C H a P T E R T H R E E : G U I D I N G P R I N C I P L
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c h a p t e r t h r e e : g u i d i n g p r i n c i p l e s 69 70 l i t t l e r o c k p a r k s a n d r e c r e a t i o n m a s t e r p l a n g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s derstand these different environments are cur- rently limited and should be expanded. Where The basic principles that form the foundation for possible, the diverse landscapes of Little Rock the Little Rock Parks and Recreation Master Plan should be linked together into a network of rec- are as follows: reational resources and experiences. § Creating and maintaining a “city in a park” The mainstay of support for a parks system is atmosphere achieved by creating a community of active users. § Providing a diversity of recreational leisure Increasing accessibility to the parks system allows and living experiences that highlight Little more people to benefit from and appreciate the Rock’s unique natural and cultural resources available resources. Access, for example, can be and meets the needs of citizens and visitors improved by providing sidewalks and street trees § Providing accessibility to the parks system along roads that go to parks, or by improving for all citizens and visitors stream corridors with multi-use paths that connect to other park facilities and the community. Jogging paths at Murray Park are § Maximizing the use of existing and new re- among the most popular amenities sources Finally, the city should utilize as many of the area’s within the park system. Little Rock, due to its unique location at the existing and new resources as possible to diver- confluence of the five major physiographic re- sify recreational leisure and living opportunities gions of the state, has many features that set it and extend the effectiveness of public funds. A apart from other communities within the state dialogue that explores these opportunities should and within the region. The lush tree cover and be established with other public entities as well undeveloped open spaces are what create the as private organizations to ensure that residents image of Little Rock as a “city in a park.” Pres- and visitors alike experience the “city in a park”. ervation of this perception of a green city is key to the maintenance of the area’s quality of life. These four basic concepts direct strategies for the entire system: The confluence of physiographic regions, as well § as the presence of the Arkansas River, provides Creating a linked multi-use open space system § a diverse landscape of hills, wetlands, forest, Constructing flagship new parks and facilities § streams and river experiences for the citizens of Providing enhanced neighborhood service § Little Rock. Opportunities to experience and un- Providing programs that meet the needs of all users in the community c h a p t e r t h r e e : g u i d i n g p r i n c i p l e s 71 Preservation Issues The preservation of the natural environment in a city enhances the quality of life experience in sev- Little Rock’s diverse natural setting gives the city eral ways. First, it maintains the regional identity a unique environmental framework in which to of the city by preserving habitats, ecosystems grow. Like many other cities, Little Rock is facing and natural features that cannot be found else- the dilemma of balancing growth with the pres- where. Second, it provides natural methods to ervation of the elements that make the city a maintain the general air and water quality for an desirable place to live. Unlike many other cities, area. Third, it provides relief to residents and however, Little Rock still has the opportunity to visitors who seek escape from the hard edges of Two Rivers Park protect the natural features that help define the typical urban development, providing sensory di- unique liveability of the city. Aggressive, well- versity to the daily experience. In an age where planned action by the city now will ensure that urban development around the country reflects the area’s unique natural features and habitats a corporate culture rather than the local culture, are preserved for use and enjoyment by current the preservation of the natural environment is and future residents. It will also ensure that the the most effective way to maintain a sense of city remains economically competitive with other place and cultural identity. cities through the preservation of its natural re- sources, and hence its quality of life. Without preservation efforts, however, many of the quality of life elements provided by the natu- The Atlanta, Georgia region, for example, is fac- ral environment can be lost. In many urban ar- ing serious air quality problems that are chal- eas, including Little Rock, streams have been con- lenging the region’s ability to accommodate new verted into concrete-lined channels. Wetlands that growth. Had the region more effectively ad- used to support a variety of plants and animals dressed park, open space and development is- while maintaining water quality and mitigating the Boyle Park sues, and provided greenways, bike trails and effects of floods have been drained and turned other linkages, the area may have been able to into shopping malls and parking lots, increasing mitigate its air quality and congestion problems the need for flood mitigation downstream and and avoid a crisis. Now local, regional, and state adding significant amounts of pollution to water- governments must determine if any viable growth ways, and ultimately increasing the cost to tax- alternatives remain available. payers. 72 l i t t l e r o c k p a r k s a n d r e c r e a t i o n m a s t e r p l a n Historically, urbanization has resulted in the loss cant identifying natural feature of functioning natural ecosystems and has in- § Riparian areas and wetlands provide a creased the occurrence of flooding, water pollu- green infrastructure and maintain a natural tion, air pollution, and the tendency to sprawl – drainage, water quality and flood mitigation as homeowners attempt to get “away from it all” system; to form a greenway network of trails – bringing the environmental degradation with and an alternate means of transportation them as development moves to serve the popu- § Steep slopes to protect wooded areas, lation. Urbanization also results in a loss of reduce erosion, provide a natural backdrop biodiversity, as the habitat provided by a building for the city, to preserve open space, and to or parking lot is not able to support the same provide recreational opportunities such as range of plants and animals that previously ex- hiking, biking, rappelling, and other activities isting natural habitats may have supported. which have a low-impact on the environment § Wooded areas to protect habitats Preservation of existing riparian areas and § Viewsheds to maintain and highlight the city’s greenways, as well as the restoration of urban- natural character ized stream corridors, are the most effective ways § Ecological habitats to protect biodiversity for Little Rock to maintain and improve the and to provide educational opportunities community’s accessibility to parks and open space. The preservation and restoration activities also help to maintain the region’s biodiversity through the linkage of a variety of habitats and address other spoils of urbanization. By combining the provision of recreational amenities and environ- mental preservation, Little Rock can efficiently address issues that are directly related to the city’s quality of life. The Little Rock Parks and Recreation Master Plan development process has identified the following general areas of preservation interest: § The Arkansas River, which led to the found- ing of the city and remains its most signifi- c h a p t e r t h r e e : g u i d i n g p r i n c i p l e s 73 Natural Resources Issues eagles are frequently found on the site. Distur- bances to the site include fire suppression, soil Little Rock is home to a variety of natural re- erosion, and the influx of non-native species. sources, in part due to its geographic location between many physiographic regions. Several Gillam Park geological, biological, and hydrological resources Gillam Park contains a rare igneous geology are present, and many of those resources are (nepheline syenite granite) which supports a located within the existing parks system. The unique system of interspersed glades, woodlands, Nature Conservancy is currently developing the and forests, as well as wildlife. As a result, the Pulaski County Ecological Assessment, which park has been designated as “ecologically sig- evaluates public and private natural resources. nificant” by the Nature Conservancy. The park, The following parks were found to have signifi- part of the West Gulf Plain geographic region, also includes xeric uplands and some mesic for- Two Rivers Park cant natural value. ests. These nepheline syenite granite outcrops Natural Resource Value Within Exist- and their associated plant and animal communi- ing Parks ties are considered globally critically imperiled, according to the Pulaski County Ecological As- sessment. Two Rivers Park Two Rivers Park is located on a peninsula at the Rebsamen Park Golf Course confluence of the Little Maumelle and Arkansas Rebsaman Park was recently upgraded to Rivers and is part of the Ouachita geographic “Audubon Certified Wildlife Sanctuary” status. All region. Composed of alluvium soils deposited 27 holes of this riverfront golf course boast im- Rebsamen Park Golf Course by the Arkansas River, this low-lying and frequently pressive river vistas beneath huge cottonwood flooded park boasts a variety of plant communi- trees dotting the fairway edges.