential content. Students also have plenty of opportunity to interact with herbs in their natural environment and in a clinical setting.

Rick DeSylva Rick DeSylva is currently serves as a Campaign Director for the Canadian National Health Coalition and media contact for the Canadian Charter of Health Freedom.

Rick DeSylva is a respected herbalist whose company, The Herb Works, provides premium quality herbs and herbal formulae to clientele, natural food stores, and distributors in Canada and internationally. In 1998, he started an organic herb farm to provide top quality botanicals for his company. He is an active and current lobbyist for herbalists and herbal medicine, co-founding the Central Canadian Herbal Practitioners Fig 5.27 Rick DeSylva Association and the Natural Health Coalition. He founded The Botanic Institute, an educational establishment for botanic medicine, and he writes

and lectures extensively in Canada and internationally. He is an activist for over 25 years now.

Flo Lavallie Flo Lavallie has been in private practice for over 25 years in Saskatoon, along with that she had a satellite practice in Humboldt for 17 years. Prior to that, Flo had a satellite practice in Duck Lake for two years. After working in a hospital setting for 14 years, Flo obtained her Master Herbalist Diploma at the Wild Rose College in Calgary, Alberta. She is a certified Reflexologist, Sclerologist, Rayid practitioner, Iridologist, Ear Candler and Kinesiologist, having studied with Dr. Spiro Lenis. Flo’s approach to healing transcends conventional boundaries as she works with: individuals, families, organizations, and communities. Her healing is not limited to medical clinics. Flo takes her work into churches, schools, private homes, and community centers as well as hospitals and clinics.

Flo is a constant reminder that true holistic healing goes beyond the individual to healing the system. In addition to her very large practice, she lobbies the government tirelessly in her efforts to build a holistic health Fig 5.28 Flo Lavallie facility for Saskatchewan.

Flo is on the Board of Director’s of the Canadian Association of Herbal Practitioners, Companion Health Oasis Inc., Teaching Women Dollars and Sense, College of Medicine (Complementary Therapy), Advisory Board of the Harmony Song- The Aboriginal Healing Foundation and Meewasinota. She is also an Honorary Board Member of Tamara’s House. Flo is a past member of the Saskatchewan Women’s Conference Committee, Saskatchewan Association for the Mentally Challenged, Healthy Horizons, and Freedom of Choice Health Care, Mentor for SWITCH- Student Wellness Initiative Toward Community Health.

Robert Rogers Robert has been a student of plant medicine for nearly 40 years, including 18 years as a clinical herbalist. He is a professional member of the American Herbalists Guild and author of thirteen books on medicinal plants of Western Canada. Robert has a Bachelor’s Degree in Botany. He has taught plant medicine for over 20 years, and is an avid fan of our indigenous plants and mushrooms. Robert and his wife Laurie are owners of Self Heal Distributing and Scents of Wonder essential oils. Robert is the director of the Earth Spirit Medicine Program.

Recent book - by Robert Rogers: The Fungal Pharmacy: Medicinal Mushrooms of Western Canada (2012).

Fig 5.29 Robert Rogers Jeananne Laing Jeananne Laing is the owner and webmaster of Enhealthment (www.enhealthment.com), an online herbal healthcare clinic, and Low Crap Diet (http://lowcrapdiet.com/), an ongoing conversational blog that explores the link between our physical health and the health of our planet.

A Master and Clinical Herbalist, and a certified Intergrative Nutrition Health Coach. Along with several Canadian Herbal elders she is heading up the creation of the Alberta Herbalists Association with a keen group of local herbalists dedicated to keeping the art and science of herbal medicine in daily practice. http://www.jeanannelaing.com/about/

She teaches various courses and is a director of the Lodgepole Wholistic Studies and has taught at the Wild Rose College of Natural Medicine and gives workshops on alternative healthcare topics.

Jeananne is engaged in a focused study of natural healing, nutrition, energy medicine, and environmentalism, with a special emphasis on spreading the message that "it is only through healing ourselves that we will heal our planet."

For more than seven years Jeananne has been studying botanical and energetic medicine under the direction of Dr. Terry Willard, Faye Fitzgerald, and other masters of complementary, alternative and energy medicine. She has completed the three-year Clinical Herbalist diploma program at the Wild Rose College of Natural Medicine and has certificates in several healing modalities including Herbology, Nutrition, Reflexology, Iridology, Sclerology, Rayid and Reiki. She has studied Flower Essence Healing, Pulse & Tongue Diagnosis, Auricular Therapy, Thought Field Fig 5.30 Jeananne Laing Therapy and Quantum Touch, as well as Traditional Chinese Medicine and Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine.

Jeananne is leading the re-establishment of the Alberta Association of

Practicing Herbalists, and she is an active member of the Canadian Association of Herbal Associations.

Todd Caldecott The Shanti Center for Wellness was founded by Todd Caldecott as a way to provide people with the every day skills they need to restore health and wellness in their lives. In clinical practice for over 14 years, Todd Caldecott is a fully trained medical herbalist and practitioner of Ayurveda, and a registered professional member of the American Herbalists Guild. He is the former clinical director of Wild Rose College, and has practiced, taught and lectured internationally. Author of many published articles and several academic papers, he published the textbook “Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life” in 2006, and is co-editor of the soon to be published Bajracharya samhita, an authentic text on the practice of Ayurveda in Nepal. Fig 5.31 Todd Caldecott In addition to teaching and practicing, Todd Caldecott also serves as a consultant in the natural products industry, providing his expertise in the development and marketing of new health products. He can be reached through his website www.toddcaldecott.com, a massive resource containing over 500 pages of free, original content on natural health and healing, including free videos and podcasts.

Chanchal Cabrera Chanchal lives on Vancouver Island in BC where she cultivates vegetables and herbs on seven acres and is building a healing garden retreat center. Visit Innisfreefarm.ca to read more about this.

Chanchal has been a member of the National Institute of Medical Herbalists since 1987 and obtained her MSc in herbal medicine at the University of Wales in 2003. She has an extensive background in orthomolecular nutrition and allergy therapy as well as clinical aromatherapy. Fig 5.32 Chanchal Cabrera Chanchal has held the faculty chair in Botanical Medicine at the Boucher Institute of Naturopathic Medicine in New Westminster since 2004 and she serves on the board of advisors of Dominion Herbal College in Burnaby. She publishes widely in professional journals and lectures internationally on medical herbalism, nutrition and health.

Since completing her Masters dissertation in the study of herbal medicine for breast cancer, Chanchal has continued to specialize in the treatment and prevention of cancer with herbs and nutrition. She teaches a twice yearly, six day long clinical intensive on this for medical professionals and almost 70% of her practice is cancer patients. In 2009 Chanchal was honored with a fellowship in the National Institute of Medical Herbalists in recognition of her outstanding contributions to the profession.

Chanchal is the author of the book Fibromyalgia - A Journey Toward Healing published by Contemporary Books. She is a certified Master Gardener and a certified Horticulture Therapist.

James Christian James Christian is a licensed Medical Herbalist, having studied with the College of Phytotherapy in the UK and achieved a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree in Herbal Medicine.

James is the Dean of the School of Phytotherapy that opened and began classes at Pacific Rim College in 2008. This program provides students with a 4-year degree program in Phytotherapy (Plant Medicine) that will prepare graduates to enter the field of Natural Medicine as a Medical Herbalist/Phytotherapist. For more information about this program, please email James Christian at [email protected] or check Pacific Rim College’s website at www.pacificrimcollege.ca

James is also President of the Modern and Traditional Herbalists Guild of BC. This is the professional organization of Medical Herbalists within the province of British Columbia, Canada. James is working on establishing licensing of Herbal Medicine within BC and Canada. He also sits on the Board of the Canadian Council of Herbalists Associations and works at a National Level to promote Herbal Medicine. Fig 5.33 James Christian James Christian has traveled throughout South Korea and studied Oriental Herbal Medicine with Oriental Medical Doctors and Pharmacists there. At the sametime he lectured in Western Herbal Medicine at CHA Hospital and University in Seoul to both Western and Oriental Doctors and Pharmacists.

James is very passionate about nature and the environment. He travels to various parts of the world to study their use of indigenous medicines. Aside from visiting South Korea, James has visited South America where he met with shamans in the rainforest to talk about their use of plants as both medicine and in ceremonial and spiritual uses.

SAVAYDA JARONE Savayda was discovered by herbs twenty-two years ago. Her life changed when she wandered into a herbal apothecary in a quaint courtyard in London, England. In that experience, she realized that herbal medicines heal and that they have been used to do so by all peoples throughout the ages. She was attracted to herbs for their ability to restore health gently, yet effectively, without causing harm, and found resonance with the holistic philosophy of the practice of herbal medicine. She knew then and there that she wanted to be a herbalist.

From there the travel bug lead her to Thailand, Nepal and India where she was influenced by the traditional healing systems of those cultures. While in India, she was infected by a bug of another kind and was very sick with aoemebic dysentery.

She returned to Canada to begin formal herbal studies at Dominion Herbal College in Vancouver where she completed the four year phytotherapy

program from the School of Phytotherapy in England. She paralleled this study of medical sciences, traditional European herbalism and clinical training with a course by Don Olison focusing on the traditional medicine systems of the Haida of the Pacific Northwest, and Ayurveda from India. This combined training gave her a balanced approach to herbal medicine, which combines modern scientific understanding of herbs and health, with centuries old traditional modes of herbal healing.

An important part of her study was her own healing experience after consulting with a herbalists regarding the lingering digestive upset from the infection in India. She was guided through an eight-week program of herbal remedies and dietary change that lead to complete resolution of her chronic digestive disorder.

She gained valuable practical experience working for five years alongside renowned medical herbalist, Chanchal Cabrera, and other eminent herbalists, at Gaia Garden Herbals in Vancouver. There, she worked in the dispensary and shop-front, completed a portion of her 500 hours of clinical practicum and began her private practice. She sprouted as a herbalist in BC and was then ready to spread herbal medicine eastward, and returned to her home, Nova Scotia, in 2002.

Since her return, she has been a driving force in the herbal movement in the Maritimes. She operates a full time clinical practice and dispensary, offers several year-long courses in herbal medicine for adults and children, leads workshops and herbwalks, and reaches the masses through writing and media appearances. She feels extremely fortunate to be living her life passion, to connect people with plants for healing and wellness. She takes at least 15 herbs a day.

Another of her passions is teaching women how to connect with and restore balance to their menstrual cycles. As a Fertility Awareness Educator, she assists women and couples to prevent or plan pregnancy naturally. She is also dedicated to promoting cancer prevention.

Katolen Yardley, MNIMH -Medical Herbalist Member of the National Institute of Medical Herbalists

Katolen is a Medical Herbalist and a member of the National Institute of Medical Herbalists, currently in private practice in Vancouver and Port Moody, BC and offers online consultations throughout North America. She has been employed in the Holistic Health field since 1993, with clinical experience since 1995. Her personal interest in health lies with the emotional connection to wellness and dis-ease. She specializes in women’s health issues, skin dis-ease, digestive and nervous system disorders and believes in providing usable tools for healing through inspiration and education.

Katolen has been involved in curriculum development for numerous educational programs and teaches herbal medicine courses at Boucher Institute of Naturopathic Medicine and Pacific Rim College and offers seminars and lectures to the public. She is a clinic supervisor of a Dominion Herbal College approved student training clinic. Katolen is the Vice President of the Canadian Council of Herbalist Associations (CCHA) and a second term president of the Canadian Herbalist's Association of BC (CHA of BC). She is the author of the book - The Good Living Guide to Natural and Herbal Remedies (release date August, 2016)

For 6 years Katolen managed the production of a busy herbal company, responsible for developing, implementing and monitoring the manufacturing procedures of herbal formulations.

A natural health product formulator and private contractor, Katolen has researched and developed herbal formulations and is currently involved with completing product license applications for Canada’s Natural Health Product regulations.

Katolen is the owner of Alchemy & Elixir Health Group, a holistic health care office (with shopping available online) located in the South Granville district in Vancouver, which offers a variety of holistic health care options and services for the attainment and maintenance of your optimal health and vitality including private consultations and personalised health programs, group workshops and educational seminars in both holistic health and herbal medicine. Alchemy & Elixir Health Group seeks to educate, empower and support the health of the whole person to achieve a greater balance within the mind, body and spirit. Visit her Blog and sign up for our free online E-zine to stay informed of our upcoming calendar of events.

HPB\NPN Under the Natural Health Products Regulations (in Canada), which came into effect on January 1, 2004, natural health products (NHPs) are defined as:

• Vitamins and minerals • Herbal remedies • Homeopathic medicines • Traditional medicines such as traditional Chinese medicines • Probiotics, and • Other products like amino acids and essential fatty acids.

NHPs must be safe for consideration as over-the-counter products and not require a prescription to be sold. Products requiring a prescription will continue to be regulated under the Food and Drug Regulations.

The Natural Health Products Regulations are the result of a comprehensive and inclusive consultation process with Canadian consumers, academics, health care practitioners and industry stakeholders, and are a part of the Government's response to the House of Commons Standing Committee on Health's report and 53 recommendations on the regulation of natural health products (NHPs) in Canada. The Regulations include provisions on:

Product licensing; Site licensing; Good manufacturing practices; Adverse reaction reporting; Clinical trials; Labelling; and Provisions for a full range of health claims that will be supported by evidence.

Products that fall within these Regulations include herbal remedies, homeopathic medicines, vitamins, minerals, traditional medicines, probiotics, amino acids and essential fatty acids. In addition, many everyday consumer products, such as certain toothpastes, antiperspirants, shampoos, facial products and mouthwashes are also classified as NHPs in Canada because of their medicinal ingredients and intended uses.

The Natural Health Products Regulations came into force on January 1, 2004, and apply to all NHPs as of this date. NHPs with a valid Drug Identification Number (DIN) have six years (until December 31, 2009) to obtain a product licence under the Regulations.

The Compliance Policy for Natural Health Products, and the Natural Health Products Compliance Guide, explain Health Canada's approach with respect to non-compliant NHPs on the Canadian market. Part A of the Compliance Guide lists substances that can and those that cannot be considered natural health products.

Information on natural health products that have been licensed for sale in Canada is available in the Licensed Natural Health Products Database.1

• A Fresh Start: Final Report of the Office of Natural Health Products (ONHP) Transition Team • At a Glance: A Regulatory Framework for Natural Health Products • Information Kit - Regulation of Natural Health Products in Canada • Informing You About Natural Health Products • Natural Health Products in Canada - A History • Progress Report - Natural Health Products

Product Licensing

All natural health products require a product license before they can be sold in Canada. Obtaining a license requires submitting detailed information on the product to Health Canada, including: medicinal ingredients, source, potency, non-medicinal ingredients and recommended use(s). Once a product has been assessed and granted market authorization by Health Canada, the product label will bear an eight digit product license number preceded by the distinct letters NPN (which stand for Natural Product Number), or, in the case of a homeopathic medicine, by the letters DIN-HM (which stand for Homeopathic Medicine Number). This number on the label will inform consumers that the product has been reviewed and approved by Health Canada for safety, efficacy and quality.

Site licensing

A system of site licensing requires that all Canadian manufacturers, packagers, labelers, and importers of natural health products be licensed. Sites must have procedures in place respecting distribution records and product recalls and for the handling, storage and delivery of their products, and demonstrate that they meet good manufacturing practice requirements.

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs)

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) for natural health products must be employed to ensure product safety and quality. This requires that appropriate standards and practices regarding product manufacture, storage, handling and distribution of natural health products be met. The GMP for NHPs cover:

• specifications (product); • premises; • equipment; • personnel; • sanitation program; • operations; • quality assurance; • stability; • records; • sterile products; • lot or batch samples, and • recall reporting.

The GMPs are designed to be outcome-based, ensuring safe and high quality products, while giving manufacturers, packagers, labelers, importers and distributors of NHPs the flexibility to implement quality systems appropriate for their product lines and businesses. Further

information on the GMPs for NHPs is available in the Good Manufacturing Practices Guidance Document.

Adverse Reaction Reporting

The Adverse Reaction Reporting System for natural health products assists Health Canada in issuing warnings and advisories, where appropriate, to the public. This type of reporting is an important part of a product authorization system based on risk assessment and risk management. The Natural Health Products Regulations require product license holders to monitor all adverse reactions associated with their product. Serious adverse reactions must be reported to Health Canada through the Adverse Reaction Reporting Form Template.

Clinical trials

A clinical trial is an investigation of a natural health product that involves human subjects and is intended:

• to discover or verify the product's clinical, pharmacological or pharmacodynamic effects; • to identify any adverse events that are related to its use; to study its absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion; or to ascertain its safety or efficacy. • While the Natural Health Products Regulations set out requirements for conducting a clinical trial, the Natural Health Products Directorate's Standards of Evidence framework allows for a range of evidence to be submitted in support of the safety and efficacy of a natural health product and the quality of a natural health product, or of a homeopathic medicine.

Further information on the clinical trial process for natural health products is available in the Clinical Trials for Natural Health Products Guidance Document.

Labeling

Standard labeling requirements are established to ensure consumers can make informed choices. Some of the information required on a natural health products label includes:

• product name • quantity of product in the bottle • list of medicinal and non-medicinal ingredients • recommended conditions of use (including use or purpose, dosage form, route of administration, dose, and any cautionary statements, warnings, contra-indications and possible adverse reactions associated with the product) • any special storage conditions

Further information on the labelling and packaging requirements for natural health products is available in the Labelling Guidance Document.2

1 https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health- products/natural-non-prescription/applications-submissions/product- licensing/licensed-natural-health-products-database.html

2 https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health- products/natural-non-prescription/legislation-guidelines/guidance- documents/labelling.html