JOURNAL THE VISION OF CHESTER BOWLES BY HOWARD B. SCHAFFER

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AND A Look at Oral History An Interview with USIA Director Joseph Duffey PLUS Myles Frechette on Scapegoating WE GET LETTERS... Here are some from our 1992 collection:

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NEW ERA, NEW TEAM, NEW AGENDA Governing Board President. F.A. (TEX) HARRIS AFSA’s new officers and governing board have been elected at a time of State V'ice President: VACANT AID Vice President: C. STUART CALLISON unprecedented challenge and change for the Foreign Service, mirroring the USIA Vice President RAZV1GOR BAZALA Retiree Vice President: DONALD R. NORLAND awesome metamorphosis of the international order. As we prepare to take Secretary: CATHERINE BARRY office, the different constituencies we represent are struggling with diverse and Treasurer. ANNE WOODS PA'ITERSON State Representatives: DAVID H. SHINN often competing new agendas, and differing expectations of their professional SUE SAARNIO representatives: us. DENNIS KUX CHRISTINE FUI.ENA Retirees, shocked to learn that the contract they entered into to ensure their HUGH M. NEIGHBOUR AID Representatives: LEE ANN ROSS survivors' benefits and cost-of-living parity could be negated by the stroke of JAMES R. WASHINGTON a congressional pen, want us to redouble our activism on the Hill. They need USIA Representative: BRUCE WHARTON Retired Representatiivs. EDWARD L. PECK and want AFSA leadership in an effective lobbying effort. SAMUEL F. HART At State, agendas vary under the same roof. Everyone is being asked to do KATHRYN CLARK-BOURNE BRUCE HTRSHORN

“much more with much less.” Junior officers facing “threshold coning” share the Staff managers’ fear that past decisions leave no satisfactory, equitable answers for Executive Director SUSAN REARDON Business Department today. Senior officers worry about the looming time-in-class (TIC) limits and Controller CATHY FREGELETTE debate again the TIC vs. Limited Career Extension (LCE). Office Manager: JUDY SHINN Executive Assistant: MEIKE MEISSNER USIA, though gratified that the new administration’s foreign-policy priorities Accounting Assistant: SHEREE E. BEANE afford it bold challenges to help promote democracy abroad, strengthen civic Administrative Assistants: DIANNA DUNBRACK societies, and build independent information media, finds that opportunities to MICHAEL DAILEY legal Services assist are not being supported with new resources and programs. Legal Counsel: SHARON PAPP AID, while pleased that it will continue as an independent agency, faces Staff Attorney: COLLEEN FALLON Law Clerks. EDWIN C.ANIA enormous cutbacks in O&E, and is bracing for “right-sizing,” which will bring MEGAN CHUNG Member Services hundreds of employees and their families back to an already top-heavy Director. JAMES YORKE headquarters being reorganized—yet again—from top to bottom. Representatiivs. DEBORAH M. LEAHY JULIE SMITHLINE Across the board, the foreign-affairs agencies face a vexing paradox: a w'orld DEREK TERREIX becoming increasingly complex and in many ways more dangerous, and a Intern: SABRINA PLATT Membership domestic polity which, seeking to repair the consequences of years of neglect Acting Director LORI DEC at home, is growing more reluctant to devote adequate resources to confronting Director: JANET HEDRICK RepresentatilV: NORAJANE MtiNTYRE those offshore complexities. Meanwhile, the major foreign-affairs budget Professional Issues. RICHARD S. THOMPSON remains frozen in its old, Cold War matrix, with billions focused on intelligence Retiree Liaison: WARD THOMPSON and defense and mere millions on diplomacy. Congressional Liaison: RICK WEISS The new AFSA leadership inherits a healthy and vibrant organization, but one Scholarship shaped over the decades by the relatively simple and orderly environment of Coordinator and Systems Administrator. THERESA AURRICHIO the Cold War. Establishing the association’s priorities in this daunting new era Speakers Buivau and will not be easy. The bottom line is this: AFSA can do anything, hid it cannot International Associates: GIL KUL1CK Conferences: JOHN J. HARTER do everything. Clearly the major task of the incoming board is to make the tough Hie American Foreign Service Association, founded in 1924, Is the professional association of the Foreign Service and the official decisions on what to do and when to do it. Inputs, ideas, suggestions, and most representative of all Foreign Service employees in the Department of State, and the United States Infonnation Agency and the Agency for importantly, participation from you—the men and women of the Foreign International Development under tlx terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active or Retired membership in AFSA is open to all current Service—are indispensable to our meeting the challenges of the new era in or retired employees of die U.S. foreign affairs agencies. Associate memlxTship is open to persoas having an interest in or close foreign policy which we, as professionals, face. association with the Foreign Service. Annual dues: Active Members— $85-188; Retired Members—$45-62; Associate Memlxrs—$50. All Please address ideas, suggestions, and offers of help to the AFSA Governing AFSA members are members of the Foreign Service Club. Please note: AFSA dues and Legislative Action Fund donations may lx deductible Board, FAX(202)338-6820, 2101 EStreet, NW, Washington, DC20037. as an ordinary and necessary business expense for federal income tax purposes. Scholarship and AINA Fund donations are deductible as charitable contributions. —TEX HARRIS AMHUCAN FOREIGN SERVICE AssoovnoN, 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. Executive offices, membersliip, professional issues, scholarship programs, insurance programs, JOURNAL offices: (202) 338-1045. Governing Board, standing committees, general counsel, labor-management relations, member services, grievances: (202)647- 8160 • FAX: (202)647-0265 • USIA Member Services (202) 401-6405 • Foreign Service Club (202) 338-5730.

2 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • AUGUST 1993 FOREIGN SERVICE AUGUST 1993 JOURNAL VOL. 70, NO.8

Editorial Board Chairman BRANDON GROVE

JANET BOGUE C. STUART CALUSON PHYLLIS DICHTER-FORBES JOE B. JOHNSON ROBERT MAUSHAMMER DONALD R. NORLAND PHYLLIS OAKLEY ERIC RUBIN ROBERT TOTH HANS N. TUCH FEATURES “The Independent Voice of the Foreign Service” Speaking Out 16 Editor Policy Scapegoat ANNE STEVENSON-YANG Associate Editor BY MYLES R.R. FRECHETTE NANCY A. JOHNSON Advertising Manager Postcard from Abroad 20 TINA M. DREYFUS Communications Assistant Amateur Theatrics in Islamabad LIZ ALLAN BY TERESITA SCHAFFER Editorial Intern LAKSHMI ARJOONSINGH Design The Hype Behind Trade Promotion 22 MARKETING & MEDIA SOLUTIONS BY EDWARD H. VAZQUEZ

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL (ISSN 0015-7279), 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990, is Focus: HISTORY AND MEMOIR published monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, a private, non-profit organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions The Spoken Record 26 of the writers and does not necessarily represent the views of AFSA or the Jot RNAL. Writer queries are Oral History and the Foreign Service invited. BY ANN LUPPI VON MEHREN JOURNAL subscription: AFSA Members -$9-50 included in annual dues; others - $40. Overseas subscription (except Canada) - $50 per year. Airmail Chester Bowles: An Idealistic Vision 29 not available. BY HOWARD B. SCHAFFER Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, 2101 E The Mukden Affair 33 Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. 1948-49 Microfilm copies: Llniversity Microfilm Library Oral Histories of the Internment in China, .Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 (October 1967 to present). Indexed by Public Affairs Information Service (PALS). Advertising inquiries Analyzing Economies: A Talk with Ambassador Edwin M. Martin 38 invited. The appearance of advertisements herein does not imply the endorsement of the services or gocxls offered. FAX: 202/338-6820 or 202/338- Interview: USIA Director Joseph Duffey 42 8244 • TELEPHONE: 202/338-4045 or 338-4054.

© American Foreign Service Association 1993 Books and the Arts 46 Printed in the U.S.A. Diplomats in History 54 Send address changes for the Foreign Service Journal to AFSA, 2101 E Street NW, Washington, DC 30037-2990 DEPARTMENTS 2 Real Estate 57 COVER: AFSA Views Letters 4 Marketplace 56 Chester Bowles with Jawaharlal Nehru. Clippings... 7 Classifieds pull-out section Despatch ... 10 50 Years Ago/Quiz 60 Photo courtesy ot Chester Bowles Papers, Yale University Library AFSA News Pull-out section

AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 3 INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE No matter which flag you’re under,

we’ll take care of the THE POWER OF actions of a few. However, we cannot INFORMATION let this observation blind us to the vast roof over your head. cultural differences between the So¬ To THE EDITOR: malis and ourselves. We must also I would like to congratulate you on understand that these cultural differ¬ yourjune 1993 issue [on diplomacy and ences often enter the area of morality. culture]. Why? Because you made such Lord Acton wrote that morality is a a fine choice of subjects, subjects that set of rules society makes for its own should be of interest to all who are preservation. The preservation of one’s interested in foreign affairs. For ex¬ clan, in competition for scarce re¬ ample, in speaking to others about sources in an extremely inhospitable ourselves in foreign-language broad¬ land such as Somalia generates far casts, we need to take into account not different conceptions of right and Whether you arc assigned only local political conditions, but also wrong from the ones produced in overseas or returning cultural and economic conditions. We American society. In Somalia, ruthless¬ home, Allied Realty Corp. could err grievously in depicting the ness becomes a necessity and duplic¬ can manage your property United States as the land of milk and ity a trait to be admired—when di¬ or find you a rental home. honey if the result is to intensify brain rected at outsiders. We're the Washington drain and provoke mass migrations. In a sense, Ambassador Beyer is area's largest, oldest and Of particular interest to me was the right in describing Mohammed Siad most trusted property man¬ article “The Cold War’s Deadliest Barre as a despicable man, at least in agers, with more than 50 Weapon: Information.” I didn't need the terms of proper comportment accept¬ years of experience renting article to be convinced of the impor¬ able in America. But in Somali terms, and managing a 500-prop¬ erty portfolio. Here's why: tance of infonnation, but I found it very and in Siad’s own worldview, he did useful for the manner in which the case what was necessary to bring stability to * Highest rental value for is presented. We all need to become a country that was rapidly becoming your home ! Large selection of rental more aware of /?o;r powerful a weapon ungovernable when he took power. properties or tool infonnation is. Even a small, During my years in our embassy in Professionally trained short dose. Somalia in the mid-1980s I observed leasing staff And speaking of information, that that, while Siad was indeed repressive, • 24-hour maintenance article whetted my appetite for more-. I he seemed to use the least repressive service Multi-lingual staff would like to know more about the means necessary to keep the peace. picture on page 43 captioned “Listeners He also had the support, albeit grudg¬ gather around the radio to hear an early ing, of significant segments of other Voice of America broadcast.” clans and tribal groups. James H. De Cou Regarding his alleged atrocities, our FSIO, Retired embassy suffered from a situation com¬ France mon in the Third World, in which the local people most accessible to us SINCE 1940 Editor’s note: 'Ibepicture appeared in were usually those of opposition clans. Professional Property Managers a VOA anniversarypublication, blit the Many of these Somalis, though West¬ Call Aaron Dodek, CPM, date and country are unknown. ern-educated and well-versed in the Senior Vice President art of communicating with Western¬ (301)656-7000 RUTHLESSNESS A NECESSITY ers, were still victims of their own f^Nr (301) 656-8600 _ intense tribal prejudices. Also, they M fax (301) 907-4766 fif To THE EDITOR: were all too often enthusiastic practi¬ In his letter on “Somalis tioners of the proud Somali cultural LOCAL Misperceived” (April Journal), Ambas¬ trait of duplicity. To be effective as PRESENCE sador Gordon Beyer is correct that we diplomats and as objective observers, should not condemn a people by the we must learn to transcend our own

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6 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • AUGUST 1993 THE STATE OF WOMEN SELF-INTEREST AND FOREIGN AID THE WASHINGTON POST, JUNE 20, 1993 A group of female Foreign Service THF. NEW YORK TIMES, JUNE 23, 1993 officers has accused the State Depart¬ BY STEVEN A. HOLMES ment of violating antidiscrimination rul¬ Contrary to conventional wisdom ings and asked a federal court to put a that foreign aid has no natural constitu¬ stop to it. ency, the administration’s Russian aid The women’s motion... seeks a five- stantial experience in foreign policy, package [did] not have a bit of trouble in year extension of a 1989 injunction either from prior administrations, from the House. . . . When the votes were prohibiting discrimination against fe¬ academia, or from the Hill. taken, the bills providing $13 billion in male Foreign Service officers and asks foreign aid, including $2.5 billion in individual remedies for women affected PONT WRITE OFF USAID assistance to the republics of the former by violations. It also accuses Secretary Soviet Union were approved by a sur¬ of State Warren Christopher of violating THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONHOR, prisingly wide margin. The bill authoriz¬ the injunction and seeks to have him JUNE 17, 1993 ing the administration to spend money held in contempt of court. . . . BY BEN BARBER on foreign aid passed by voice vote, The plaintiffs contend that the State [The] new director of the $6.8 billion- while the appropriations bill was ap¬ Department for the past four years has a-year Agency for International Devel¬ proved 309 to 111. continued to discriminate against fe¬ opment—J. Brian Atwood—says he One major reason for that vote is that, male [Foreign Service officers] in their hopes to redirect America’s Third World while American people generally view assignments as political, economic, and aid toward new targets: human rights, foreign aid as a giveaway, such bills are administrative officers, as well as in democracy, and ... “sustainable devel¬ in the political, and, more important, evaluations of their potential and in opment”—a catch phrase that includes economic self-interest of a large assort¬ awards for their performance. environmental protection and empow¬ ment of interest groups. For example, women tend to get erment of the poor in the Third World. Among the 58 groups that lobbied assigned more often than men as con¬ This year, in a significant change in members of the House for the foreign- sular officers.. said Elisabeth Lyons, one policy, AID’S budget bill does not list the aid bill were farmers who would benefit of the plaintiffs lawyers. The suit also amount each nation will receive. A from increased agricultural credit for alleges that the department has violated congressional aide said it was an at¬ grain sales to Russia. Manufacturers saw numerical goals for the assignment of tempt to stop “micromanagement” . . . a potential market for their products women as [deputy chiefs of mission]. Mr. Atwood . . . admitted that the overseas. Jewish organizations were lion’s share of die AID budget—nearly concerned that political instability would one-third—will continue to go to Israel foster anti-Semitism there, and peace KEEPING PROMISES and Egypt—’’not exactly a development groups worried that a return to bellicose

THE WASHINGION POST, JUNE 25, 1993 decision” but one that “grew out of a Russia would lead to a new arms race...

BY AL KAMEN commitment at Camp David”. . . In the end, supporters said the day Secretary of State Warren Christo¬ Indeed, according to Andrew Natsios, was won by the economic argument, pher promised in January that 70 per¬ fonner AID assistant administrator . . . coupled with a coalition of interest cent of all ambassadorships would go to “there is practically no money left in the groups that would hold representatives career Foreign Service officers and that AID budget that is discretionary.” responsible for a rejection of foreign even political appointments would be Mr. Atwood said he hopes to cut the aid. based on merit. number of countries getting aid from So far, Christopher has left in place 108 to about 50.... Atwood declined to 61 career people whose terms end in identify them. He did say the selection 1994 or later. Decisions have been made process will be based on the new TIME, JULY 5, 1993 on 79 others—including about 20 not administration’s criteria: “What is the BY MARTHA DUFFY yet announced. Of that 140, a total 104, [recipient] government doing to con¬ [On June 30] Ambassador Harriman, or 74 percent, are career appointees, tribute to development? Are there good 73, will formally present her credentials and just 36 are political appointees. partners to work with? Will there be to French President Francois Mitterrand. More political types are expected in transparency, pluralism, accountability, Ever since she arrived in Paris, she has future appointments, but Christopher democracy?” been making it very clear that hers will still is likely to be in the 70 percent Mr. Atwood said that he believed be a high-profile tenure. On the day she ballpark when he’s done. . . . The “sustainability” also includes “participa¬ landed, after an overnight flight, she number of big-money or straight po¬ tory, people-first programs.” ... He was in her office meeting senior coun¬ litico ambassadorships is at a record admits to a sad and disturbing feeling selors, fielding her first courtesy call, low. . . . Even most of the political that he will be fighting a losing battle and having a working dinner with her ambassadors named so far have sub¬ against overpopulation and poverty. deputy chief of mission. Jet lag, anyone?

AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 7 C I i I P PING S

The next day she had lunch with an money as Vatican’s ambassador—al¬ ambassador, gave a speech in honor most 14 times the ordinal budget—but of a retiring embassy employee, hosted the State Department plans to slash the a reception, and made her own first request, officials said. courtesy call, to British Ambassador Flynn’s request, which officials de¬ Sir Christopher Mallaby. scribed as an “outside figure” based on And so it went. Briefings, meetings a highly ambitious travel schedule, with various departments of her 1,100- would have far exceeded the current member staff, lunches with more am¬ travel budget of $7,500 a year. Officials bassadors. . . . said the actual size of Flynn’s travel An ambassador’s role has changed budget will depend on the mayor’s since the onset of instant communica¬ ultimate role in the Vatican. tion and the centralization of policy¬ The [State Department] spokesman making in Washington. The job is now said Flynn has been asked to make often one of public relations and es¬ fairly extensive use of a State Depart¬ tablishing a prominent presence. For ment provision allowing private groups that Harriman is well equipped. The to sponsor an ambassador’s travel and Come to American French consider her a glamorous expenses for speaking appearances. Service Center for diplomatic choice who has access to the presi¬ The mayor claimed Clinton has given immunity from high prices. If dent. him a mandate to travel to world you are on an overseas hotspots as a sort of ambassador-at- assignment, and carry a ARMORED AMBASSADOR large. . . . The White House and Chris¬ diplomatic or official passport, topher released statements saying Flynn you can save on the purchase CHICAGO TRIBUNE, JUNE 14, 1993 would serve as a “crucial player in of a new Mercedez Benz with BY LINNET MYERS international efforts for peace and jus¬ Victor Jackovich, the first U.S. am¬ tice” but stopped short of specifying US. equipment, shipped bassador to Bosnia, started his first day his travel needs. directly to the United States or on the job in a flak jacket and helmet. for pick up in Stuttgart* Sarajevo isn’t your average diplomatic AU PAIRS PAIRED WITH Contact Erik Granholm, post. USIA our Diplomatic and Tourist He flew to Bosnia on a UN plane Sales Manager only a couple of days after the Sarajevo THE WASHINGTON POST, JUNE 27, 1993 airport managed to open again in the BY ALVIN SNYDER midst of war. Once there, Jackovich The Mutual Educational and Cul¬ met with President Alija Izeibegovic, tural Exchange Act of 1961 established who is boycotting peace talks in so-called J-visas to enable non-immi¬ Geneva. grant “bona fide students” to come Technically, Jackovich could have from abroad to study here and to presented his credentials to the Bosnian participate in cultural and educational government anywhere after he was activities.... Teachers, research schol¬ sworn in as ambassador in Washington. ars, and others are also included. And “But I was personally determined that it so, oddly enough, are an pairs. should only happen in one place, only The USIA processes almost 3,000 an in the capital of Bosnia . . .” pairs each year to provide child care. Service Center Shells exploded in the background They must be between the ages of 18 as Jackovich traveled around the city. and 25 and can stay for 12 months. . . 585 North Glebe Road Arlington, Virginia 22203 The U.S. has no embassy building, and . [The host family] pays the nanny $100 703/5252100 it is uncertain where Jackovich will set a week plus room and board. Nannies FAX: 703/525-1430 up a permanent base. can work 45 hours per week. *Car mua he imported into l fS. within 6 months after Liking delivery in Fiiro|x*. To USIA’s credit, it tried but failed to DOLLARS FOR FLYNN convince Congress that aupairs should work less ... and that a cultural compo¬ Mercedes BervRtgtaerd Trademarks of Daimler Bcru AG. Stuogan. Federal Republic ot Cicrrmny BOSTON HERALD, JUNE 23, 1993 nent should be part erf the au pair BY JOE BATTENFELD experience. The USIA rightfully protests [Boston] Mayor Raymond Flynn has that it should not be in charge of a full¬ asked for as much as $ 100,000 in travel time work program for nannies. ■

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• “Assess management of overseas real The Giant Suggestion Box estate.” If the comments at the meeting with he “Reinventing Govern¬ team split into “cluster groups,” says the the vice president were any gauge, T ment” exercise is nearing team’s former coordinator, Robert arbitrary caps on personnel are one of completion, as Vice Presi¬ Pearson, which focused on three issue the biggest frustrations. Several ques¬ dent Gore prepares to sub¬ areas: people, stmctures, and money tioners mentioned the apparent waste¬ mit his report on govern¬ management. Their numbers swelled as fulness of placing limits on the number ment operations to President Clinton in the team recruited colleagues to help, of regular employees then hiring con¬ September. and by May 24, they had put together a tractors at higher pay rates to do the jobs On May 26, Gore convened a “town questionnaire that was sent to 16,000 of the missing staff. “I think I speak for meeting” for the State Department and people in the State Department, and by a lot of people in this room,” said one affiliated foreign-affairs agencies that late June, 400-500 replies had been member of the audience, “[when I say] was intended to provide impetus to this received (3 percent—not a very good that they have seen dollars wasted. segment of the review. The review had response rate). Some sample questions: They have seen jobs done by contrac¬ gotten under way at the State Depart¬ • “Is there a ‘crazy mle’ which keeps you tors at two and three times the cost.” ment on April 5, when Secretary Chris¬ from doing the job you want to do?” Others expressed dissatisfaction topher assembled a team of volunteers • “As a manager, would you save money about unrealistic micromanagement to examine departmental operations. if you had more control over how the from Washington of housing allotments Originally staffed by 10 people, the money is spent? Please describe.” overseas, excessive clearances required

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All guarantees are subject to terms and conditions. Call today for details. BY MYLES R.R. FRECHETTE Nothing Personal When the heat goes on, you’d better defend yourself, because no one else will do itfor you ■ lie Pinwri;l thet.uba I.< >bb\ United States had welcomed all Cubans deportee were not as reported . . . by Go >rge C iedda in the June who could reach our shores. Therefore, Myles, in fact, fought to prevent others issue of the Foreign Service as I had predicted, when the stowaway . . . from making the wrong move,” the Journal rekindled painful Cuban was deported, Miami’s Cuban truth fell on deaf ears. ■ memories but recalled les¬ exile community exploded. They could sons I should share with fellow For¬ not believe the Reagan administration Policy swings eign Service officers. would reverse this policy. Administra¬ Transitions provide vulnerable teni- My case began on January 13, 1982, tion conservatives, knowing that the tory for unwarranted ideological at¬ when a Cuban stowaway jumped ship Cuban American National Foundation tacks. The Carter-Reagan transition was in Miami and requested asylum. After and other like-minded groups were particularly prone to such attacks, be¬ telephonic exchanges between the Im¬ looking for blood, told them that I was cause there were such high expecta¬ migration and Naturalization Service (INS) in Miami and the State Depart¬ ment during a raging Washington snow¬ storm, the stowaway was denied refu¬ The Carter policy toward Cuba had offered movement toward gee status the same day. Two days later normalizing relations with the United States in exchange for he was flown back to Cuba. I, as office moderation in Cuba’s international behavior. I became office director for Cuban affairs at the State Department’s Bureau of Inter-American director for Cuban affairs in the late summer of 1979 and quickly Affairs (ARA), vigorously opposed this concluded that this policy was based on an unrealistic assessment deportation, which represented a radi¬ of Fidel Castro’s personality and the nature of his regime. cal departure from long-standing policy toward Cubans. Yet I was blamed for the deportation despite my opposition and despite the fact that my bureau and I were not responsible for such decisions. responsible for the Cuban’s deporta¬ tions for changes in foreign policy. tion. The Carter policy toward Cuba had Sacrificial lamb The furor quickly reached the White offered movement toward normalizing Deportation from the United States House, which queried the State Depart¬ relations with the United States in ex¬ of persons who are denied a claim to ment about the deportation and my role change for moderation in Cuba’s inter¬ refugee startis is the responsibility of the in it. The department’s written response, national behavior. I became office di¬ INS. The State Department’s opinion in intended to avoid discussing its internal rector for Cuban affairs in the late sum¬ such cases is given by the Human Rights decisionmaking process or naming any mer of 1979 and quickly concluded that and Humanitarian Affairs (HA) bureau. of the State Department individuals con¬ this policy was based on an unrealistic In this case, mine was the only opposing cerned, stressed the correctness of the assessment of Fidel Castro’s personality voice. department’s opinion under the tenns and the nature of his regime. I soon learned that unwarranted ideo¬ of the 1980 Refugee Act. Because State’s By 1980, the Carter administration logical attacks have little or nothing to response did not specifically exonerate had also become disillusioned about do with truth and everything to do with me, the Cuban-American community the possibilities for moderating Cuban symbolism. Because U.S. policy and believed it confirmed my guilt. Even adventurism in Africa, Central America, legislation since the 1960s had consid¬ though my boss, Assistant Secretary and the Caribbean. In fact, in October ered persons leaving Cuba to be “voting Tom Enclers, repeatedly told them that 1980 the Carter National Security Coun¬ against communism with their feet,” the “the facts in the case of the Cuban cil tasked the ARA bureau with developing

16 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • AUGUST 1993 new options for Cuba policy. These were to be based on a more realistic assessment of the Castro regime. The MARTENS VOLVO November elections mooted the policy review. Dedicated to Diplomacy Carter’s Cuba policy was extremely Worldwide Delivery to Diplomats unpopular with most Cuban Americans. and Members of International Organizations As office director, it was my job to articulate that policy, and I did so, often on Miami’s Spanish-language radio. By November 1980,1 was closely identified in Miami with Carter policy. Because of the enormous expecta¬ tions for changes in Cuba policy under the Reagan administration, Cuban Ameri¬ cans and conservatives were dismayed when the new administration took of¬ fice and I remained office director to articulate the new policy. They argued that, if I had served Carter on Cuba, I could not do so for Reagan. They re¬ fused to recognize that office directors Contact: Dana Martens, Diplomatic Sales Director implement policies that are established by others who outrank them. Also, by January 1982, when the CARS OF WASHINGTON, INC. deportation occurred, the Cuban Ameri¬ 4800 WISCONSIN AVE. WASH., DC 20016 cans and conservatives were frustrated U.S.A.’s Largest Diplomatic Dealer because, after a year in office, the Reagan Cuba policy was still stronger on rhetoric than direct action. This frustration, born of unrealistic expecta¬ How to Buy Auto Insurance Overseas tions about the use of force, was fed by Secretaiy of State Haig’s frequent asser¬ There’s really only one way. Select the agent who offers broad tion that we would deal with Cuba by experience and a high level of repeat business. Experience that helps “going to the source.” you avoid the pitfalls of a highly complex business. Repeat business that results from providing what's best for the customer - not the agent. Biting the bullet In this highly charged political atmo¬ For 34 years Harry M. Jannette, Jr. & Company has provided sphere, it is easy to understand why the dependable coverage with U.S. carriers to thousands of Foreign Service deportation was seized on by the Cuban personnel worldwide. Thus, you gain the broadest U.S. terms and American National Foundation and other conditions and flexible value limits often not available from other conservatives as a symbolic cause celehre insurance carriers. for which a price had to be paid. As soon as an unfair ideological • WORLDWIDE COVERAGE Fire, theft, comprehensive and collision attack begins, a quick public defense is protection are available at foreign posts. essential. Lies about me circulated all through 1982. • U.S. AUTO LIABILITY Available for short term on home leave, change of assignment, and new auto purchase prior to foreign departure. The department did not defend me publicly, and I was advised that any • FOREIGN LIABILITY We suggest contacting your post on arrival. Local public rebuttals would not carry much laws require specific limits and coverage. Pricing is normally best on site. weight. Not defending myself immedi¬ ately was a grave error; some critics • CONTACT US TODAY Let us send you "The Embassy Plan" brochure. It considered my lack of public response contains all the answers about dependable coverage and low cost premiums. an admission of guilt. In late 1982 one Harry M. Jannette, Jr. & Company conservative journal, on learning about 3530 FOREST LANE #305 Telephone: 214 350 5141 my true role in the deportation, de¬ DALLAS. TEXAS 75234-7955 FAX: 214 352-7022 fended its attack on me by noting . Or Call 1-800-256-5141 we have as yet had no letter of -4

AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 17 SPEAKING OUT

complaint from Frechette, nor any re¬ can National Foundation. In testimony most quest for a correction.” before congressional committees, my Even if Foreign Service officers re¬ knowledge of Cuba was recognized spond, they may not vanquish their both by members who favored Radio important attackers. They will, however, make it Marti and those who opposed it. Several harder for those attackers to perpetuate congressmen favorable to Radio Marti lies, sully reputations, and ruin careers. wrote to the State Department and the investment I should have written to every journal White House in my defense. that printed attacks on me as soon as I had little success trying to talk to each appeared. I probably would not political appointees in the administra¬ With the have been able to stop the attacks, but tion who did not know me but had been I would have reduced their number and willing to believe and repeat anything force. As I learned, lies repeated often said against me. Initially all of them enough soon pass for truth. In unwar¬ refused to talk with me. Finally one management ranted ideological attacks, truth is inten¬ agreed to a meeting. He denied having tionally obfuscated. They prove not, accused me of anything but made it “where there’s smoke, there’s fire,” but clear that he believed I did not really professionals rather “where there’s smoke, there’s a favor a “tough” Cuba policy. smudge pot.” My efforts to tiy to convince some of Once an attack begins, it can get ugly my detractors privately that the charge you trust. very quickly. The clamor for my re¬ against me was false did nothing for me, moval by the Cuban American National because the truth was not at issue. Rental and Management Foundation emboldened others, and Underscoring the symbolic nature of emotions ran high. The Miami Spanish- the attacks, one columnist commented of Tine Properties in language press and radio talk shows to a mutual acquaintance that there was Northwest DC, CheVy Chase, accused me of being a “Castro sympa¬ “nothing personal” in his attack and that thizer” and “diplo-spy.” I even received “someone has to pay” for the deporta¬ Pethesda and Potomac late-night death threats by telephone. tion. One night when I was traveling, a caller made veiled threats to my wife concern¬ No neutral ground ing her safety and that of our children. Professionalism is no shield against One conservative columnist, seeking to ideological attack. In fact, many of my add weight to his argument that a career attackers did not accept the notion of Foreign Service officer could not be professionalism in government service. trusted to carry out the president’s policy, They did not believe that Foreign Ser¬ mi! m\mm threw in the fact that I was bom and vice officers could effectively serve brought up in Chile. Another conserva¬ whatever administration is in office. For tive organization offered to help me, them, only “true believers” could be SSDlBS but only if I delivered to them classified tmsted. My detractors used the word documents from the Carter State De¬ “careerist” as a high-powered pejora¬ Executive Housing partment that would show how soft on tive. One columnist who accused me of Consultants, Inc. Cuba and the Soviet Union President the deportation said I had “a reputation 7315 Wisconsin Avenue Carter had been. I declined the offer. among Reagan appointees of being I found that trying to identify or another silly putty careerist: soft on Suite 1020 East convince my attackers was a waste of Cuba when he served under Carter, Bethesda, Maryland 20814 time. They did not want to know the now conveniently hard on Cuba under 301/951-4111 truth or talk to me. Reagan.” Some of my contacts with my detrac¬ Colleagues cannot be counted upon tors were made through members of to protect you. Friends on Capitol Hill “We care for your home Congress or staff members. One of the and several conservatives identified as if it Were our oWn. many ironies of my case was my nearly Foreign Service colleagues who were two years of effective work on Radio repeating lies about me. I chose not to Marti—a Reagan administration project believe such reports, especially after the strongly supported by the Cuban Ameri¬ people in question made denials to me.

18 • FOREIGN SERVICE I0URNAL • AUGUST 1993 The Area's Largest SPEAKING OPT yZr M ^ Diplomatic Dealer

I was saddened when later I was told FREE SERVICE that these same officers continued to LOANER pass on stories about me they knew were untrue. The Washington Area's Largest BMW Dealer Because Foreign Service officers are public figures, they are not protected by Contact: libel law, thus, most have no legal Jay Klein Richard Burton recourse if they are defamed or blamed Sales Director Sales and Leasing for policies over which they have no control. Launching unwarranted ideo¬ logical attacks against them is as easy as shooting fish in a barrel. Nevertheless, a Foreign Service officer can rescue the truth from his detractors. Seven years afterthe deportation, Helene Von Damm published a book about her years with 325is Ronald Reagan including her service as Coupe White House personnel director. She devoted several paragraphs to her suc¬ PASSPORT BMW cess in ridding ARA of “careerist” 5000 Auth Way • Marlow Heights, Maryland Frechette. Because virtually everything she said about me was false, our lawyer (301) 423-8400 was able to obtain from the book’s Call Today For A Home or Office Appointment publisher a written assurance “. . . that the references cited in your letter will be excised from any future reprints of At We concentrate on Reagan’s Side!’ In my case, one courageous senior only ONE thing ... Foreign Service officer, Tom Enders, did Managing your property. not allow lies about me to go uncorrected. Because of his action, my career was PROFESSIONAL deflected, but not finished. More of us PROPERTY should follow his principled example. RENTAL MANAGEMENT When colleagues are being unfairly OF NORTHERN accused, we must speak up. MANAGEMENT In the recent election of new AFSA VIRGINIA INC. officers, both slates made campaign Join our growing number of statements supporting a stronger AFSA owners from Athens to Zaire public position against unwarranted, who trust the management of partisan attacks on professional integ¬ their properties to PPM. Pro¬ rity. 1 hope the new AFSA board will go fessional service with a per¬ on record defending its own. sonal touch. The Foreign Service is a valuable institution, but it is not an abstraction. Discounts on appliances and more! Monthly comput¬ We are the Foreign Service. When one erized statements. of us is wounded unfairly, we are all diminished. ■ 5105K Backtick Rd. Annandale, VA 22003 Myles Frechette is an FSO who has 703/642-3010 served in Latin America, Africa (in¬ Fax: 703/642-3619 cluding as ambassador to Cameroon), Manufacturers Hanover Trust (Ex¬ ecutive Exchange Program) and, most recently, at USTR.

AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 19 Play It Again By Teresita Schaffer

| ihe amateur theatrical group in mad chef, and my husband, Howard, government town, the coincidence of TIslamabad—RATS, or the the political counselor, played the se¬ a play with an autocratic setting didn’t Rawalpindi Amateur Theatrical cret policeman. Some were reviving raise the political temperature too ! much. SSociety —produced many hits theatrical interests that had lain dormant overC the years, but for me their for years and some were hitheito undis¬ The most remarkable thing about triumph was a production of Woody covered talent. Inevitably, the cast found the performance, however, was how it Allen’s “Don't Drink the Water” in the that the play was taking over their lives lived on. Not in Pakistan; the cast in spring of 1971. due course was transferred The production was the away, the director went back brainchild of Arnie Raphel, to Washington, and RATS then a political officer at the went on to new theatrical embassy. Amie returned as heights. But over the next ambassador and was killed few years, re-editions of Arnie in a plane crash with the Raphel’s “Don’t Drink the Wa¬ country’s president 10 years R.A. T.S. ter” turned up around the ago this month. globe. USAID officer Tom Arnie had ambitious pPeSentS Mahoney, who had starred plans for “Don’t Drink the as the caterer in Islamabad, Water.” The story revolves "Don't Drink the Water" put on the play again in Ma¬ around the adventures of a nila a couple of yeaVs later, hapless caterer from New with Islamabad veterans Steve Jersey who stumbles into and Monica Sinding, also an embassy in an obscure USAID officers. By the mid- Communist country, chased 1980s the Sindings were in by the secret police. Nairobi, and put together yet Murphy’s law takes over, another production. Ambas¬ everything possible goes sador Elinor Constable— wrong, an eccentric priest whose husband had played emerges from a hiding place the priest in the original pro¬ in the embassy, and even¬ THERESA AURRICHIO duction—was in the audi¬ tually love triumphs—be¬ ence. tween the ambassador’s marvelously for the six weeks of rehearsal time. My If a new production of “Don’t Drink inept son, Axel (Woody Allen), and the son, then 3V2, protested: “Are you the Water” shows up in your comer of caterer’s daughter. going to another rehearsal?” the globe, get your tickets early. You’ll The cast was large, about 25, and As the performance dates neared, see a new side of some colleagues you drawn from all over the expatriate com¬ the political climate in Pakistan heated never suspected—and you’ll see, once munity. Some were natural hams— up. Indeed, we opened the day after again, the spirit that still makes Ambassa¬ Professor Murray Weinbaum as the what turned out to be a highly contro¬ dor Amie Raphel stand out in the memory Woody Allen character, and his wife, versial election campaign. Fortunately, of his Foreign Seivice friends. ■ Francine, the caterer’s wife, and Deputy the production run was over by the Chief of Mission Peter Constable as the time curfews were imposed, and, Teresita Schaffer is U.S. ambassa¬ priest. As economic officer, I played the Islamabad being a relatively quiet dor to Sri Lanka.

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TURNING Was Ross Perot right? Are ambassa¬ American businessman abroad, thereby dors anachronisms who should be re¬ gaining it a powerful domestic constitu¬ placed by super-fast office message ency. FOREIGN systems, and are embassies groupings No clearer illustration of Eagleburger’s of aimless kibitzers who really ought to desperation to redefine the mission of SERVICE be selling U.S. products overseas? The the Foreign Service need be sought than underlying premise is familiar: it is that, his “Bill of Rights.” It is so rife with in the aftermath of the Cold War and as platitude, restating what has always OFFICERS U.S. economic strength wanes, politics, been U.S. policy in more PR-conscious security, and military issues must defer language (listen to your views, require INTO to economics to allow the United States fairtrade, promote U.S. bids, etc.) that it to regain the economic edge that is yields little insight beyond the obvious prerequisite to global leadership. pressure the department feels to be SALESMEN Former Secretaiy of State Eagleburger seen doing something. seemed to agree, though somewhat One of the few people to have FOR AMERICAN more decorously, with Perot. He told addressed themselves to the issue in the the Washington Post (March 20, 1992) popular press was Stuart Anderson in that a fundamental re-orientation of the Christian Science Monitor (October PRODUCTS mission from politics to business is 22, 1992). He called for a re-organiza¬ required of the State Department, and tion of the Foreign Service by reducing WON’T WIN that the attempt “to change the culture the number of political officers while of the Foreign Service” might take 10 increasing the number of commercial years to effect. Eagleburger went on to officers abroad; changing the “culture of THE BATTLE stress that assignments and promotions the Foreign Service” to reflect the im¬ will reflect success in commercial work portance of trade promotion; providing FOR for all Foreign Service officers. He also, better training (presumably for all FSOs) of course, promulgated a “Bill of Rights” in commercial work, to include export for U.S. business. promotion, marketing, and advertising; RELEVANCE mandating longer and more logical as¬ WINDOW DRESSING signments, which Anderson defines as Eagleburger was operating within those that match language competence Perot’s changed landscape and seeking with country of assignment. a new raison d’etre for an institution he As with Eagleburger’s list, you won¬ saw as threatened with irrelevance. He der why someone got so worked up to BY EDWARD H. clearly hoped to re-legitimize the Foreign produce something so jejune. The spe¬ VAZQUEZ Service as an indispensable partner of the cific suggestions for change only tinker

22 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • AUGUST 1993 ±5 H, ±11 IN U

with what Anderson has implicitly equacy of the government in helping has been heavily engaged around the termed a mission-less organization. The U.S. business compete at the retail level. world from Panama to Liberia and the State Department might provide busi¬ Analysts who laud the efficacy of our Philippines, in Iraq and Somalia, with ness training, lengthen assignments even Asian competitors in mnning a different Bosnia waiting in the wings. Unless we more, and improve its officers’ language kind of capitalism point to the domestic believe that the world has changed so competence. Ultimately, though, what arrangements that foster heavy invest¬ that there will be no future Somalias or would be the point, when there is ment and an export-oriented economy, Bosnias—or that we will soon cease to already another agency whose main job as well as to undisputed governmental care about them— the United States will overseas is trade promotion? authority to set strategic direction. The continue to need the skills that a tradi¬ Foreign Service is uniquely positioned tional Foreign Service career builds. ANALYSIS, NOT SALES to apprise our policymakers of not only While nearly everyone agrees that the mechanics and efficiency of such BACKHAND TRADE PROMOTION the United States has seen a substantial policies, but of their political and social While the work of the Foreign Ser¬ decline in its relative economic power consequences (usually viewed as ana¬ vice is arcane, it is not inexplicable: I and influence, there is no unity on what, lytically unpleasant “externalities” by suspect that most Americans, were they if anything, to do about it. When a economists). Such an integrated per¬ to think about it, would be glad that consensus does emerge, its conclusions spective comes more naturally to tire former Special Envoy to Somalia Robert will not only frame foreign economic Foreign Service than to other profes¬ Oakley hasn’t spent his career selling and trade policy but influence the pa¬ sional observers and should be highly computers to the Japanese or that Am¬ rameters of U.S. diplomacy for decades relevant to the kinds of political deci¬ bassador to Russia Thomas Pickering to come. sions that the new administration will knows more about politics than he does The Foreign Service must join this soon be taking. about franchising fast-food restaurants. debate if it hopes to have a significant Redefining the core work of the Indeed the current thrust of our foreign role in the diplomacy of the future, but Foreign Service as trade promotion risks policy, with its emphasis on democracy, its insights must be those garnered from irrelevance not only in the international human rights, and economic liberalism is a political/economic analysis of the economic-policy debate but in the po¬ far more directed at the internal stmcture of economic and trade systems of our litical one as well. Despite the supposed foreign societies than it has ever been. major competitors. This is something consensus around the need to restore Maybe we need more po¬ quite different from selling U.S. prod¬ our economic power, we have hardly litical officers! ucts overseas (though not antithetical to been easing up on our other interna¬ such a role). The Clinton administration tional commitments of the tradi¬ has chosen advisers who straddle the tional variety. U.S. politi¬ economic divide on managed versus cal and military free trade, while the policy debate con¬ pcrcer cerns the framework for international competition, not the ad¬ Skepticism that the Foreign Service the American business community is network of Foreign Service officers at can be our government’s most impor¬ simply a fact of life, and Schwab goes on the disposal of an important American tant trade-promotion to explain that the FCS interest. It wins friends for the Foreign corps does not mean has made inroads to con¬ Service while still leaving most of the work that the service should vince businesspeople of trade promotion with the FCS, where it shun this work. There that embassies are re¬ probably belongs in the first place. will never be a powerful sources that it makes domestic constituency sense to consult. Inter¬ COMMERCIAL LITERACY for a large foreign-policy viewed this year by the Facilitating commercial work should bureaucracy, and main¬ Foreign ServiceJournal, be seen as a theme in all Foreign Service taining the support we Schwab indicated that jobs, and has a nice analogue in consu¬ have requires keeping foreign commercial lar affairs. The obligatory consular first in touch with the con¬ work is firmly ensconced or second tour ensures that eveiy em¬ cerns of average Ameri¬ within the Commerce bassy officer is literate in protection and cans. The question then Department, and there it welfare and visa matters, issues that are is, what do busi¬ will stay. recurrent throughout everyone’s career. nesspeople want from While commercial tours are not avail¬ the Foreign Service? Eagleburger issued a “Bill of BROWNIE POINTS able to FSOs except at small posts in Rights” for U.S. business in 1990 Can support be pro¬ Schwab is certainly relatively unimportant markets, it would vided in a way that correct in her predic¬ not be too tough to design a commercial does not detract from the primary tion that overseas trade promotion will component under FCS supervision for mission of the service? stay at the Commerce Department. all junior officers during their five If the press is any guide, business Savvy ambassadors can and should “unconed” years. Preceded by a seg¬ wants mostly basic information and turn this situation to the advantage of ment during junior-officer training that useful introductions that could easily the Foreign Service by working with acquainted career candidates (perhaps be given. The Los Angeles Times, in an the FCS to assure U.S. businesspeople through brief—a week or two—assign¬ article on trade promotion by U.S. of high-quality service abroad. What ments to businesses or Commerce De¬ embassies in Asia, quoted David G. the Foreign Service can offer is country partment field offices) with what busi¬ Sant, managing director for interna¬ knowledge and contacts. ness needs, everyone could become tional operations of a voice-mail-sys¬ Employing diplomatic contacts to commerce-literate before tenure. tems company in California, as say¬ advance commercial interests is hardly The Foreign Service, to be honest, ing, “One of the most difficult things a revolutionary idea, but it gains plau¬ would be mostly looking to reap some about dealing with government agen¬ dits from satisfied customers. The Wall public-relations benefits among the cies is finding out whom to turn to for Street Journal featured a long article in domestic business community by a bet¬ help. ” The Washington Post described its November 4, 1992 edition on the ter advertising and packaging of ser¬ attempts by a would-be exporter of trade-promotion efforts of our em¬ vices we’ve always provided. The sud¬ plastic bags to get information from bassy in Seoul, focusing especially on den anxiety of a long-complacent cor¬ the Commerce Department as a never- the activism of Ambassador Donald P. porate sector, driven by economic cir¬ ending run-around of bouncing from Gregg. Gregg makes the obligatory cumstance to be conscious of the need phone to phone, until, finally con¬ nod to salesmanship: “I feel that the to export, is fueling the fire of move¬ nected with the Mexico desk, . . I role of the embassy is to be the No. 1 ments like Perot’s. Combining with a asked her, How do I determine the assistant salesman.” Gregg considers native American skepticism of govern¬ price of plastic bags in Mexico City?’ commercial work as a kind of back¬ ment in general (and more than a pinch and she said ‘Go there’.” drop to each embassy officer’s job, assign¬ of Philistinism), this current of opinion Susan Schwab, former director gen¬ ing the most logical person (who might be is challenging the government’s tradi¬ eral of the U.S. & Foreign Commercial a vice-consul or defense attache) to use tional view of its responsibilities. The Service, told Business America-. “How contacts to get an American business rep¬ Foreign Service (and eveiyone else) often have I heard an otherwise so¬ resentative in the door. must respond constructively to this chal¬ phisticated entrepreneur remark, ‘Why The success of Gregg’s method be¬ lenge, but it must bring its own perspec¬ would I consider going to the U.S. lies Eagleburger’s assertion that the tive to the dialogue and not simply Embassy when I’m on business over¬ “culture of the Foreign Service” needs confess supposed sins and vow to seas?”’ Schwab was acknowledging a to be changed in some 10-year long change. The department ought to: view that is all too common in busi¬ march. It would be hard to imagine an • Designate some central point within ness: wariness combined with skepti¬ official culture more insouciant about the State Department where cism that there is anything of value to commerce than that of the Central businesspeople can call someone to be gained by making contact with Intelligence Agency, yet that is where ask a legitimate question; whoever government employees. Suspicion of Gregg spent most of his career. Em¬ takes these calls should then do the the government in whatever guise by bassy Seoul places the unique contact internal checking required to get the

24 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • AUGUST 1993 answer. This is currently impossible American industry. There is nothing with the latter explicitly subservient (I speak here from the experience of wrong with an official culture that em¬ to the former, and recruit honestly on having been assigned for a year to a phasizes political and economic policy that basis while permitting little if any Houston corporation where I’ve of¬ and analysis in a department whose permeability, or (far better) 2) recruit ten been driven nuts trying to find main job is to provide substantive for¬ an integrated service where access to the right person to ask questions on eign-policy advice to the president. Prob¬ the policy jobs at all levels is depen¬ behalf of the company, even after 15 lems arise, and the Foreign Service dent on demonstrated competence years in the Foreign Service). acquires a reputation for arrogance and (reiterated at various points of the • Make the country experts—office indifference (what people who use the career) in the operational work of the directors, their deputies, and the desk word “culture” in its pejorative sense department outside the political/eco¬ officers—available for briefings on really mean) when nomic core areas. political, economic, and cultural is¬ the preoccupation Unfortunately, sues to interested business concerns with high policy THIS FAILURE OF State does neither outside of Washington. In addition leads to a headlong while trying to sub¬ to keeping coiporations in touch rush from any job PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT stitute admonitions with us, it would inform us of Ameri¬ assigned the For¬ EXPOSES THE FOREIGN from on high for real can business concerns. eign Service outside incentives or effec¬ • Get the Foreign Service Institute (soon the core areas of SERVICE TO THE CHARGE tive discipline to en¬ to be the National Foreign Affairs political and eco¬ OF IRRELEVANCE sure that everyone Training Center) involved in out¬ nomic work. The serves in opera¬ reach to the American business com¬ public, be it the trav¬ LEVELED BY PEROT IN tional jobs for a sig¬ munity on cross-cultural-communi¬ eler in need of con¬ THE CAMPAIGN, AND TO nificant portion of cations issues. FSI does this better sular assistance or their career. The dis¬ than the consultants I’ve watched, the businessperson THE INTELLECTUAL dain among enter¬ and it could create jobs for the very abroad, has little CONFUSION OF AN ing junior officers talented group of ex-community-li- reason to support with no experience aison officers we have available in or even understand EAGLEBURGER WHO, IN of the Foreign Ser¬ the Foreign Service community. an institution that CORRECTLY IDENTIFYING vice for consular and • Follow the Seoul model, in which slights their major administrative work every embassy officer keeps the com¬ concerns. AN IMAGE PROBLEM, is a result of the mercial utility of his contacts in mind. This failure of CURES IT BY GUTTING current non-system, Have FCS organize a system that personnel manage¬ and damages the makes use of these contacts when an ment exposes the THE SUBSTANCE OF THE service as a whole. American businessman asks for as¬ Foreign Service to ORGANIZATION. Where the work has sistance or is seeking information. the charge of irrel¬ another real suitor None of the actions that I have evance leveled by (like Commerce) it described is especially novel. We need Perot in the campaign, and to the intel¬ is ripe for the plucking. Trouble is, only show that we are willing and able to lectual confusion of an Eagleburger should it suddenly become sexy, you be a resource for the business community who, in correctly identifying an image don’t get it back. and persevere in the effort to do so. problem, cures it by gutting the sub¬ Maverick political leaders, and the stance of the organization. Export pro¬ public in general, are not being entirely THE CULTURE motion is a modestly useful service irrational in questioning the utility of an In Ambassador’s Journal, John Ken¬ rendered by the U.S. government abroad, organization whose main claim to fame neth Galbraith penned the witticism: but was seen (correctly) by FSOs as a is the production of a half-dozen super- "The State Department, to a remarkable career backwater. It was therefore done stars. A Foreign Service more respon¬ degree, is the sum of less than its parts.” poorly and without interest by the For¬ sive to the public would let Americans He contrasted State with the Pentagon, eign Service and lost to the Commerce know that the rest of us are up to which, though much larger, was far Department. To try to get it back and something useful, too. ■ more manageable because most of its elevate it to primacy is not only to fight people were involved in operations and a lost battle, but to miss the larger point Edward H. Vazquez joined the For¬ contentedly obedient to the few who set of the loss in the first place: how can the eign Service in June of 1978. He has policy. Galbraith’s observation is still Department of State assure that routine been assigned to Rome, Santiago, funny because it is still true, and gets to work assigned it is properly done with¬ Dhahran, and Mazatlan, Mexico. He the heart of what is behind the largely out slighting its main mission? spent a year on assignment to the inchoate desire to change “the culture There are really only two ways: 1) ENRON Corp., a Houston-based en¬ of the Foreign Service”. split the service, along the old diplo¬ ergy company. The views expressed No one joins the Foreign Service in matic and staff corps model, into here are his and not necessarily those order to become a retail salesman for policy and operational components, of the Department of State.

AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 25 Oral histories are proliferating in the Foreign Service The SPOKEN Record BY ANN LUPPI VON MEHREN

When the Association for Diplomatic The State Department does not con¬ feel compelledto get their history down,” Studies (ADS) moves to its space in the duct oral histories, as the security agen¬ Ritchie says. The Foreign Service Spouse new National Foreign Affairs Training cies and military services frequently Oral History Program, for program led Center this fall, it will bring along more do—all of the transcripts at ADS are the by Jewell Fenzi, seeks greater public than 800 oral histories related to U.S. result of privately funded efforts. The recognition of the role of spouses as one foreign affairs. Many of the transcripts to Office of the Historian, which produces of its goals. be deposited in the Diplomatic History the “Foreign Relations of the United Research Center are interviews with, States” series after the expiration of the THE TRAIL OF DISSENT and conducted by, retired Foreign Ser¬ 30-year period of classification, has a Oral-history programs may delve into vice officers, their spouses, and col¬ traditional approach, using interviews the lives of individuals or gather varying leagues. only to question officials about particu¬ accounts of a historical period. The ADS Oral history complements the more lar documents. “Serious historians still oral histories of Foreign Service person¬ traditional sources for historical research, rely 95 to 99 percent on documentary nel provide insights into historic events such as treaties, memoranda, cables, records and contemporary accounts,” and personalities of the post-World War background notes, and letters. The need says Paul Claussen of the Office of the II period. There are also fascinating for oral history is growing as the paper Historian. He notes, however, that “a comments on the Foreign Service itself. trail dries up. The telephone and jet, review of oral histories is more and Morris Draper, in Baghdad prior to and word processor and computer have more expected and becoming a part of during the July 1958 overthrow of the affected both the substance and quan¬ the culture of foreign-affairs historians.” monarchy, discusses an internal dispute tity of written records. Few decis¬ Interviews of junior and mid-level at the embassy: ionmakers record their calls and meet¬ Foreign Service officers can fill out the There was a division in the em¬ ings or preserve every computer file, official record. “Documents are linear, a bassy between those who predicted and historians must look to officials’ one-dimensional approach. A set of an early overthrow and others who notes and memoirs to piece together the cables may describe a negotiation, but felt the situation’s being relatively decisionmaking process. Oral history oral history can relate some of the stable. The ambassador . . . was can provide crucial missing detail. It human factor—the underlying motives, undecided. Some of the senior offi¬ also permits clarification of the record. the hoped-for results,” says Claussen. cials were far too complacent. They “In some respects, oral histories may be Ann Miller Morin, who has done oral seemed that way even at the time. more reliable. You can place more faith histories of American female ambassa¬ They were out of touch. A lot of us in what they say when you can interro¬ dors, adds that oral histories can reveal younger officers felt that we had a gate, require them to justify their spin on a “corridor reputation”—impossible to better feeling for the society because events,” says Donald A. Ritchie, associ¬ find in documents—by interviewing we were out in the countryside, ate historian in the U.S. Senate Historical “people who knew, worked with, talking to everybody, from archae¬ Office, who does oral histories of Senate worked for, loved, or hated your sub¬ ologists, to reporters, to soldiers, to staff. “Written documents don’t tell the ject.” For Foreign Service spouses, who shopkeepers. Some of our senior whole story. You have to get to know rarely or never got into the written officers only talked to other diplo¬ the people mentioned in documents as record, oral histories are the only way to mats or senior Iraqi officials of the well as those not mentioned . . . the share their experiences. establishment. behind-the-scenes interactions, the off- Groups that have been overlooked That junior officers may be able to the-record conversation. In oral history, in mainstream historical studies, such as pick up infonnation that challenges you get the disagreements, the explana¬ minorities and women, often turn to conventional wisdom is discussed in tions of what was happening.” oral history for a record. “These groups other contexts, particularly Vietnam.

26 • FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • AUGUST 1993 Roger Kirk recalls Saigon in 1968: effective by remaining in the service note in an FBIS article . . . the There was one small unit in the and doing my best to do what I felt announcement by the Chinese in political section called the provincial was right... Once the decision is made, Peking on their radio that [the infor¬ reporting unit... These were all very if you are a good Foreign Service mant] had been executed for treason junior officers, and, partly for that officer, you simply carry out your or disloyalty to the Party in Mukden. reason, some of their reports were instructions as best you can. discounted. Partly they showed the CLIMATE OF SUSPICION indignation and surprise at corrup¬ UNHEEDED WARNINGS George Vest, in Canada during the tion that you might expect from a Philip Manhard has a particularly McCarthy period, remembers the op¬ junior American officer. That tended vivid description of a junior officer pressive climate of the time: to lead people to give less weight to grappling with an analysis that chal¬ Scott MacLeod in the State De¬ their reports than they might other¬ lenges the conventional wisdom. A vice partment, who was then head of the wise have done. It was sort of as if consul in Tianjin, he was preparing to security bureau and a great buddy of they were discovering the real world, evacuate the post in April 1950 after McCarthy’s, questioned whether or that they were a little bit too idealis¬ Washington decided not to recognize not we [FSOs] should be reading tic. But I must say, I thought as a Communist China, when one night he magazines like the Reporter. . . . whole they gave a better picture of and a colleague were called to the [which was] very slightly left wing. what was going on than almost any¬ house of “an official in the Chinese So I wrote to the Foreign Service one else. They were inconvenient, Communist export and import corpora¬ Journal, wrote them a letter which I these reports, because they did vary tion”: invited them to publish, which said with what was going out. Manhard:... it was a very strange that I had subscribed to a wide Robert Keeley, who served in Athens scene in the dining room, a Western- selection of magazines and felt that, during the “colonels’ coup” of 1967 and style house The next crack out of as a Foreign Service officer, I should had strong differences with many of his the box was, “You know the war in [subscribe], and that it included the colleagues about what policy line to Korea is about to start. ...” Reporter and the Atlantic Monthly, take, says that he believes his ambassa¬ [Questioner:] For heaven’s sake! both of which were allegedly viewed dor in Amman, Sheldon Mills, had the This was two months before the war with some suspicion by Mr. MacLeod. right approach to reporting differing actually started. It was June 25th And that I thought that we in the opinions on a policy issue: when it started. Foreign Service should be told When a young officer has an idea, Manhard: That’s correct. ... I whether or not... this was the kind even if a bit outlandish, on which he thought it was a set-up, and so did of conduct that was approved or not. or she has worked and which he or Howie [Boorman]. So we played as Very interesting: The Foreign Service she has considered at some length, dumb as possible. . . . JournalcdKiuWy wrote me right back even if the conclusions are not viewed [Questioner:] Do you still think it and said, “We’re going to publish sympathetically, the decent and cor¬ was a set-up? your letter, and we will forward it to rect action to take is to forward it to Manhard: Now I don’t because of Mr. MacLeod’s office, the text, but the department with a disclaimer, if what happened afterwards. we are withdrawing your name be¬ necessary, that this is not the [Questioner:] Was this a govern¬ cause we think it might be too con¬ embassy’s policy, but it is an idea that ment-authorized warning? troversial.” ... That gives you an idea might be considered; it could stimu¬ Manhard: No. ... He said, “There of the era. In point of fact, MacLeod late some other approach more ac¬ will be very soon, we don’t know did come back and say, “No. We ceptable to the U.S. government. exactly when, an all-out offensive don’t disapprove of Foreign Service Such a process is good for the officer against South Korea. . . . Please tell officers subscribing to a broad range and the service as a whole. my friend Mr. Freeman. of magazines. We do think they Donald C. Stone recounts that, when [After returning to Washington] should be very careful that they are he disagreed with Nixon and Kissinger’s the fourth of June, boiling hot, open¬ not seduced by ultra-liberal propa¬ decision to send the U.S.S. Enterprise ing of business on Monday morning, ganda.” (Laughter) And my name aircraft carrier into the Bay of Bengal to I went straight to see [Foreign Service did not appear. It made me realize support Pakistan in the 1971 Indo- officer] Tony Freeman. . . . about a then, you know, how sensitive it Pakistani War, week later ... he said, “I checked it was. I really felt that all I had been out with the Korean desk, and they working for in terms of improving said there was nothing to that be¬ CLIENTITIS relationships between the United cause there’s no indication of any¬ Several interviews touch upon the States and India was being totally thing happening in North Korea, and problem of coming to identify too closely jeopardized almost overnight. I seri¬ our main problem now is to prevent with the interests of a foreign post. ously considered resigning from the Syngman Rhee from marching north. Dayton Mak says, “It’s so easy to live in Foreign Service at that point. ... I What could I say? What could I do? the Arab world and become more Arab finally concluded I could be more [I]n 1952 ... I just happened to than the Arabs, or live in Austria and

AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 27 become more Austrian, or Holland, more Thompson.... I did not want to take position your predecessor did?’ 'Was Dutch. ... It is a disease that is easy to a chance of using the telephone. I your entertainment allowance commen¬ catch in the Foreign Service or in any went to the residence, and I didn’t surate with your rank?’ And so on. At other endeavor where you’re living with wake him up, but he was in his robe. first she brushed aside such queries. foreign people. You’re going to adopt I told him what I’d heard, and in his Then, as time passed and she began to their attitudes toward basic issues. ” Wells very quiet sort of laid-back way . . . see her life from a modern-day perspec¬ Stabler, in Jerusalem in 1948, explains, he looked at me and said, “I think tive . . . she was, retrospectively, pretty “It was very hard to be entirely neutral. you’d better go back to the embassy indignant . . . exclaiming that she had You invariably felt more one way than and report this to Washington . . . put up with entirely too much non¬ you did another way, although our because I think this is one item of sense!” official position was that of being en¬ information they’d like to get.” As Morin says, with oral history, tirely neutral between the two. I always There are potential pitfalls in doing “You get color, opinions, and a sense of cite what happened to me on the 15th of oral histories. The issue of self-censor¬ the effect an event had—an immediacy May, 1948, when the British left, as ship, however, is not as great as might you can’t get any other way.” ■ evidence of my following instructions to be imagined given the security con¬ the letter. When I was caught in the straints. “People can be candid,” Claussen A former editor of the Foreign Ser¬ crossfire between the Jews on one side believes, “because, by the time they’re vice Journal, Ann Luppi von Mehren of the street and the Arabs on the other interviewed, they’re retired. You tell the is a freelance writer in Silver Spring. side I ended up with 37 bullet holes in story the same way five, 10, 20 years my car, and, still being alive, at least I later. You may get the story wrong from was neutral to the extent of saying, the first,” says Ann Miller Morin, and the The oral histories to be 'Who shot at me?”’ historical researcher will then have to archived at the Association for evaluate the merit of the interpretation, Diplomatic Studies’ Diplomatic LOOSENING TONGUES but the passage of time doesn’t seem to Research Historical Center Sometimes the oral histories provide affect the telling. include the following: interesting additions to the historical The Foreign Affairs Oral record. An anecdote from USIA retiree JUST THE FACTS, MA’AM History Program was established Hans Tuch describes how he learned Charles Stuart Kennedy, future direc¬ in 1985 by Charles Stuart where Gary Powers was shot down in tor of the ADS Research Center, has Kennedy and Victor Wolff. The I960: developed guidelines to help interview¬ program has done more than [W]e couldn’t find from the Soviets ers interrogate their diplomatic subjects, 500 interviews, conducted by where, actually, they had shot [the emphasizing preliminary research into about 300 volunteer interviewers, plane] down. That became a very the period that will come under discus¬ important issue for us, because... we sion in order to be prepared to chal¬ of retired State and USIA Foreign were saying it was not shot down lenge questionable statements. “An Service officers, labor officers, inside the Soviet Union. That evening, interviewer's own knowledge precludes and non-career officials. Plans there was a press reception that Union an interviewee from not being chal¬ are under way to collect USAID of Journalists were sponsoring for lenged,” Kennedy says. histories. May 1, and because of our improving A good interviewer will be on the The Foreign Service Spouse relationship up to that time, I had watch for puffing or hindsight, keeping Oral History Program, under the been invited to that reception for the the recollection focused on the way it direction of Jewell Fenzi, has 170 first time ever. Of course, I got to the was, not the way it should have been. interviews of spouses. reception, I was surrounded by very, Then there is getting beyond what American Women Ambassa¬ veiy angry Soviet journalists, and all Morin calls “the mask,” the public or dors have been the subject of kinds of, “How can you do this? You role-playing persona. “It is veiy tricky, Ann Miller Morin’s research. are mining the relationship and spy¬ indeed, to coax an individual into re¬ ing,” etc., etc. I said, “Well, you know vealing glimpses of the inner self,” Herself a Foreign Service spouse, . . . it’s an unfriendly act that you Morin says. Morin has done 35 interviews of committed, shooting down the plane.” Morin recalls how Constance Haivey, ambassadors. One of the journalists said, “ Gospadin one of only two women to enter the Presidential Libraries collect Tuch, what can you do? What could Foreign Service in the 1930s through the oral histories of individuals who we have done? The plane was over exam process and the first female con¬ worked with a particular presi¬ Sverdlosk. We had to shoot it down.” sul general, steadfastly refused to dis¬ dent. The center intends to tap And I said, “Where?” And he kind of cuss on tape anything that might reflect into these collections as well as backed away from me, and they all badly on the Foreign Service. “I threw diplomatic oral history records at sort of dispersed.” ... I thought, “. . out questions: 'Would the department Princeton, Columbia, and other . I think I'm going to wake up Llewelyn have given that assignment to a man?’ universities. Thompson,” our ambassador, Tommy 'Did you have the same authority in that

28 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • AUGUST 1993 Chester Bowles: IDEALISTIC VISION BY HOWARD B. SCHAFFER

Howard Schaffer (left) was When President Harry S. Truman offered to make him ambassador to second secretary in the New Jawaharlal Nehru’s India in the spring of 1951, Chester Bowles was already Delhi embassy political section when Bowles was a prominent figure in American public life. Just turned 50, he had made a ambassador in the 1960s. small fortune in the advertising business in New York during the Depression years, then gone on to Washington to play an effective and highly visible role as wartime head of the Office of Price Administration. These early successes paved the way for his entry into postwar elective politics. An ardent New Dealer despite his family’s longtime allegiance to the Republican Party, he became the Democratic governor of Connecticut in 1948 in a closely contested race. His national standing as a thoughtful, outspoken liberal and his performance in Hartford made him appear, in the late 1940s, eminently eligible to become Truman’s successor in the White House. But, to his dismay, the voters of his state put his political ambitions on temporary hold by rejecting his bid for reelection, despite his accomplishments in enacting far- reaching reforms during his two-year term. He was angling for something important to do in government operations overseas when the call came from the president. Pew who knew Bowles would have predicted that Truman’s offer would be a crucial turning point in his life. He had taken considerable interest in international affairs both before and after the war and had briefly held several foreign-policy positions, but he had focused his major attention much more on domestic matters. In 1951, the smart money would have bet that Bowles would bring to the embassy in New Delhi the same creativity, energy, and enthusiasm that had won him fortune in Manhattan, fame and respect in Washington, and political power in Connecticut, but that after two years or so in India foreign policy would again move back to second place on his professional agenda. The ambassadorship would no doubt look good on his resume as he returned to the domestic political battlefields; it would certainly not mark the beginning of two decades focused on international affairs. To his friends’ surprise, and very possibly his own, it did. In the 1950s and 1960s, at home and abroad, Bowles was one of the leading liberal lights on the American foreign-policy scene. When Dwight D. Eisenhower’s 1952 election victory brought Bowles’s impressive performance in New Delhi to an

AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 29 early end, he returned to Connecticut and became a chief Democratic Party spokesman and adviser on international affairs. He spoke and wrote extensively on foreign-policy issues. As a freshman congressman at the end of the decade, he played a highly active role on the House Foreign Affairs Committee and served as foreign-policy adviser to Senator John F. Kennedy during his campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination. Disappointed when Kennedy did not make him secretary of state, he accepted the second slot in the department under Dean Rusk. His relations with Kennedy and Rusk became increasingly difficult, and after less than a year he was dismissed and kicked upstairs to become the president’s special representative and adviser on Asian, African, and Latin American affairs. In 1963, a decade after he had completed his first ambassadorial assignment, Bowles returned to India for what proved to be a six-year stint. He left Mew Delhi in 1969, following the return to power of the Republicans under Richard M. Nixon, and retired from public life. ♦ Bowles was a remarkable man, ment of life in all corners of the world” powerful armed forces. In his view, important and interesting in his own and “an instrument in the creation of the United States had to be prepared right. But his significance in foreign a truly world society.” to respond credibly and flexibly to the affairs goes beyond his immediate, These views set him apart from threat of aggression from Communist often limited, achievements. His ca¬ most other foreign-policy practitio¬ powers. Nor was he in any way “soft reer provides broad insights into the ners and commentators of the time. on communism,” another charge lev¬ objectives of U.S. foreign policy and Many of them considered him the eled against him. But he resented and the way it is made. It has particular ultimate unreconstructed, out-of-date resisted the militarization of foreign contemporaiy relevance as the United liberal, a woolly-minded New Dealer policy that had begun in 1950 in the States debates its role in a world beyond his intellectual depth in an Truman administration. He believed suddenly made less threatening, yet America confronted by the harsh chal¬ that effective use of military force had more challenging, by the end of the lenges of the Cold War. They also narrow limits. He did not want U.S. Cold War. The part Bowles played at regarded him, more accurately, as an foreign policies to ignore the power the height of the Cold War as the outsider, drawn neither from the for¬ of the gun, but to stress also the standard bearer of idealism and lib¬ eign-policy establishment of lawyers, power of the ideas that had made eral interventionism raises in particu¬ bankers, and academics who moved America a distinct society, “a city set lar this fundamental issue: is there a in and out of government during the upon a hill” with a message for the higher American purpose beyond 1950s and 1960s nor from the foreign- world. immediate national interests, and, if affairs community itself, the Foreign there is, how should the United States Service officers and career civil ser¬ INSPIRING THE THIRD WORLD pursue it? vants who permanently staffed the Nowhere, in Bowles’s view, were Bowles had been a young admirer State Department and other foreign such policies more needed than in the of the universalist tenets of Woodrow policy-making organizations. Third World, the vast belt of poor, Wilson, and, perhaps more than any Bowles agreed with these much- often politically fragile countries of major figure of his time, he believed praised “wise men” that the “free Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Dif¬ that U.S. foreign policy should be world” faced dangerous challenges fering again with many members of guided by American values and prin¬ from Moscow to Peking and that the the largely Eurocentric foreign-policy ciples. For him, these were the liberal United States needed to take the lead establishment of his time, he main¬ political, economic, and social ideals in containing Communist power. He tained that the fate of the globe would he had imbibed during the New Deal devised his foreign-policy constructs turn on what happened in this Third and sought to put into practice when in a Cold War context and considered World. Though he acknowledged that he took the job of price administrator them not only morally just and in a firm commitment to the security of and later governor of Connecticut. He accord with America’s historic pur¬ Western Europe had to be the bed¬ was convinced that these ideals—the pose but also effective containment rock of U.S. foreign policy, the Third continuing American revolution-could strategy. He took issue, however, with World became the focus of his atten¬ inspire and move leaders and peoples many of the containment policies tion and his creative energies. His everywhere, whatever their countries’ adopted by successive administrations, fundamental, long-held position was historical experience and current cir¬ a disagreement most notable in his that the United States needed to stress cumstances. The United States should view of the role of the military. A “positive” policies that would identify promote these principles at home. He realist as well as an idealist, Bowles it with the aspirations of Third World called for “a good America, a strong was not, as his detractors sometimes leaders and peoples, not “negative” America (as) a vehicle for the better¬ alleged, unmindful of the need for ones such as military measures de-

30 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • AUGUST 1993 Tex Harris wins AFSA presidency After counting more than 3,300 ballots from State, USAID, USIA, Commerce, Agriculture, and retiree members of all agencies, the AFSA Elections Committee has announced that F.A. “Tex” Harris will lead the new AFSA Governing Board, which took office on July 15. Following are results for all the candidates in the 1993 Governing Board elections (the winners are listed in bold type; the numbers of votes are in parentheses):

President: F.A. “Tex” Harris Hugh Neighbour (590); Thomas (1,416); Joseph Melrose (1,161); Miller (521), Robert Brand (506); John Harter (742). Richard Jackson (492), Harry State VP: Tibor Nagy, Jr. (927); Thomas Jr. (456), William Veale Sandy Vogelgesang, write-in (191). (242); Frederic Baron (215); Charles USAID VP: C. Stuart Callison Huseman, write-in (79). (178); R. Carey Coulter (140). USAID Reps: Lee Ann Ross (273); USIA VP: Raz Bazala (102). James Washington (229). Retiree VP: Donald Norland (852); USIA Rep: Bruce Wharton (102). Chuck Schmitz (739). Retiree Reps: Edward Peck (889); Secretary: Catherine Barry Samuel Hart (674); Kathryn (1,807); Carolyn Dollar (1,287). Clark-Bourne (655); M. Bruce Treasurer: Anne Woods Patterson Hirshorn (596), Aurelius Fernandez (1,839); Marshall Carter-Tripp (592); Kempton Jenkins (591); (1,284). Stephen Koczak (589); Sally Smith State Reps: David H. Shinn (723); (586); Joseph Kemper (566); Irvin Sue Saarnio (694); Dennis Kux Coker (370). (642); Christine Fulena (615); istrative officers overseas from the pro¬ no more than one year. The one- Grievance regs hibition. AFSA still believes the lan¬ year period could be extended if the considered in guage is too restrictive and will seek delay in resolution of the grievance authorization bill further changes. were caused by either the board or The State Department Authoriza¬ Further changes to the strength of the agency. Since the board already tion Bill, which moved to the Senate in the Foreign Service are sought in the has the authority to terminate in¬ early July, retains the provisions that Senate version of the bill, which in terim relief, AFSA believes the pro¬ affect employee benefits-away-from- 1994 would reduce State Department vision is unnecessary, and we post educational allowance, educa¬ numbers 100 more than the House ver¬ oppose this amendment. tional travel for college students sion (see Legislative news story, page • Another amendment would make studying abroad, and a claims waiver 2) and reduces Senior Foreign Service consular officers accountable for for losses under certain circumstances numbers to 765 by 1995. failure to refer to the visa lookout -that were discussed in the July AFSA Newly inserted language deals with system to find excludable aliens. News. The bill was scheduled for con¬ two other important issues, grievances AFSA opposes this provision, as sideration by the Senate Committee on and consular accountability: such a check would depend on ad¬ Foreign Relations on July 15. • An amendment seeks to limit the equate facilities and personnel, and AFSA’s efforts succeeded in altering authority of the Grievance Board to AFSA is not confident that the nec¬ the provision affecting employees’ grant prescriptive relief. Under the essary funds would become avail¬ rights to participate in AFSA manage¬ amendment, the board would be able. ment, removing personnel and admin- able to grant such interim relief for

AUGUST 1993 • AFSA NEWS • 1 USAIDnews AFSA forwards repayment of R&R would be granted. Institutional Previously, school schedules and the budget-cutting grievances filed need to fit them into the 24-month ideas against USAID tour cycle have been sufficent reason AFSA has consulted with USAID AFSA has recently filed two institu¬ to grant shortened tours and waivers of management on budget-cutting mea¬ tional grievances against USAID: R&R cost repayment. Under the new sures put forward in response to Ad¬ Exclusion from promotion-board notice this is no longer so. AFSA also ministrator Brian Atwood’s request for briefing learned that the provisions of the no¬ innovative budget-reduction ideas. Our collective bargaining agree¬ tice were being implemented well be¬ USAID must achieve a reduction of ment with USAID stipulates that AFSA fore it was issued. Any changes in this more than $50 million in the operating has the right to information provided past practice should have been nego¬ expenses budget for 1994 and subse¬ at the briefings given to promotion tiated with AFSA before promulgation. quent years. Many of the proposals ap¬ board members. An AFSA representa¬ Management stated that it did not pear to be both workable and tive attended the briefing for all three intend to apply the new guidance in a necessary; others could have more promotion boards (Consolidated Se¬ manner that penalized employees for far-reaching negative effects than the nior Foreign Service, Senior Threshold, irrevocable actions already taken. relatively modest saving could justify. and Administrative) in early June, but However, since the notice contained AFSA is working to find alternatives to AFSA was not allowed to attend a fur¬ clear instructions changing past prac¬ mitigate the impact on employees’ ther briefing for the Consolidated Pro¬ tice, the grievance seeks immediate working conditions. In cases where we motion Board, at which questions that withdrawal of the notice and reversion have the right to negotiate, we seek to AFSA had raised were to be answered. to past practice. AFSA and manage¬ ensure that working conditions are AFSA’s grievance states that USAID ment will negotiate regarding a long¬ protected. has violated the agreement by exclud¬ term resolution to the problem of A principal aim of both AFSA and ing AFSA from this briefing and seeks matching tour length to school sched¬ management is the avoidance of Dra¬ either a reconvening of the Consoli¬ ules and other factors over which em¬ conian reductions or furloughs. AFSA dated Board or a meeting between ployees have little control. will continue efforts minimize undesir¬ AFSA and the board members to dis¬ able effects on the workforce. cuss the implementation of the 1993 promotion precepts. Make your voice heard! AAFSW Bookfair Write to AFSA News with your Reversion to past practice on views on association issues. Write to shortened tours and R&R costs October 23-31, 1993 AFSA, 2101 E Street, NW, Washington, A general notice issued by E-Mail in Proceeds benefit the D.C. 20037 or fax 202/338-8244. early June had the effect of severely re¬ AFSA/AAFSW Scholarship stricting criteria under which short¬ Fund ened tours and/or waiver of Legislativenews

the president’s $14.4 billion request USAID in Washington; a report is to “Rightsizing” the by $1.4 billion. be submitted to Congress. Foreign Service • The authorization bill, as passed by • Provision is made for a study to con¬ By Rick Weiss the House, provides that “State may solidate domestic administrative Congressional Liaison Congress, following administration not have more than 9,200 Foreign operations of State, USIA, and requests, is “downsizing and down¬ Service officers, of whom no more USAID; limit the time to file griev¬ grading” the executive branch. The than 825 may be members of the Se¬ ances; and provide for a “limited” Foreign Service is not exempt from this nior Foreign Service.” The numbers voluntary retirement incentive pro¬ effort, as shown by the following ex¬ for USIA are 1,200 with 175 in the gram. amples in House bills: SFS, and for USAID, 1,850 and 250 The House has passed the authori¬ • Appropriations for State and USLA SFS. For FY 95, the numbers for the zation bills for State, USIA, and USAID, “provide for 95 percent of adjusted Senior Foreign Service are further as well as the USAID appropriations current services and incorporate the reduced to 775 in State, 165 in USIA, bill. Authorization and appropriations president’s initiative to reduce ad¬ and 240 in USAID. bills are now in Senate subcommittees. ministrative costs.” • Provision is made for a GAO clas¬ • Appropriations for USAID reduce sification audit of all Senior Foreign Service positions in State, USIA, and

2 • AFSA NEWS • AUGUST 1993 US\Anews

other agency leadership. We noted expressed AFSA’s interest in having Negotiations and that minorities are under-represented USIA retirees be part of the Foreign Af¬ EEO concerns at all ranks of USIA’s Foreign Service, fairs Reserve Corps. By Lauren Hale USIA Representative a problem that begins at recruitment. The standing committee also dis¬ In May and June AFSA’s USIA Women are well represented in the cussed concerns that, while USIS is an Standing Committee negotiated with lower grades but their numbers drop important part of the country team management on the framework agree¬ sharply in the senior ranks; assign¬ overseas, USIA is often overlooked in ment, presented to Agency leadership ments and, consequently, lack of pro¬ Washington, not only by the foreign our concerns about lack of opportuni¬ motion opportunities have created a affairs community but also by Con¬ ties for women and minorities in “glass ceiling” for USIA’s FS women. gress and the public. We noted that USIA’s Foreign Service, met with USIA At Duffey’s request, we followed USIA loses on the Hill, which too often Director Joseph Duffey, and co-hosted the meeting with a memo with statis¬ appropriates money to other agencies with AFGE a reception for the director tics demonstrating the status of women for programs that USIS implements in and deputy director. and minorities in USIA’s Foreign Ser¬ the field. Duffey said that one of his AFSA worked to support the initia¬ vice. Among recommendations made objectives is to build a domestic con¬ tive the Women’s Action Organization were that women and minorities be in¬ stituency, an initiative AFSA supports. (WAO) has taken to improve the status cluded in promotion panels, especially We reiterated AFSA’s objection to of women in USIA. Raz Bazala, AFSA at the FS-01 to FEOC levels, and that the decline in field presence, when it USIA vice president, wrote to Stephen the director review the qualifications is overseas that the Agency’s mandate Ledford, chief of USIA’s Labor and Em¬ of all women and minority bidders on is carried out. We stressed the need to ployee Relations, asking that a fair senior assignment before he signs off have people in Washington who un¬ number of senior women be ap¬ on the final choice for that assignment. derstand overseas audiences. pointed to the 1993 selection boards-if AFSA is pleased with Dr. Duffey’s The director also met with AFGE on necessary bringing overseas employ¬ decision to name a task force to study June 22. One week later the two ees to Washington for that purpose. USIA’s EEO problem but disappointed unions hosted a reception for him and Joe Melrose, AFSA State vice president, that it does not include union or WAO Deputy Director Penn Kemble. The wrote to Director General Genta Haw¬ members. We nevertheless believe two unions, which have many issues kins Holmes requesting that she rec¬ that he and the new leadership are in common, organized the reception to ommend women FSOs from State to sit committed to making USIA more di¬ give members active in labor-manage¬ on USIA panels. verse and look forward to working ment relations a chance to meet infor¬ EEO was a major topic when mem¬ with management to resolve inequities mally with the new agency leadership. bers of the AFSA standing committee in USIA’s Foreign Service. met June 22 with Director Duffey and At the meeting with Duffey, we also Supreme Court on rules on retiree tax inequality Ev Ward Thompson mer federal employees who were re¬ be prepared to resubmit them and to Retiree Liaison The U.S. Supreme Court ruled June tired and paid VA taxes in 1985-88. keep copies of their returns for the rel¬ 18 in Harper v. Virginia Department of In sending the case back to Virginia, evant years until the case is resolved. Taxation that its 1989 decision in the court said that Virginia "must pro¬ Davis v. Michigan Department of vide meaningful backward-looking re¬ Housing-policy Treasury-ending some states’ practice lief either by awarding full refunds or change for singles of taxing federal retirement benefits by issuing some other order that cre¬ A recent change to the A-171 hous¬ while exempting state retirement ben¬ ates in hindsight a nondiscriminatory ing guidelines eliminates the separate efits from state income tax—must be scheme." Negotiated cash settlements space standards for the one-person applied retroactively. The case affects and tax credits have been mentioned family. The current standards for cou¬ Virginia and 15 other states (AL,AZ, as possible forms of relief, but actual ples will in the future apply to both AR,GA,IA,KN,KY,MS,MT,NY,NC,OK, benefits will not be determined for one- and two-person families. AFSA SC,UT, WI), which corrected their laws some time. After the Virginia courts’ believes this change will eliminate a but were sued for refunds for those final ruling, retirees will have one year major housing problem for personnel years prior to 1989 not covered by their to file amended returns. Only in Ala¬ overseas, but AFSA continues to seek statutes of limitations. For Virginia, bama is the matter considered settled. further changes to meet proposals we Harper represents a potential liability Since claims submitted earlier may not have made to management recently, of almost $500 million to 200,000 for¬ have been retained by Virginia or other months. states, AFSAurges affected members to

AUGUST 1993 • AFSA NEWS • 3 USIA agreement signed Speaker on Islamic In early July, AFSA concluded ne¬ fundamentalism gotiations with USIA management urges support over the bargaining agreement, which outlines the ground rules and for democracy arrangements of the AFSA/USIA rela¬ by Richard S. Thompson, Professional Issues Coordinator tionship. Significant provisions in¬ Speaking on the topic "Understand¬ clude: USIA’s committment to treat ing Islamic Fundamentalism" at the all employees equally without regard Foreign Service Club June 29, Profes¬ to sexual orientation, to meet with sor As’ad AbuKhalil suggested there AFSA’s EEO working group to dis¬ was a “peculiar attitude” toward Islam cuss diversity and EEO initiatives, in the United States. To illustrate, he and to ensure that employees are ap¬ noted the events involving the Branch AFSA President Bill Kirby speaks with Dr. Abukhalil at AFSA Speakers Lunch. prised of their right to union repre¬ Dravidian cult near Waco were not litical than religious in nature. Among sentation during security and OIG considered typical of Christianity, other causes he mentioned the lack of investigations. whereas explanations for the World democracy in Moslem countries (espe¬ The parties signed the agreement Trade Center bombing were sought cially in Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq); July 14, and copies will be distributed from experts on Islam. Fie asserted that government alliances with certain cler¬ soon to all members of the bargain- Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all ics; the hostility of the West; rural- ing unit. have their fundamentalist movements, urban migration; the increasing gap AbuKhalil believes that as which are strikingly similar. between rich and poor (within and fundamentalists are brought into the AbuKhalil assailed the school of among countries); and successive mil¬ political system, such as in Jordan and thought that relates all phenomena in itary defeats, which encourage funda¬ Lebanon, the movement is deflated. Moslem societies to theological texts, mentalism as a way of developing the He suggested that in Algeria democ¬ and said there is great diversity of enthusiasm and zeal for victory. racy should have been risked, with the thought and lifestyles within Islam. He Events since the Gulf War are also fundamentalists there being held ac¬ took the view that the conflict between relevant: sympathy for the civilians in countable by the people. Islam and the West is not a clash of civ¬ Iraq, perceived Western indifference He concluded by saying that the ilizations or culture, but is about polit¬ to the suffering of Muslims in Bosnia, United States should consistently pro¬ ical and economic issues which can be Western support of Saudia Arabia, and mote democracy and respect for solved, although with difficulty. Western acquiescence in the over¬ human rights, regardless of whether a Looking more closely at Islamic fun¬ throw by the military of elections won regime is a friend or enemy of the damentalism, AbuKhalil found its root by fundamentalists in Algeria. United States. causes more socio-economic and po- F.Y.I.

fully and suggested appropriate • If you receive a bill from the The medical changes and limits. health-care provider for balances claims process Any eligible medical treatment au¬ remaining after the department M/MED has recently issued a cable thorized by M/MED should not be and the insurance have both paid, and department notice containing pre-paid by the employee. Bills for do not pay but return it to the procedures for better monitoring of charges related to clearance physicals health-care provider with a note payment of authorized medical treat¬ etc., authorized by a DSL-820, for disputing the charges. ment in the United States. Previously, which the department is liable in their • Any further bills should be sent to it was difficult to track payment of entirety, should be sent directly to M/MED together with a copy of the bills or audit the conduct and comple¬ M/MED for payment. original FS-569 and the note dis¬ tion of treatment. The new initiative For other treatment authorized by puting the charges. M/MED will for claims processed in Washington Form FS-569: take any further action necessary. and for treatment provided in the U.S. • First, submit the bill to your health- Plans are under development for only is designed to make sure that the insurance carrier. an improved medical-claims re¬ employee, the health care provider, • The bill for the balance not cov¬ view. system for use overseas. the employee’s medical insurance, ered by insurance should then be AFSA also will be closely reviewing and the department all meet their re¬ forwarded to M/MED for verifica¬ that program with M/MED during spective obligations in a fair, under¬ tion and payment, together with a its formulation. standable, and verifiable manner. copy of FS-569, and the insurance AFSA reviewed the new system care¬ company’s explanation of benefits.

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6 • AFSA NEWS • AUGUST 1993 C L A S S I F I E D S

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AUGUST 1993 • AFSA NEWS • 7 CLASSIFIEDS

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8 • AFSA NEWS • AUGUST 1993 Above, Bowles and his wife Steb. Right, Chester Bowles in India.

signed simply to thwart Communist country that both fascinated and fright¬ threats. ened him, he also explored approaches A major element in Bowles’s ap¬ that could moderate the behavior of the proach was his insistence that Washing¬ Peking regime and reduce its ties to the ton recognize die potency of national¬ Soviet Union. Like so many of Bowles’s ism and accept the preferences of many initiatives, these endeavors often brought pH0T0 Third World governments, such as him into sharp conflict with powerful Nehru’s, for independent, nonaligned contemporaries more ideologically rigid foreign policies. He was confident that or less politically courageous than he revolutionary prin¬ the appeal of nationalism could coun¬ was. ciples of America. It represented for him teract both external Communist chal¬ Economic assistance to the develop¬ the most rewarding and tangible aspect lenges to Third World countries and the ing world was another major item on of America’s postwar international role, more menacing danger he found in the Bowles’s “positive” foreign-policy the opportunity to export American seductive attractiveness of communism agenda. He believed that extensive, wealth, experience, and values to help to their illiterate, poverty-stricken masses. carefully programmed aid linked to the world’s poor help themselves to For years he argued that the United precepts assuring its proper use, prefer¬ achieve better lives under free institu¬ States should mobilize Asian national¬ ably in a democratic setting, could be an tions. He believed such aid could foster ism against die threat of Chinese Com¬ important Cold War tool. His emphasis a global New Deal that would bring munist expansionism in Southeast Asia in the immediate postwar years and about a just society for the common and elsewhere, not by drawing Asian long afterwards on the importance of man, whose cause he championed at countries into the Western security sys¬ foreign aid helped give it the centrality home and abroad. tem but by encouraging and providing to U.S. policy toward the Third World it behind-the-scenes support for an indig¬ has had since the mid-1950s. But unlike UNDERESTIMATING THE enous Asian Monroe Doctrine led by many of his contemporaries, Bowles DIFFICULTIES India. As he looked for more effective also saw foreign aid as a moral obliga¬ Bowles’s ideas, ably set forth in a ways to contain Communist China, a tion that reflected the historic spirit and host of books, magazine articles,

AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 31 memoranda, speeches, and private approach to foreign policy both within ing setbacks, he never flagged in his correspondence, made him as unique the party and outside. His failure to persistent efforts to promote the fun¬ and arresting a figure in his foreign- become a strong voice within the damental changes he believed neces¬ policy years as he had been earlier in Kennedy administration and to per¬ sary for the preservation of American his life. He had great strengths: his suade it to place less emphasis on security and the flowering of Ameri¬ enthusiastic and indefatigable energy, military power was a terrible disap¬ can ideals in the post-colonial Cold his creativity and skill as a wordsmith, pointment to him, especially since he War world. He would, no doubt, have his long-sighted approach to the great had viewed the I960 election, which seen in the outcome of the Cold War changes coursing through the mid- brought Kennedy to power, as an the triumph of these ideals and the vindication of his belief that they represented universal aspirations. He would today be in the forefront of Bowles had great strengths: his enthusiastic andid^B those urging the United States to employ its resources, depleted as ririndefatigable energy, his creativity and skill asi a 1 these have become, to sustain and wordsmith, his long-sighted approach to the strengthen free political institutions and more liberal and equitable econo¬ great changes coursing through the mid-20th- mies in the former Communist world, century world, and his ability to inspire younger much as he had called on it to do in Asia, Africa, and Latin America in the people with his realistic idealism and devotion to ^ 1950s and 1960s. k public* service. The United States and the rest of the world are vastly different now ki from what they were then. The spe¬ cific battles Bowles fought have long 20th-century world, and his ability to opportunity for a historic breakthrough since ended, and the players and inspire younger people with his real¬ in America’s approach to international stakes have changed. As Dean Rusk istic idealism and devotion to public affairs. observed, “Only the historians can service. But he also suffered from His long second ambassadorship determine who was right and who glaring weaknesses: an inability to to India in the 1960s was less produc¬ was wrong.” For the first time in 45 master the game of bureaucratic poli¬ tive than his first. He played a major years the United States faces an inter¬ tics and to relate to his peers, a part in the effort to bring about the national system not dominated by a cultural insensitivity, which led him to reforms in food and agricultural policy single crucial contest. In consequence, underestimate seriously the obstacles that led to the Green Revolution. But Americans are reexamining many of to the kinds of social and economic he was frustrated in his determined the larger foreign-policy issues that change he wanted the developing campaign to develop a closer U.S.- Bowles’s career highlighted.- In this countries to undertake, a reputation India security relationship as a cor¬ new context there is surprising reso¬ as a visionary unwilling or unable to nerstone of U.S. containment policy nance in the story of this New Dealer deal with immediate pressing prob¬ in Asia, and in his last years in New who came to political maturity in the lems, and an overiclentification with Delhi he saw India slip downward on last decade of relative U.S. isolation the Third World in general and India the Johnson administration’s foreign- and went on to promote, in the Cold in particular that reduced his credibil¬ policy agenda, which was increas¬ War era, a distinctively American view ity and effectiveness. ingly dominated by Vietnam. Highly of the world and an idealistic vision of His influence and standing waxed skeptical of military solutions to po¬ America’s national purpose. ■ and waned, leading him to private litical problems and concerned about moments both of great hope and of the United States’ playing a colonialist bitter despair. He was enormously role in Southeast Asia, he used his A former U.S. ambassador to successful in his first assignment to New Delhi perch, as he had his earlier Bangladesh and husband of the cur¬ India, where his role in winning greater ones in Washington, to try to influ¬ rent ambassador to Sri Lanka, understanding for U.S. policies and ence U.S. policy in Indochina, with Howard Schaffer is now working fostering the newly established eco¬ scant success. on a biography of Ellsworth Bun¬ nomic assistance program contrib¬ ker. New Dealer in the Cold War: uted to a decided improvement in WHO WAS RIGHT? Chester Bowles in U.S. Foreign bilateral relations at a time when these Bowles was ambitious both for Policy, from which this article is had become badly frayed. As a lead¬ himself and for his country. He thought excerpted, is an Institute for the ing Democratic foreign-affairs spokes¬ he might become president, and for Study of Diplomacy book to be pub¬ man later in the 1950s, he effectively years set his sights on being appointed lished in October by Harvard Uni¬ propagated his liberal interventionist secretary of state. Despite his frustrat¬ versity Press.

32 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • AUGUST 1993 The MUKDEN Affair Two accounts of the In October 1948, after a 13-month, siege against Nationalist troops, the Chinese Communists won the northern city of Mukden (Shenyang), internment of Foreign the capital of what the Chinese called the Northeast and had formerly been called Manchuria. In the chaos of the takeover, the new government authorities first ignored the American Consulate General Service officers after in the city, refusing to recognize most foreign powers, then seized the consulate’s radio-broadcasting equipment and placed the staff under the Communist a year-long house arrest. After many months of confinement under armed guard in the consulate general and neighboring living quarters, takeover in China an incident occurred that spurred formal arrest. According to an account by then-Consul General Angus Ward in the February 1950 Foreign Service Journal, a Chinese member of the staff, Chi Yu-heng, resigned his job but refused to leave the premises. After two weeks, Ward escorted Chi off the premises, leading to a charge that he had assaulted the man. Ward and several members of the staff were arrested and placed in solitary confinement in unheated and unsanitary cells for about a month. At the end of this period, the men were put on trial, although apparently the sentences had been written ahead of time. Ward describes the proceeding thus: “I, being the archcriminal, was sentenced to six months’ imprisonment, fined U.S. Consul General Angus Ward the equivalent of about U.S.$20 in damages for Chi, and placed on and members of his consulate staff and families gather Dec. 14,1949 parole for one year; my prison sentence was commuted to deportation. after arriving from Mukden: Left to . . . Since we had been held incommunicado, it was not until we arrived right, front, Ralph Rehberg, Jack at our residences that we learned of the furor and wave of resentment Felgal, Mary Braden, Ward, Mrs. which our imprisonment had aroused in the United States. I have every Ward, Mr. and Mrs. Shiro Tatsumi, Akiko Tatsumi (daughter, reason to believe that the display of public indignation in the press and kneeling),Mrs. Aiko Chen and son on the radio was instrumental in expediting our trial and release.” ^ George, Mrs. Frank Cicogna (kneeling with two dog evacuees,Norka and Butch.) Back row, Harry Tatsumi, Alfred Kristan, Fred Hubbard, Elden Erickson, Walter Norman, William Stokes, Frank Cicogna, and Hugo Picard AP/WIDE WORLD PHOTO

AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 33 Following are excerpts from interviews with two Foreign Service officers who served in China during the Mukden internment, Elden B. Erickson in the consulate in Mukden and Philip Manhard in Tianjin. Erickson was interviewed by Charles Stuart Kennedy and Manhard by Marshall Green for the Foreign Affairs Oral History Program, directed by Kennedy at Georgetown University under the auspices of the Association for Diplomatic Studies. ♦

Q: How long ivas it before the Com¬ ERICKSON: Yes, Angus was trying totally incommunicado after the 20th. munists came into Mukden? to make contact but he couldn’t. They Nothing in or out. ELDEN B. ERICKSON: I arrived in came in on November first. On No¬ Q: How long did the Chinese staff February [1948] and they didn't come vember 20 they threw a cordon of stay? in until the first of November. . . . [W]e guards around the consulate building ERICKSON: I can’t remember ex¬ were very apprehensive. We were on and around the Standard Oil Com¬ actly. They were told very soon after the roof of the consulate general when pound and Ward’s residence. From we were locked up to not have any they came in. We could see them then on we could only go with them. more communication with us. They coming down the main street. To go to the office, they would come still lived in the servants’ quarters in •Q: Had the Nationalist Army just to the compound and march us with the compound and they would bring plain pulled out? pistols in our back to the consulate. eggs and various things because we ERICKSON: They just evaporated. We would have to show our lunch and had no way at that point to go to the We went up to the roof of the consu¬ they would inspect it. Then they would market, although we did have canned late and watched [the Communists] bring us back in the evening. Only half food in the commissary. The servants start taking over the communications of us would go each day, so no one would leave eggs and fresh vegetables building, which was about two blocks was isolated. in the basement, and we would go down. Then they came up to our area. Q: What were you doing? down and find them in the morning. I remember there was an old lady ERICKSON: Nothing, but we were But we couldn’t talk to them or have whom they just shot and went right on. showing the flag, pretending to be any communication with them. They They saw us looking over the top of carrying on normally. We were mov¬ didn’t dare, and we didn’t want to the building and they started shooting ing flour part of the time. They always jeopardize their status. at us. gave us the newspapers. In the begin¬ Q: Were there any anti-American Q: How bad the consul generalpre¬ ning the Chinese staff still came to demonstrations? pared for this eventuality? work. We were translating. It was very ERICKSON: Oh yes. Every single ERICKSON: We had lots of food in interesting what was in the press at day. Singing and parades all along the tins and sacks and sacks of flour. that time. So we were doing that. And side of our compound. I still can sing Angus was afraid that we would get we sent messages the first 20 days, but their little chant: “Without commu¬ bored, so we would have to take these after that, nothing. nism there will be no China.” Two or 48-pound sacks of flour from one Q: Was that forbidden after that? three hours every day, in the begin¬ room to another, and then in a month ERICKSON: Well, they came and ning. or two we would move it all up to the took all the equipment away. They Another thing that was rather terri¬ second floor. A couple of months later went into every house, every room, fying in the beginning was that every we would move it bag by bag some¬ everywhere and got any radios, any¬ night we were bombed by the Nation¬ where else. He said it was to keep the thing electronic. That was the pretext alists. That was ironic too. Here we mites out, etc., but it was really to keep for clamping down, that we were do¬ were being bombed by our own planes. us busy. As much as we disliked doing ing unauthorized transmitting. We were hit one evening, quite a few that, it really was a good idea. But it Q: Was there any protest? of the windows blown out. Ralph didn’t make him all that popular. ERICKSON: There was protest but Rehberg was hit, and also Franco Q: What about Angus Ward at this they didn’t recognize the American Cicogna. I remember picking glass time? How did he strike you the first few Consulate, the American government, with tweezers out of their lips. months you were there? that America even existed. They stated We had a regular drill to put water ERICKSON: Well, he was very much that they didn’t recognize America or in the bathtub and open all the win¬ in charge. Very imposing and auto¬ the consulate general. They just flatly dows because of concussion. It was cratic. He had good contacts with the said so. After the 20th they would already getting cold. Chinese authorities. Fie was busy con¬ come to the office and demand the Q: And, of course, that is a very cold stantly either with the office or work¬ radio equipment and this and that. area up there. Did you get the feeling ing on his [Chinese-Mongolian-Japa- And, of course, Angus stood abso¬ that nobody cared or knew the situa¬ nese] dictionary. lutely solid against their demands. tion? Q: Were you trying to make contact Q: Was there any way to get word ERICKSON: Yes. We had no knowl¬ [ivith Communist authorities after the out at all? edge otherwise. It was an eerie sensa¬ takeover]? ERICKSON: Not at all. We were tion. It went on and on. Then they cut

34 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • AUGUST 1993 I I I

I

Top photo, Angus Ward (left), talks over the Chinese situation at the State Department with Under Secretary of State James E. Webb (center) and Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs W. Walton Butterworth. Bottom left photo, Angus Ward perches on the arm of a chair in the State Department Press Room as he tells newsmen of his experiences in Communist China. Bottom right photoMr. and Mrs. Angus Ward disembark from the S.S. President Wilson at San Francisco January 3 after a rough voyage from China.

AP/WIDE WORLD PHOTOS

AUGUST 1995 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 35 off our electricity, which cut off our morale. If you are cold and hungry it. He, Chi Yu-heng, had been put up water supply. We had no fuel. You that is a lot worse than being just cold. to it. He was a very nice man; he couldn’t take a hath because there was Q: Did the authorities ever try tak¬ wouldn’t ever have done this. But he no hot water. You just put on layers of ing a person out and threatening to came up to demand his severance clothing like the Chinese did. They kill them? pay. Ward said that he had quit and didn’t take our clothing away. Each ERICKSON: They did the Chinese. escorted him out. The press said that week we were permitted to write a list They would even accuse them of Ward was so rough on him that he lost in Chinese of what we wanted and taking “capitalist” paths. Eventually control of his bladder, and also that give it to a couple who would come to one night they were all taken away. Ward had mistreated him. This was a the gate. But we couldn't speak to We never were able to say goodbye. criminal charge according to the Chi¬ them. W’e kept ordering needles be¬ We had no idea, as far as I know, what nese. I think that was in April 1949. cause our clothes were wearing out. happened to any of them. Q: What happened when they came The servants had done all the mend¬ Q: You mentioned that there was a in and took five people away? How ing before. So that really became an Japanese-American there. many of you were lej't? important thing, to have a needle. ERICKSON: He was an American ERICKSON: There were nine of us, Thread was another item. citizen, Tatsumi. including the dependents; no, 13- Q: What were your thoughts? ERICKSON: We didn’t know if they were coming back. When Angus was But it was really the cold that I remember as the taken out to the truck, he insisted I come along. I still did my shorthand. rworst. It would get 40 below, and that was really1 He said, “Erickson, you come along cold. Then the pump would freeze. We didn’t with your notebook.” I went out the front door and toward the weapons have any running water, of course. We would carrier, or whatever, and the Commu¬ bake bread, and the cockroaches would nists kept saying “You can’t go. You can’t go.” And to him, “You go, move ^1 prpractically line the bread pans as it was rising. on. You go, move on.” We got finally just to the truck and they took their bayonets and pushed me right back J into the consulate. Angus said, “You’d better go back.” So I escaped all the But it was really the cold that I Q: Yes, but obviously being Orien¬ trouble, really. remember as the worst. It would get tal. Did this cause him any particular Q: When they came back in April, 40 below, and that was really cold. problem? then how long did you remain? Then the pump would freeze. We ERICKSON: There is another time ERICKSON: In June we were didn’t have any running water, of frame when Angus Ward and four charged with espionage. Up to that course. We would bake bread, and others were taken away and put in time we were just there, not charged the cockroaches would practically line solitary confinement, and Tatsumi was with anything. ... I was charged with the bread pans as it was rising. We treated much worse then any of the espionage. They had the finding ready would bake it with the cockroaches in others. They would tell him that An¬ before the trial, so it went very fast. it and then just slice the sides off. They gus Ward was killing his wife and his Q: How did this trial work? didn’t get inside the bread. children and they would have people ERICKSON: Only [William N.j Stokes What did we do? We played bridge. outside, women, who would scream, was there. They just read off all the We didn't have any electricity, and pretending that all of this was going charges and the findings and that was nights start very early in the winter¬ on. So as far as mental torture was it. All of it was bilingual in Chinese time. We did get candles, and that was concerned, he was probably the worst and Japanese. all we had. We played pinochle five off. The five of them were in solitary The economic and administrative days and couldn’t stand it any longer confinement for four weeks. They people got three years in prison. An¬ so started playing bridge. They al¬ were taken from the compound, put gus and the political people—Stokes, ways let us buy vodka. The veg¬ in solitary, and then returned after [Fred E.] Hubbard—got five years, as etables—carrots and cabbage—we got four weeks. Then they were tried as I recall. All the sentences were com¬ most of the time, meat, from time to criminals for assaulting one of our muted to immediate deportation and time, but it would be full of straw and Chinese employees. There was lots in banishment forever from the People’s dirt. However, we would just wash it the Communist paper about that. Republic. That was it. up and boil it well. We were never Q: This a very common type of ac¬ When they did finally come, I think hungry, and I think that is important cusation. we said that we wouldn’t leave with¬ in maintaining at least a modicum of ERICKSON: There was nothing to out our things. They said, “You can’t

36 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • AUGUST 1993 take your personal belongings.” simply to analyze for myself what I gan at that time was, “Lean to one But finally one day they came, in would be expected to do if I were a side, learn from our big brother”: December 1949, and said to be ready Chinese Communist official handling ostensible good relations with the to go in 24 hours. We could take 20 that situation. The first thing that Soviet Union, but restiveness and some kilos each; everything else was to be seemed obvious to me, my own per¬ criticism about the continuing Soviet left behind. Of course we had to take sonal speculation, was that they had occupation of that port. Total extra¬ the cats and dogs. Our captors came no way of physically carrying out the territoriality, by the way, is the way early one morning in December, and sentence of deportation from China’s they ran it, apparently, as a military it was cold. We got into an open mainland unless they had the coop¬ base. personnel carrier with soldiers at all eration of the United States or some He again gave the same answer, four corners covering us with rifles. other foreign power. They had no “Absolutely not.” He wouldn’t think After we climbed in, three more came aircraft, there was no commercial trans¬ of it. with pistols to cover us from behind. portation coming in or out of North I said, “Then I assume the only way We got down to the railroad station, China, at least of a regular nature. that you can send this group out of and there was a big semicircle of So I decided that I’d take the initia¬ China is through Tianjin, and either military or police. We got on board tive to go down to see the head of the directly from Tianjin to the United this horse car with six big stalls in it Public Safety Bureau in the Chinese States or perhaps go down to South and cold as the devil. Communist regime, which was the China somewhere, a long and per¬ Meanwhile, Vice Consul Philip equivalent of the internal and exter¬ haps unnecessary trip.” At this point Manhard was at the US. consulate in nal gestapo. The head of that office, I he backed up and said, “I’m not Tianjin following the proceedings in was informed by a Belgian business¬ authorized to discuss this in any way Mukden. Below is his account, drawn man who had long residence in Tianjin with you.” ... So my parting shot at from a 1988 interview with former before and after World War II, was . . this point was simply, “Well, I trust Ambassador Marshall Green. . bitterly anti-foreign and specifically you and your superiors realize that PHILIP MANHARD: Shortly after I anti-American, a very difficult, tough, there is no way you can carry out the got to Tianjin in October 1949, the elderly, and senior Communist offi¬ order of your court unless you have news had come that our consul gen¬ cial. But he was the one with whom I the cooperation of the United States. eral, Angus Ward, and his entire staff had to deal, so I went down and . . . The United States government is and dependents in Mukden had been insisted on seeing him. prepared to send a ship to Tianjin.” placed under house arrest, i.e., in a Q: You took the initiative on this? Q: And you knew that we were? compound in which they lived be¬ MANHARD: I took the initiative. MANHARD: I did not know any tween the office and residences in the Q: Did you get the consul’s permis¬ such thing. We had no instructions city of Mukden. No one knew what sion to do this? whatsoever. Whether Peking or was going to transpire there. The MANHARD: At this point I can be Nanjing had instructions that were communications were closed down frank, Marshall. I did it on my own. I not divulged to low-ranking officers with that office. ... At that point we simply went down and said, “I’ve like myself at the end of the line, I had were totally dependent on what we seen from the paper that Angus Ward no way of knowing. But... it seemed could pick up, at least as far as I knew, and his party have been sentenced to to me .. . [that everybody] was bound in Tianjin from the local Chinese- deportation.” I asked him first if his to cooperate if they had a chance to language press. I followed that closely, government intended to deport them rescue this group of our representa¬ and I noticed that the male members via the Soviet Union. ... I personally tives. So I assumed this was going to of the staff had been put in jail. There believed that the Chinese Commu¬ happen. I said, “We can’t do this by was a trial before what they called the nists were having great difficulties ourselves. You have to do your share. People’s Court, and they were finally with their relationship with the Soviet You have to bring them to Tianjin, convicted of sabotaging the revolu¬ Union. This was late October 1949. . presumably arrange somehow to get tion. Angus Ward himself was con¬ . . [I] got the answer that I really them to a ship, because we can’t come victed of supposedly attacking a Chi¬ expected. He glowered and bristled in over [a sandbar] which is a naviga¬ nese citizen and conducting various and said, “Certainly not. Absolutely tional obstacle to a large ship coming spy activities against the Chinese Com¬ not.” into the wharf and docks at Tianjin.” munist regime. Shortly thereafter it I said, “Perhaps Dairen,” which I said, “But we are prepared to coop¬ was announced in the press again was then the port in the Loudon erate, and I hope that you and your that, due to the lenient policy of the Peninsula of Manchuria, which was superiors will do something about Chinese Communist regime, their sen¬ still occupied. this.” Whereupon I was rather uncer¬ tence was being commuted to depor¬ Q: Now called Dalian. emoniously removed from his office, tation. MANHARD: Port Arthur. So I asked and left. . . . At that point I simply decided that him about that place, which was even ... As it turned out later, in I would try to—war game is not an by implication at issue in the Chinese December the State Department not appropriate name-—-but I would try Communist press, [where] their slo¬ only sent one ship, they sent two. ■

AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 37 Throughout his career, Edwin M. Martin Common Market. disputed the attitude that economic analysis Q: Some people say the economic is a ragged stepsister to political appraisal in dimension of foreign policy tends to be the work of diplomacy. From the immediate concerned with the underlying, long¬ post-war period until his retirement in 1975, term issues, while the political factors, Martin was one of the most influential which attract more public attention, are typically more concerned with immedi¬ career economic officers at the Department ate crises. Is that an accurate percep¬ of State. tion? From 1945, Martin headed the State MARTIN: Probably, in general—-but Department office that monitored the econo¬ sometimes economic factors force po¬ mies of Japan and Korea (and, after 1947, litical crises. Debt problems, for ex¬ also Germany and Austria). In 1948, Martin ample, may take years to mature, but succeeded Paul Nitze as deputy director of the department’s Office they can suddenly hit a boiling point of International Trade Policy. Martin’s career also included service and erupt. A decision by a foreign as assistant secretary of state for economic affairs (1960-62), government to expropriate a U.S. in¬ assistant secretary for inter-American affairs (1962-64), and vestment can also precipitate an imme¬ ambassador to Argentina (1964-68). He was given the rank of diate crisis that requires quick reaction, career ambassador in 1969. as do decisions relating to embargoes and other trade-interrupting measures, Following are edited excerpts from a six-hour interview with such as those that affected our relations Martin conducted by retired Foreign Service officer John J. with Cuba and the Soviet Union from Harter. time to time during the Cold War. Also, the earthquakes in Chile in I960, floods JOHN J. HARTER: Ambassador Mar¬ entered the international community, in Bangladesh in the 1970s, and famine tin, in general, bow do international and the United States could not ignore in Africa in the 1980s required immedi¬ economic issues affect political relation¬ their- economic situations. That wasn’t ate economic attention. But on the ships between nations? only because of international sympathy whole, it is true that economic issues AMBASSADOR EDWIN M. MARTIN: for poor and starving people, but also have a long-term character. There is a tendency to underestimate because of the competition between Q: Weren ’tyou much concerned with the impact of economic factors on inter¬ the United States and the Soviet Union commodity issues over the years? national political relationships. When for their cooperation and support, espe¬ MARTIN: Oh, yes. Commodity prob¬ there is prosperity and stability, eco¬ cially with respect to countries that were lems were major issues for the United nomic relationships may be more or less in strategic locations and countries that States when I was assistant secretary for routine; but they may become critical produced certain raw materials. For economic affairs and assistant secretary when people face economic pressures those reasons, the whole question of for inter-American affairs. U.S. policies or when there is sudden change. After Third World development—and aid to affecting sugar, coffee, cocoa, bananas, the European colonies became inde¬ and trade with Third World countries— and a few minerals, such as copper, iron pendent in the late 1950s and early became a major new economic dimen¬ ore, and tin, were critical to our political 1960s—when Britain gave up India, for sion of foreign policy afterWorld War II. relations with the countries that ex¬ example, and especially after many new But important as those matters were, ported those commodities. In fact, the African states emerged—economic is¬ our economic relations with the Euro¬ economies of a great many countries in sues demanded the attention of U.S. pean countries were more central to Latin America and Africa—and hence foreign-policy-makers. New nations that our interests in the years immediately their political stability—depend upon were relatively poor and inexperienced following World War II, as reflected in their export earnings from those com¬ in handling their own affairs suddenly the Marshall Plan and the European modities. That’s somewhat less true in

38 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • AUGUST 1993 Retired Ambassador Edwin M. Martin reflects on how economics and trade affect the interaction of nations

the Far East, where the earnings from sugar sales economies tend to be more U.S. policies affecting sugar, coffee, would rise, even though diversified. Malaysia, for their prices were already example, is very tin-ori¬ cocoa, bananas, and a few minerals, above the world level. ented, but not so depen¬ such as copper, iron ore, and tin, were The use of sugar for soft dent on tin as Bolivia. drinks was declining at that In nearly all cases, ef¬ critical to our political relations with the time, and that depressed forts have been made— countries that exported those the world price of sugar, sometimes successfully and as a result, there was and sometimes not—to or- commodities. a great deal of public in¬ ganize international terest in this question. The groups to stabilize com¬ major player, of course, modity prices around a so-called “re¬ facture of tin cans. We had similar was the Department of Agriculture, munerative” level by purchasing stocks problems with respect to rubber-ex¬ which was under considerable pres¬ when prices fall and storing them until porting countries, as synthetic rubber sure from domestic sugar producers prices rise. But the management of increasingly competed with raw rub¬ and their lobbyists—and the U.S. Con¬ commodity agreements is very diffi¬ ber. gress—to restrict sugar imports. cult, because many unanticipated de¬ Q: What was the most serious com¬ Some people advocated barter ar¬ velopments are likely to affect both modity-related political issue that you rangements: that is, they proposed demand and supply. For example, in dealt with? that if country X took a big chunk of the early 1950s, a world boom that MARTIN: The biggest crisis relating our wheat, we would give it a chunk resulted from the Korean War pushed to commodities during that period by of our sugar quota. They said this commodity prices up—and then, sud¬ far related to the redistribution of the would help us get rid of our “surplus” denly, by the early 1960s, the demand enormous Cuban sugar quota after wheat. I spent a lot of time trying to for the same commodities dropped Castro took over in I960. That weave my way through that. and their prices fell substantially. Sugar amounted to some 3 million tons— Q: You became assistant secretary fell from about 5 cents per pound to perhaps more than half of our total for inter-American affairs when you about 2 cents per pound, for example, sugar imports. The quota was impor¬ left the Bureau of Economic Affairs. and that led to foreign-exchange cri¬ tant, because it ensured a price for MARTIN: Yes, I was involved in a ses, government deficits, and inflation sugar that was 2 or 3 cents a pound number of issues affecting Latin in several countries, with very large above the world price, and that America while I was still in the eco¬ political consequences. amounted to a considerable de facto nomics bureau. For example, we had We had a terrific battle with the subsidy. President Eisenhower first some skirmishes with Argentina on Bolivians while I was assistant secre¬ imposed the embargo shortly before meat exports. That is, Argentina tary for economic affairs, because we he left office, and President Kennedy couldn’t export meat to the United were selling from our tin stockpile, made it firm in 1961. States because of “Aphtosa fever,” and that somewhat depressed the After the embargo went into effect, better known as “hoof-and-mouth dis¬ worldwide price of tin, which repre¬ ambassadors whom I hardly knew— ease,” which was then quite wide¬ sented about two-thirds of Bolivia’s or lobbyists on their behalf—appeared spread in Argentina, and meat ac¬ export earnings. That obviously af¬ in my office, seeking a piece of our counted for up to one-third of Argen¬ fected Bolivian employment. We tried sugar-import quota. I never dreamed tine exports in those days. to limit sales—and their impact—and that some of those countries—like I came to understand the impor¬ we sought to persuade the Bolivians Ireland, for example—could export tance the Latin Americans attached to that an excessively high price for tin sugar. And meanwhile, U.S. domestic economic matters. In my new job, I would encourage the substitution of producers of beet and cane sugar worked more closely with the White plastics and coated steel in the manu¬ were eager to ensure that their own House, and I saw President Kennedy

AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 39 himself, on the average, once every market is really the answer for Central President Kennedy picked up on a two weeks, and Secretary Rusk more America. Small may be beautiful, but phrase from the president of Brazil, often than that. I was much involved smallness is not realistic in the mod¬ who said: “We need a Marshall Plan in coordinating visits to Washington ern world economy. for Latin America.” Although that was by Latin American chiefs of state and Q: Would you say political difficul¬ a conceptual error, an early draft of our reciprocal visits to Latin America. ties have restrained economic devel¬ the president’s speech launching the For example, 1 oversaw the arrange¬ opment throughout Latin America? alliance reflected that idea. The ments for a fascinating March 1963 MARTIN: Oh, yes. The whole ques¬ Marshall Plan accomplished its goals meeting that lasted several days and tion of “political development” repre¬ in Europe in five years, but those was attended by Kennedy and the sented a serious problem in Latin goals involved the recovery of a dev¬ presidents of the five Central Ameri¬ America. I don’t think the American astated—but already modern— can countries and Panama. The dis¬ people sufficiently understand how economy. Modernizing the Latin cussions there focused on the Central the Latin American cultural heritage American society would require a American Common Market. has handicapped industrial progress totally different time frame. I think Q: What went wrong with the Cen¬ in the region. In fact, much of the that confusion has clouded our whole tral American Common Market? economic modernization in Latin national approach to development MARTIN: Well, CACM made com¬ America has been spurred by immi¬ assistance. plete economic sense, but politically, grants—from Austrians in Colombia, Q: Do you have other comments on those countries had very little in com¬ for example, the so-called “Turcos” in the alliance? mon. Guatemala, Honduras, and El Chile—a Middle East Group built up MARTIN: Yes, I think it was a Salvador were very disorganized po¬ the textiles industry there—the Ger¬ mistake to set targets for achieve¬ litically, and there were politically mans and British in Argentina, and the ment—to get all children in school incompatible regimes. Nicaragua had Japanese in Sao Paolo. All of these and all adults literate within 10 years, a rather dictatorial government under recent immigrants made real contri¬ for example, with comparable im¬ Somosa, and Costa Rica—known as butions to Latin American society. provements in nutrition, health care, “the Switzerland of Latin America”— There have also been some very and housing—targets intended to had a high literacy rate, a high level of serious political splits in Latin America apply across the board, ignoring the income, a modern society, and a very on the basis of race: the Guatemalan vast differences between Haiti and democratic government. Also, there Indians, the Haitian blacks versus mul¬ Argentina and their radically different was a so-called “soccer war” between attos, and similar splits in Ecuador needs. Honduras and El Salvador, which had and Peru, where the people living on It was also a mistake to set up the experienced border conflicts and other the slopes of the Andes were set alliance as a 10-year project. Kennedy difficulties for more than 100 years. against the people on the coast. Un¬ barely had time to start when Presi¬ Also, we thought Panama, with its der those conditions, a national sense dent Johnson succeeded him, and unique assets and problems, should was missing. Tom Mann took over the Latin Ameri¬ be involved, but I’m not sure that ever Latin America also has a political can Bureau. They adopted a totally would have worked. tradition of autocracy—in the church new approach: they dropped the Q: So divergent political philoso¬ and in the military as well as in the Kennedy motto, “The only alternative phies impeded econom ic cooperation? government. Democracy is rare in to violent revolution is peaceful MARTIN: Yes, but there were also Latin America, and I think that’s re¬ change,” and they enunciated a new divisive economic issues. A common lated to their tradition of not trusting doctrine: “The present power struc¬ market can open up the real eco¬ people. “Personalismo,” they call it, ture can best serve U.S. interests.” nomic potential for large-scale indus¬ meaning you group around a special Q: Were there other mistakes in the tries, so long as the countries agree person, often a relative. Kennedy approach to Latin America? that one of them will supply its prod¬ Q: Wasn’t the Alliance for Progress MARTIN: Yes, I think we made a ucts for the entire area. When you supposed to bring Latin America into mistake in assuming that the elimina¬ have two or three producers of the the 20th century? tion of poverty should be a main same product in two or three different MARTIN: Well I’m writing a book answer to the dictatorships of the left countries, which ones will you close about Kennedy and Latin America in and the right. Related to that, we erred down? For example, there were two which I try to assess the alliance. I in thinking the worst problems lay in or three oil refineries in Central believe its essential concept was widespread discontent among the America, and if you had a real com¬ sound. We were trying to do the right landless, rural laborers. We thought mon market, only one of them should things, both in terms of stimulating agrarian reform would solve that, so get all the business. Issues like that development and deterring commu¬ we sent the Peace Corps into rural are difficult to resolve. And then, of nism. But we did not adequately un¬ areas, where they really couldn’t course, when Nicaragua went Com¬ derstand the cultural handicaps or the achieve anything. In fact, there were munist, the problems intensified. But time that would be required to bring worse problems in the urban areas, in the long run, I think a common about the changes we had in mind. where semi-educated students were

40 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • AUGUST 1993 especially vulnerable to radical ide¬ countries and private investors. recommendation, but it was ignored. ologies. We simply had the wrong Q: Could you say a few words about Q: Your report was best known in focus. your work in 1980, when Secretary the Foreign Service for its recommen¬ I also think it was a mistake to try Vance asked you to study State’s eco¬ dation relating to commercial at¬ to harness the Latin American military nomic functions? taches. Could you explain your ratio¬ to economic development. The theory MARTIN: This came after Congress nale for that? was that the armed forces had certain and the Carter administration had al¬ MARTIN: Well, we concluded that skills and a lot of time on their hands ready agreed to transfer responsibility the transfer of the commercial-attache that could be applied to construction for commercial attache functions in function to the Department of Com¬ projects and educational programs. our embassies from the State Depart¬ merce was not of major importance, But on balance, I think bringing the ment to the Commerce Department since we felt it would not adversely military into this tended to broaden and certain trade and commodity affect the foreign policy functions of and entrench their political influence. policy functions to the office of the the Department of State. We were Q: You later seved at OECD... U.S. Trade Representative—which, in disappointed, however, with the de¬ MARTIN: Well, to my great sur¬ fact, doubled the size of USTR. That cision that the commercial counselor prise, I was asked in 1968 to go to created a tremendous furor in the should henceforth report only to the Paris as chairman of the OECD [Orga¬ State Department, as many Foreign ambassador, because we felt the am¬ nization for Economic Cooperation Service economic officers deplored bassador should be free to organize and Development] Development As¬ the loss of economic functions by the an embassy in a way that he or she felt sistance Committee, which provides a State Department. John Leddy, Frances the job could best be done. forum for industrialized countries to Wilson (formerly the principal admin¬ Q: It seems to me that during my comment upon one another’s eco¬ istrative officer in the Bureau of Eco¬ career in the Foreign Service—from nomic and technical assistance pro¬ nomic Affairs), and I worked on that the mid-1950s to the mid-1980s—the grams. I was there from 1968 to 1974, for some six months. impact of economic considerations on assisted by a staff of some 15 profes¬ Q: What were your principal con¬ U.S. relationships with other countries sionals. Basically the job was to urge clusions? steadily increased, even while the in¬ the industrialized countries to im¬ MARTIN: Well, we felt that the fluence of the State Department on prove their Third World assistance commodity function should not be international economicpolicy shrank. activities and to suggest how they transferred to USTR, because com¬ MARTIN: Yes, and we also made might best do that. I spent about a modity policies were too sensitive very strong recommendations about third of my time visiting developing politically. USTR lacked the requisite the need for improved Foreign Ser¬ countries, trying to assess the impact staff and files. There had been con¬ vice programs to educate Foreign of these programs. gressional complaints about State Service officers on economic issues Q: Could you cite a specific ex¬ Department positions on commodity and the need for an improved assign¬ ample to illustrate how you may have policy, but we opposed that switch. ment process that would ensure bet¬ had a real impact? We also felt there was a need for more ter use of Foreign Service officers with MARTIN: Yes, the Socialist prime effective coordination of USAID ac¬ economic skills. We made an analysis minister of Austria once urged me to tivities with foreign policy. that showed how many ambassadors press in my public statements to the We also thought better analytical and deputy chiefs of mission in each media in Vienna for improvements in reporting was needed on economic region had some economic training the Austrian program. He encouraged and technical programs in several or background, and we found that too me to criticize Austria for not putting developing countries. We thought a many of those assigned to our African a larger percentage of its GNP into joint Treasury/State person was posts were especially lacking in that Third World development. I did, and needed in about 10 countries to re¬ area, although those were the posts that seemed to help. On another occa¬ port on and support development where the need for an understanding sion, I went to a hearing of the Swiss programs—in Bangladesh, for ex¬ of economics is greatest, because that’s Parliament, and the same thing hap¬ ample, where there were important where our senior officers should have pened there: the political leadership interrelationships between foreign ex¬ the ability to help the local leaders wanted to improve Swiss develop¬ change shortages, inflation, and devel¬ make wise choices. We put a great ment assistance, and I was able to opment projects and the activities of the emphasis on the need to assign more help gain the support of their con¬ various donors. In most cases, USAID economically qualified officers to se¬ gress. I nearly always met with the personnel did not submit good analyti¬ nior positions, both in the field and in prime minister and the minister of cal reports on development and devel¬ the department, especially in the re¬ finance, as I traveled around the world. opment finance to Washington, be¬ gional bureaus. The corollary of that At one point, the Australians asked cause USAID personnel were, for the was that more “political” officers me to go to Papua New Guinea—just most part, insufficiently attuned to the should take economic courses at the before it became independent—to teach need for such reports, being primarily Foreign Service Institute and else¬ their cabinet how to deal with donor project oriented. That was an important where. ■

AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 41 The Great American Idea

AN INTERVIEW WITH USIA DIRECTOR JOSEPH DUFFEY

Editor’s Note: The Democracy Radio to United States provide news for and Information Agency about societies in was established 40 Asia that restrict the years ago this flow of information summer, during the to their oum people. Eisenhower admin¬ The Foreign Service istration, at a time Journal interviewed when the United USIA Director Joseph States was becom¬ D. Duffey about the ing aware of the new directions of USIA. emergence of the DAVID BURNETT Confirmed as Cold War. Now the great polarities director on May 24, Dr. Duffey has that marked the Cold War have had a long career in academia and ended, and USIA is rethinking its government, most recently having approaches to public diplomacy. As served as president of the A merican part of the process of reconfiguring University in Washington and, before the agency to meet post-Colcl War that, as chancellor and president of the challenges, USIA has proposed to Massachusetts University system. Congress a reorganization of inter¬ Duffey was assistant secretary of state national broadcast services under a for educational and cultural affairs in newly formed Board of Governors for 1977 and chairman of the National Broadcasting. The plan would Endowment for the Humanities from dissolve the Board of International 1977 to 1981. He has taught at Hart¬ Broadcasting, under whose aegis ford Seminary, Yale University, and Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty American. The interview, conducted have operated. The broadcast plan by Editor Anne Stevenson-Yang on July also proposes establishing an Asian 9, has been edited.

42 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • AUGUST 1993 Q: Perhaps you could begin by talking identity in the face of modernity, fairly common problem and that about the role of USIA, now that the the next confrontations may be the way out is through a new set of Cold War has ended. confrontations of cultures and civi¬ relationships in terms of trade and DUFFEY: The initial impulse for the lizations. That suggests that the commerce. creation of USIA was the recogni¬ mission of public diplomacy is tion that, even 40 years ago, inter¬ coming into its own. Relations be¬ Q: Does that mean increased empha¬ national relations had expanded tween nations are more and more sis on the second mandate, of inter¬ beyond formal, govemment-to-gov- shaped by relations between per¬ preting other countries to the United ernment relationships. As Ameri¬ sons and non-governmental insti¬ States? cans, we also sensed that a great tutions. And our future, with re¬ DUFFEY: You can approach our mis¬ contest of ideas was becoming more spect to national economic secu¬ sion within the United States in two acute. Even without the Cold War, rity, the protection of the environ¬ ways. The sentimental approach— I believe we would have moved ment, and freedom from threats of now dismissed as too sentimen¬ tal—is that of the internation¬ alist, which is the conscious¬ ness that I and many of my The essence of our country is really an idea. We generation grew up with and still claim. Or you can also do not have blood in common, we do not have an look for the practical benefits of increasing understanding inheritance of land in common: we have an idea of foreign nations at home. I think this kind of international competency on behalf of our that has to be renewed in every generation. citizens flows naturally from what the agency does. Our mission is to encourage and facilitate greater movement of toward the creation of an agency terrorism, is very much related to ideas and persons across national such as this. In fact, an awareness the emergence of a world where borders and greater attention to of the importance of cultural di¬ communication is open, percep¬ what is being spoken and written mensions as an aspect of diplo¬ tions are accurate, and there is in the press and in literary and macy and of international relations greater understanding of the inter¬ intellectual circles in other nations. came to the fore in society before dependence of nations. USIA was created. Perhaps we ought to emphasize Q: Some maintain that the USIA direc¬ The essence of our country is understanding the global dimen¬ tor ought to be involved at a higher really an idea. We do not have sions of both threats and opportu¬ level of policymaking, specifically, blood in common, we do not have nities. Migrations of peoples due to at the National Security Council. an inheritance of land in common: the effort to flee poverty or oppres¬ Do you have any views about that? we have an idea that has to be sion have now become threats to DUFFEY: I must say, it’s not something renewed in every generation. stability in this country. For a coun¬ that preoccupies me a great deal. I Are the focuses for public diplo¬ try like ours, which has due pro¬ think USIA has earned the respect macy changing now? Certainly there cess and has a conscience, these of policymakers. I also think some is an element of change. If we are are security issues that cannot now policymakers may find that, as of¬ honest with ourselves, I think we be addressed in military terms. ten as not, they are preoccupied will admit we have been disori¬ There are threats from environ¬ with responding to events instead ented by the loss of the bipolar mental damage that have global of making policy. confrontation of the Cold War era. implications. Now there is a new You could describe the nation’s threat to American security, the Q: You talked in your testimony before mission during that period of four problem of the loss of jobs due to the Kerry subcommittee about our and a half decades of Cold War dysfunctional trade barriers: these Foreign Service officers overseas and almost as a crusade. Now USIA is are all areas to which public diplo¬ about broadcasting and exchanges, free of the deep divisions that were macy is very well equipped to but you did not discuss the cultural created even in our own society by respond. I think President Clinton centers or the libraries overseas and our attempt to define that mission. managed at the recent economic the English-teachingprograms that Now, there is a strong possibil¬ summit in Tokyo to move our na¬ are conducted there. Do you have ity that, as nationalism and national tion a bit further toward the under¬ views on the relative importance of identity recede and people reach standing that unemployment in these in the overall mix of USIA back to their religious heritages for mature industrial societies is now a programs?

AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 43 DUFFEY: Given my background and the growth of broadcasting. But it broadcasting. The reorganization values, libraries will always be im¬ is a troubling tendency, and I have plan that was announced a couple portant institutions. I was told the spent time with our area directors of weeks ago contains a great deal other day that there has been a talking about it. You’ll see some of of discussion of radio broadcasting marked decline in the study of my colleagues walking around here but not very much on television . Do English among young people in with sort of a little banner that says, you have any plans for the ex¬ Europe, and I am concerned about “It’s the field, stupid!'’ I am troubled panded use of TV in public diplo¬ that. The teaching of English con¬ by the imbalance between invest¬ macy? tinues to be important to our na¬ ments in Washington and in the DUFFEY: I am not thinking of building tional interests, because genera¬ field. But the issue is really, how a worldwide television network. tions keep changing, and people can we best fulfill our mission That would be pretentious and don’t pass linguistic learning on to around the world? I am also Promethean. Television is an effec¬ the next generation by genetic in¬ troubled, frankly, by what I think tive means of communication. Our heritance. I am also troubled by the has been too rapid a tendency in goal is to use it quite selectively. loss of an intellectual relationship recent years to privatize great parts Radio is still important: in moments of crisis, in areas that are starved for information or where information is con¬ lam not thinking of building a worldwide trolled. We are moving from shortwave to medium and FM. television network. That would be pretentious During the Cold War we con¬ fronted societies that were both closed to outside infor¬ and Promethean. Television is an effective means mation and controlled inter¬ nally. Today there are few of communication. Our goal is to use it quite societies left in the world that are both closed and controlled. selectively. There are still societies that are, in traditional terms, more open in terms of information but controlled. The issue is: with Europe by the younger gen¬ of international relations. Govern- what strategies are appropriate for eration, which I sense is the case. ment-to-government relations are dealing with such societies, in such What my generation knew and felt still an important part of the inter¬ a time as this? by way of relationship and identity face of nations. We maintain a one cannot assume is there for the cadre of carefully recruited, well- Q: What about the new Board of Gov¬ next generation. But, I am also educated women and men at posts ernors for Broadcasting? What is delighted that President Clinton is around the world. We have a re¬ going to be its relationship with calling a Pacific summit meeting in sponsibility to think carefully about USIA? the fall, because now there is a what we want them to do and also DUFFEY: Official government broad¬ need for communication across cul¬ to give them the resources and casting always struggles for cred¬ tures and civilizations. Even as we tools they need to do the job. I ibility. Those who have worked on now have less awareness of Eu¬ think we are paying a price already the problem of consolidation of rope and growing trade with Asia, for the shortages of personnel that the radios came to feel that a board we need to look to both directions. have developed in some overseas of governors who review policy We are struggling to see whether posts due to recent budget cuts. and provide a kind of independent there isn’t a global cultural lan¬ Still, we have a period of demand oversight for broadcasting policy guage or cultural awareness. The with an enormous number of new would serve the best interests of all idiom is modernity. posts, and shifting areas of respon¬ our international broadcasting. This sibility or attention, so we prob¬ is not a new idea. I think such a Q: How about the relationship be¬ ably have to try to address the board would give greater credibil¬ tween Washington and the field? imbalance with existing resources ity to our international broadcast¬ Over the last 10 years, resources and see whether there’s a better ing. This is an appropriate institu¬ have been shifted rather signifi¬ way to meet our responsibilities at tional change. cantly toward Washington opera¬ a time when our resources are not tions. Do you see it as important to going to expand. Q: Under this arrangement, will USIA reverse this trend? and VOA keep the sort of symbiotic DUFFEY: Some of that has to do with Q: I wonder if we coidd talk, about relationship that many believe is very

44 • FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAI. • AUGUST 1993 important to thefunctioning of VO A? so brilliantly in Guatemala in the DUFFEY: Yes, I think so. You’re going auto-coup a few weeks ago. That is to have a board appointed by the what VOA is trying to do in Somalia. THE ONLY president that will have a responsi¬ That is what VOA was trying to do in CALL YOU NEED bility for several aspects of our the recent referendum in Malawi. broadcasting in the context of That is what RFE [Radio Free Europe] TO MAKE! USIA’s public-diplomacy mission. and RL [Radio Liberty] have been The charter of the VOA will not trying to do in certain areas. It is our change. In the tensions and de¬ policy to try to counter efforts to bates that have emerged over the -s restrict information: that is surrogate question of the future of Radio Free radio, as I define it. I think there is a ExecuStay, Inc. Europe and Radio Liberty, there future for that kind of broadcasting. have been prolonged, intense de¬ 1-800-735-7829 bates. There are always distortions Q: Do you like the term ‘public diplo¬ - of perspective in such debates, and macy”? 301 251-2771 I think we may even now be too DUFFEY: When Archibald MacLeish was The Experts In Furnished close to the experience of the Cold sworn in as assistant secretary of Short & Long-term Housing War to see these things very clearly. state for public and cultural relations These questions have been charged in 1944, he called the term “cultural with so much emotion that we relations” a kind of “boring phrase.” have a hard time thinking clearly I wouldn’t say that about “public about what the exact role of surro¬ diplomacy. ” I use the term frequently, gate radio was and what its role but I’m not quite comfortable with it, should be in the future. I don’t find in the sense that I don’t think it’s the that we are yet able to engage in best way to speak to the American much helpful discussion about the people about how we’re spending The ExecuStay Advantage form of surrogate radio. There are their tax dollars. I would begin with ■ Hundreds of locations in the some things one might say about what I think is, if not a preoccupa¬ city or suburbs, for thirty the limitations of radio and surro¬ tion, at least a deep need and oppor¬ days or longer. ■ Rates below per diem. gate radio that one can’t say today tunity in contemporary America to because of a certain form of “politi¬ ■ Flexible short and long-term reconsider where we are as a nation leases. cal correctness” in Washington at and who we are as a people and ■ One, two and three bedroom this moment. The techniques used what opportunities are present for us apartments. to struggle against totalitarian soci¬ to put ourselves forth to the rest of ■ Townhouses. eties 30 years ago, for example, the world. ■ Private homes. may not be appropriate in Asia ■ Fully furnished to meet your today. But whoever suggests that lifestyle. Q: One more question. What made ■ Quality housewares including this may be the case is politically you leave your distinguished aca¬ linens, fully outfitted kitchens incorrect in current Washington. demic career to come and he a and decorative accessories. As each year goes by, we are going government bureaucrat again? ■ All expenses including utilit- ties, phone service and cable to be able to think more clearly DUFFEY: That is a loaded question. I about these matters than we have television, on one bill. think that the opportunity that USIA ■ Maid service upon request. been in the heat and intensity of has and that this administration has ■ Fitness centers at most locales. this recent struggle over the future is to assist the peoples of this ■ Pets accepted at many locales. of the radios in Europe. country—and I include myself and ■ Washers and dryers. Close to shopping and enter¬ my children and grandchildren— ■ Q: Is there a significant rolefor surro¬ tainment. to prepare for the future. This en¬ ■ Many locations on public gate radio services in thepost-Cold tails a rather formidable agenda- transportation routes. War world? returning the economy to some ■ Concierge service at some DUFFEY: Surrogate is a loose term, stability, returning the country to locations. ■ Major credit cards accepted. and people appear to mean quite some self-confidence about its mis¬ different things by it. I define sur¬ sion, defining an appropriate role for Most Importantly... rogate radio in terms of the effort to American national leadership. Some ■ You make the decisions, we provide to closed societies infor¬ of us are drawn to the hope we might provide the service. ■ We meet your budget. mation about what’s happening in do that by a sense of excitement, the society in the local idiom. That obligation, maybe even ambition, 932 Hungerford Drive is what VOA is trying to do through and one doesn’t have to apologize Suite 12B Rockville, Maryland 20850 China Focus, that is what VOA did for any of those things. ■

AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 45 Editor’s Note: With this issue, the Foreign Service Journal widens its critical lefts to take in all the arts and information media, rather than reviewing hooks exclusively. In future months reviewers will consider international exhibitions, videos and television programs of interest, films, architecture, and other cultural expressions of international note or with implications for US. diplomacy. Readers are encouraged, as always, to submit articles for this column.

The Coming-of-Age of Washington Opera By Hans Tuch During the past 15 or 20 years, opera in Washington has come of age, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Before that, the Washington Opera, the only major player, remained in the still minor league compared with the Metropolitan in New York, the San Francisco, or the Chicago opera. Neither the Wolf Trap Opera nor the Summer Opera (at Catho¬ lic University) had been founded, and the Washington Concert Opera was not to be established until the mid-1980s. All this has changed. This brief over¬ view of the 1992-93 season will show that Washington has become one of the Wolf Trap has the ambiance of an American Glyndebourne. four or five centers in this country where first-rate opera is produced and performed. gem, and in this production, which two singers after similarly unimpressive The Washington Opera, the city’s originated at the Royal Opera, Covent appearances last year is a mystifying grandest, with the largest budget and Garden, it sparkled in a glittering array artistic decision. There must be any widest renown, did some outstanding of musical values, imaginative staging, number of American singers, less ex¬ work during the 1992-93 season. Like breathtaking scenery, and wonderful pensive but better qualified, to fill these most major houses, it tries to balance its singing, acting, dancing, and even aerial repertory roles in an opera house that season by presenting traditional fare by acrobatics. The composition, its perfor¬ charges top prices to present suppos¬ the great composers of the 18th and mance, the production, and visual as¬ edly world-class performances. 19th centuries with new works by con¬ pects were synthesized into such an The season began its artistic upward temporary composers and innovative ingenious creation that the result was a climb with its second offering, a revival productions of lesser-known yet wor¬ memorable musical, emotional, and of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov’s The Czar 's thy compositions. dramatic experience. Bride. Missing this time around was the Every bit the aesthetic equal of New The Washington Opera’s season exuberant, authoritative, and loving in¬ York, San Francisco, Munich, Berlin, started last fall on a dissonant note, a volvement of Mstislav Rostropovich, the Vienna, or Milan, its home is the Kennedy production of Verdi’s Othello that was National Symphony’s musical director, Center—the grand, luxuriously ap¬ flawed by the barely adequate singing who had conducted the original 1986 pointed Opera House and the more in the title role by the Italian tenor production. intimate Eisenhower Theater. The Wash¬ Emanno Mauro and the less-than-con- The three productions performed in ington Opera’s last production of the vincing portrayal—until the last act, that the Eisenhower Theater were examples season turned out to be the high point: is—of Desdemona by the Bulgarian of the Washington Opera at its best. The Leojanacek’s 1924 opera The Cunning soprano Stefka Evstavtieva. Why the first was a relative novelty, Georges Little Vixen. This rarely heard opera is a Washington Opera re-engaged these Bizet’s The Pearl Fishers, beautifully

46 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • AUGUST 1993 conducted by Cal Stewart Kellogg, a still adequate to the demands of this The role of Cenerentola was sung by perennial favorite in Washington, and role, is showing its vintage. Outstanding the young Italian mezzo coloratura Sonia imaginatively directed by Roberto was Jan Grissom’s Nonna, a soprano of Ganassi, who was making her U.S. Oswald from Argentina. For many lis¬ fine vocal talent and charm as an ac¬ debut. She handled the tricky score with teners this was a first-time experience, tress. vocal aplomb, but she will have to learn since this opera is seldom performed on The last of the three Eisenhower to sing to her partners on the stage the stage in this country, even though theater productions was Rossini’s rather than to the conductor in the pit, musically, if not dramatically, it is a CenerentolaiCinderella), an opera that, as though he were her desired prince. work of great merit. The singing artists I think, is every bit the equal of the David Evitts, the Don Magnifico, Susan were especially fine: Katherine Luna as better-known Barber of Seville. This Foster and Kathleen Segar as the two the priestess Leila, the Chinese tenor revival of the Washington Opera’s 1982 jealous sisters Clorinda and Tisbe, Glenn Jianyi Zhang (who had the lead in the production was an example of genuine Siebert as Don Ramiro, and Christopher Chinese opera The Savage Land the ensemble opera. It was led by the Tiakas as Dandini rounded out the previous year) as Nadir, and the Ameri¬ brilliant young conductor Steven American cast, all handling their comic can baritone Eugene Perry as Zurga. Mercurio, who is the newly appointed and vocal duties expertly. Next was Donizetti’s Don Pasquale, musical director of the Spoleto USA festival. Turandot 'm the Opera House turned conducted by Paulette Haupt and di¬ He guided liis excellent artists through this out to be a grand success, the “grand” rected by the noted Italian baritone delightful yet complex musical romp, shap¬ also being descriptive of Puccini’s last Paolo Montarsolo, who also repeated ing each solo, duet, trio, and multi-voiced work. Conducted by Steven Mercurio, it his by-now-famed comic characteriza¬ ensemble with sensitive orchestral ac¬ was a thrilling performance of one of tion of the title role in a voice that, while companiment. the most unpleasant stories in opera,

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AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 47 r i AUTHORIZED EXPORTER BOOKS AND THE ARTS GENERAL ELECTRIC USA one in which all but one of the protago¬ stage or pit facilities but with excellent nists (the slave girl Liu) are wooden acoustics and good sight lines. Last figures without character, undeserving season’s productions—each of which GENERAL ELECTRONICS of the immortal melodies they are sing¬ has only three performances, making tickets often hard to get—were Mozart’s INC. ing. The one disappointment was Eva Marton in the title role. She either had an Don Giovanni and LaFinta Giardiniera, off-night or is past her prime. Her deliv¬ the latter first performed in 1775, when □ REFRIGERATORS □ FREEZERS ery was frequently wobbly, unfocused, the composer was barely 19, and rarely □ RANGES□ MICROWAVE OVENS and off-pitch, hardly worth the expense since then until recent revivals. The two □ AIR CONDITIONERS □ DRYERS □ WASHERSQ SMALL APPLIANCES of bringing her here. conductors, Cal Stewart Kellogg and □ AUDIO EQUIPMENTCITELEVISION Opera in Washington has become a Will Crutchfield, with the collabora¬ □ DISHWASHERS □ TRANSFORM year-round enjoyment, with the best tion of a first-rate musical and drama- ERS □ COMPLETE CATALOG (Please check box) summer productions coming out of the turgical staff, created memorable pro¬ Wolf Trap Opera ductions. Several Available for All Electric Company and the of the participat¬ Currents/Cycles Summer Opera ing artists are on Opera in Washington has become Theater. WolfTrap their way to in¬ Immediate Shipping/Mailing has come to fill a a year-round enjoyment, with the ternational ca¬ From our Local Warehouse necessary role as a best summer productions coming reers. For evi¬ sort of U.S. farm dence one need We Can Also Furnish out of the Wolf Trap Opera Replacement Parts for team for the big look no further Most Manufactures league of interna¬ Company and the Summer Opera than to the tional opera—a Theater. Wolf Trap has come to names of Wolf service to young veterans SHOWROOM fill a necessary role as a sort of General Electronics, Inc. American artists, recent 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N W since the United U.S. farm team for the big league years Margaret Washington, D C 20016 States, unlike Eu¬ of international opera—a service Jane Wray, Tel. (202) 362-8300 rope, has only a Denyce Graves, FAX (202) 363 6538 to young American artists... TWX 710-822-9450 few high-quality Alan Held, and GENELECiNC WSH provincial opera Stanford Olsen companies with among them. extensive seasons The Summer and repertoires to perform this function. Opera, as usual, did two operas (with In some respects, Wolf Trap resembles five performances of each) in Catholic a> V) ~o (/) the physical and musical ambiance of University’s Hartke Theater. They were 3 © o the Glyndeboume festival in England— Jules Massenet’s Manon and Rossini’s O 5= > c O > 3 < a. 00 O aistic equivalent to Santa Fe’s famed ready impressive performance records O ‘—c Tn O) summer opera. With both it has in in the LJnited States and abroad, others ID LU £ 5 common exquisite musical taste and on the way tip. The settings and pro¬ cr E .c ID sophistication. Every year, Wolf Trap duction styles were imaginative and rf selects 12 to 15 artists from across the attractive; the musical aesthetics made tr © O o ts LL -*—• (0 country' to spend two months studying, for thoroughly satisfying and, in some Q — 3 rehearsing, and performing ensemble cases (Cenerentola) outstanding per¬ z Sc LU coo opera. (Unlike Santa Fe’s apprentices, formances. (T> Wolf Trap’s artists perfonn all the lead¬ Leaving the best for last, the two CO Q cr c ing roles, and there are no stars. Unlike Concert Opera productions, coming as Z O CO < U_ O) Glyndeboume, prices are relatively af¬ they do in the spring and fall respec¬ CO o <0 0) CO fordable, at $35 per ticket.) tively, represent, as far as 1 am con¬ o CO (/) ID cerned, Washington’s top in musical o ID ID cr Two of the annual Wolf Trap pro¬ 5 o ductions are performed in The Barns, a taste and quality. The Concert Opera < o < of < o OLD pair of 18th-century barns moved to iconoclastically presents its productions Washington from upstate New York, at Lisner Auditorkim of George Wash¬ I J seating about 350, without elaborate ington University without scenery, cos-

48 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • AUGUST 1993 BOOKS AND THE ARTS Ev Taylor of Money Concepts International is a retired tumes, or action. The orchestra, chorus, Department of State Foreign Service Officer. and conductor occupy almost the entire Money Concepts is a stage. The singing actors come out on full-service financial planning stage only when they have something organization that is part of an international financial to sing or say. Conductor, orchestra, and planning group. singers convey the opera’s story, whether Products and Services comic or tragic, solely through their include: articulation of the music and text. To do • Dynamic Asset Allocation this well requires artists of the highest • Mutual Funds* • Asset Guardian caliber. • Life Insurance Stephen Crout, the musical director • Variable Annuities* • Hard Assets of the Washington Concert Opera is • Stocks & Bonds* such an artist. Over the last six years, • Limited Partnerships* he has successfully produced two op¬ We will provide you with a eras each season. (Until this year, they personal, comprehensive financial plan that will match were each presented only once; start¬ your investment objectives ing in the spring of 1993, each produc¬ and risk tolerance level with specific recommendations tion has been presented twice, thus geared toward reaching your doubling the availability of reasonably individual goals. priced tickets.) Most of the operas Among our specialties: chosen are works relatively infrequently Educational Seminars produced in American opera houses. >/ Pre-Retirement Planning V* Portfolio Diversification Last season they were Carl Maria von 1/ Minimizing Tax Liabilities Weber’s Der Freischiitz, featuring the ’Securities products marketed through Money Concepts CaptaJ Corp., Member Rrm NASCVS1PC 1206 U.S. Highway One North Palm Beach, FL 33406 (407) 327-0700 outstanding American soprano Deborah Voigt as Agathe, and a fine new import, the German bass Franz Hawlata as Kaspar; and, in the fall, Donizetti’s Anna Bolena with a truly splendid cast: Nelly Miricioiu in the title role, Judith Forst as Giovanna (or Jane Seymour), Washington’s own Denyce Graves as Smeton, and If you need to Umberto Chiummo as Henry VIII. The performances at the Washington Opera, the Summer Opera Theater, and travel this sunnier, the Washington Concert Opera are sig¬ nificantly enhanced by the use of En¬ glish surtides. Comprehension and en¬ stay at heme with us! joyment of not only the rarely produced “ ... One of the most charming hotels works but even those performed in in one of the best locations in the city.” Washington Post English (such as The Cunning Little Vixen) are sufficient arguments to jus¬ $86 per room night including continental breakfast for two. Rate available through September 15, 1993. tify surtides as a regular production Long term rates available. feature of opera in this country. • Only 5 blocks from State Department Anticipating the next season, Wash¬ • Overlooking historic Pennsylvania Ave. ington opera-goers can look forward to • Close to White House, Georgetown, monuments, a varied and innovative potpourri of old museums and shops. and new, well-known and rarely pro¬ • Charming European-style hotel rooms and duced works, conducted by outstand¬ suites, most with fully equipped kitchens • Special short and long term stay amenities ing maestros and sung by some of the • Cafe Lombardy, serving Italian specialties Hotel Lombardy finest established upcoming singing art¬ 20191 Street, NW ists currently performing on the world’s FOR RESERVATIONS: 800/424-5406 or 202/828-2600 Washington, DC opera stages. FAX 202/872 0503 20006 The Concert Opera will feature Anton

AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 49 BOOKS AND THE ARTS

Dvorak’s rarely performed Rusalka, with ite, Madama Butterfly. Allied Commander Douglas MacArthur the superb American soprano Renee and Japanese Prime Minister Yoshida Fleming, and Verdi’s I Vespri Siciliani Some of hisformer colleagues claim that Shigeru, and details the major events (The Sicilian Vespers), with the equally Hans Tuch, a retired Foreign Service and programs of the six-and-one-half- celebrated American diva Carol Vaness. officer in USIA, never served in a post year era largely through their roles. Wolf Trap will do Rossini’s !The Turk in without a good opera house, hut he points Several hours after receiving his Italy and Mozart’s late Opera Seria, La to four years in Brasilia as proof to the orders to proceed to Japan in August Clemenzadi Tito, both in the barns; and contrary. 1945. MacArthur noted down what he Mozart’s The Marriage of Figaro in the was to do: “First, destroy the military large Filene Center. The Summer Opera To Do This Month: power. Punish war criminals. Build will perform Puccini’s Madama Butter¬ the structure of representative gov¬ fly imd a double bill consisting of Mozart's Decentralize Power and ernment. Modernize the constitution. early comic The Impresario coupled Free the Press Hold free elections. Enfranchise the with Leoncavallo’s veristic opera I women. Release the political prison¬ Pagliacci. WINNERS IN PEACE: MACARTHUR, ers. Liberate the farmers. Establish a The Washington Opera’s season, ever YOSIRDA, AND POSTWAR JAPAN. free labor movement. Encourage a grander and more expensive, will present By Richard Finn, University of Ccdifornia free economy. Abolish police oppres¬ a truly eclectic repertory of seven works: Press, $35 hardcover, 432pages sion. Develop a free and responsible Gaetano Donizetti’s Anna Bolena; Eu¬ press. Liberalize education. Decen¬ gene D’Albert’s rarely performed Reviewed by Charles Schmitz tralize political power. Separate the Tiefland; Donizetti’s The Daughter of Our colleague Dick Finn participated church from the state.” Given the size the Regiment-, Richard Strauss’ Ariadne in the U.S. occupation of Japan, first as and audacity of the task, it seems that auf Naxos-, Dominick Argento's The a young naval officer and then as a only a MacArthur, or someone with equally grandiose visions and self- Dream of Valentino, a world premiere; diplomat. Fiis book, Winners in Peacex one of Verdi’s finest, Un Ballo in attempts to focus the story of the occu¬ confidence, could hope to make a Maschera, and Puccini’s personal favor¬ pation on the two main actors, Supreme success of the mission.

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Finn says, “The occupation was one obvious points of the occupation and in alone rebuild their industrial machine. It of the rare occasions in history when a his unencumbered, explanatory prose. paid no attention to what was going on modern industrial state had virtually “Several features of the plans for the in the world around Japan and seemed unchallenged power to direct the des¬ occupation were significant. The plan¬ to assume that Japan would have only tiny of another major a modest and unimpor¬ modern state for a tant international role. It lengthy period, in this Finn’s craftsmanship is reflected both in his discernment presupposed that Na¬ case 80 months. . . . of some of the less obvious points of the occupation and tionalist China would be How the two nations a major power in Asia went about this, and in his unencumbered, explanatory prose. “Several and the most important how they were able features of the plans for the occupation were ally in the region. It also to turn a Pacific ri¬ significant.The planning was almost entirely the work of assumed that the Soviet valry into a Pacific Union would follow co¬ friendship, is the ba¬ Americans. Its purpose was to reform and punish Japan, operative policies. It said sic story that needs to not to help rebuild it or to make it an ally.” nothing about Korea or be told about the oc¬ Taiwan orOkinawa. Pax cupation.” Finn does Americana, as Washing¬ not quite manage to ton saw Asia in 1945, tell the whole story (certainly, it would ning was almost entirely the work of seemed to be based on short-tenn, be too long and complex for any afford¬ Americans. Its puipose was to reform localized, and sometimes ill-conceived able book), but he does give us an and punish Japan, not to help rebuild it policies.” excellent piece of historical craftsman¬ or to make it an ally. The planning Dick Finn shows up as a good, ship. ignored the problems of how the Japa¬ reserved Foreign Service professional in Finn's craftsmanship is reflected both nese were to feed themselves and re¬ telling this story: while he was a part of in his discernment of some of the less vive production of consumer goods, let the occupation, he keeps himself out of

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AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 51 SHORT-TERM BOOKS AND THE ARTS RENTALS 30 days — 6 months the story line and mostly policy to occupied Ja¬ out of the commentary. Finn draws on an pan. We have to won¬ Instead he allows the der if the world is worse APARTMENTS impressive range of £ TOWN HOMES interaction of the two off that some portion main characters to carry American, Japanese, of what the supreme Foreign Service Institute, the story forward as British, and Australian commander meant to Foggy Bottom and much as possible. communicate to the government offices a short Throughout, his pre¬ sources, including Japanese sank into the METRORAIL ride away sentation is measured interviews with nearly woodwork. and realistic: MacArthur Every student of FREE SHUTTLE 100 people who took is not made out to be a Japan or of interna¬ to nearby part in the Huntington MetroRail larger-than-life hero or tional relations in mod¬ Station a preposterous strutter, occupation. em East Asia needs this and Yoshida is not por¬ book in his or her li¬ trayed as a right-wing brary, right alongside extremist. full biographies of HUNTINGTON At the same time, one wishes for Douglas MacArthur and Yoshida more background description of the Shigeru. GATEWAY two. If anything, they seem to get a little lost in the larger story. The important Charles A. Schmitz, a lawyer, helped ne¬ Alexandria s newest and story of the occupation, which does gotiate the Okinawa Reversion Treaty in most desirable location emerge from Finn’s book, is how the the early 1970s and subsequently worked dynamic tension of the two quite differ¬ on the U.S.-Japan security relationship NO BETTER PLACE ent, Japanese and American systems in American Embassy Tokyo. He is now NO BETTER PRICE yielded resolutions that prepared the chairman of Global Business Access Ltd. way for the surprisingly successful Ja¬ in Washington, D.C pan of the 1960s and beyond. Featuring ... Finn draws on an impressive range of All That We Protect American, Japanese, British, and Austra¬ • Rales weH below per diem lian sources, including interviews with MASTEKWORKS OF MAN & NATURE: e Flexible leasing nearly 100 people who took part in the PRESERVING OUR WORLD HERITAGE e Elegantly furnished occupation. Almost every paragraph is Edited by Mark Swadting, Harper- e FuNy equipped kitchen; linens; TV footnoted to original sources in English McRae, 1992, $75 hardcover, 448pages e Washer/dryer, dishwasher, microwave, and Japanese. An extensive bibliogra¬ ineach unit phy, a good index, and straightforward, Reviewed by Daniel Newberry e Cable TV & local phone service included unadorned prose add to the quality of Even though the United States has e Indoor/outdoor pool this book. ended its boycott of that organization, e Tennis courts Some good reading is even in the “UNESCO” is still a bad word in some e Indoor racquetball and basketball courts excellent footnotes: “Ambassador Grew political circles. Only the most Philistine e Fitness center expressed the opinion in May 1945 that among them, however, would scoff at e Sauna, steam rooms, whirlpool ‘the best we can hope for in Japan is the the UNESCO imprimatur on the Con¬ e Garage perking development of a constitutional monar¬ vention Concerning the Protection of e On-site retail stores chy, experience having shown that de¬ the World Cultural and Natural Heri¬ e Major credit cards accepted mocracy in Japan would never work.’” tage. The agreement, first adopted in So much for the clear-eyed vision of 1972, now has 121 states signatory. (703) 960-5401 America’s greatest professional Japan- There are 360 sites around the world Fax (703) 960-1374 watcher of the era. And, “Yoshida spoke registered on its World Heritage List. some years later of MacArthur’s habit of The signatory states are committed to 5982 Richmond Highway talking as he strode up and down in his taking special measures to protect and Alexandria, VA 22303 office and said, ‘I could understand him preserve each of those sites. Many of well when he was facing towards me, the sites hold man-made monuments. COur service but when he turned his back I did not Many of the others are simple but A P I T A L begin* understand a single word of what he precious ecological marvels. the day Properties was saying. It used to make me so angry Here in a gorgeous coffee-table book you caUl but there was nothing I could do.’” So is what is, in effect, an annotated catalog much for the clear communication of of those 360 sites, splendidly illustrated

52 • FOREIGN SERVICE IOU8NAL • AUGUST 1993 BOOKS AND THE ARTS LET EUROPE with some 391 photographs, each of them of salon quality. The book is more than that, and it is certainly more than an BE YOUR CAMPUS armchair book designed for browsing. LEYSIN AMERICAN SCHOOL IN SWITZERLAND It is also a compendium of information GRADES 9 THROUGH 12, PG YEAR about each of the sites on the World Heritage List. SUMMER ENRICHMENT PROGRAM There are, to be sure, scores of entries for the classical, medieval, and Highly respected, private, coeducational, American International Renaissance monuments familiar to boarding school in the French Swiss Alps, near Lake Geneva. survivors of art-history survey courses. There are also the wonders of nature Successful American College Prep, Advanced Placement, and the familiar to readers of National Geo¬ International Baccalaureate programs. SAT testing Center. Finest graphic. Beyond those, waiting to sports and recreation programs in all of Europe. Magnificent skiing “at surprise and delight are such little- known natural marvels as the our doorstep”. Full U.S. and European Accreditations. Garajonay National Park in the Ca¬ nary Islands, the seal sanctuary at Thomas F. Rouillard Banc d’Arguin in Mauritania, or the L.A.S. U.S. Director of Admissions Srebarna bird preserve in Bulgaria. Box 4016, Portsmouth, NH 03802-4016 Among the man-made treasures off ® Tel: 603.431.7654 the beaten tourist track are such gems as Fax: 603.431.1280 the Mogul mosques at Bagerhat in Bangladesh, or the Lalibela rock-hewn churches in Ethiopia, or the Buddhist J carvings and frescoes in the Magao Caves in the Gansu province of China. By way of counterpoint to all that There Is Only One Place To Stay antiquity, we find only one truly mod¬ ern artifact—the Oscar Niemeyer-de- In Washington— signed National Cathedral in Brasilia, completed barely 25 years ago. Masterworks of Man & Nature is fur¬ CORPORATE QUARTERS ther studded with eloquent statements of the world’s political leaders in sup¬ “A Hotel Alternative for the Prudent Spender” port of the tandem objectives of the World Heritage Convention and the Short or Long Term Luxury World Conservation Union. Apartments, Townhouses, The American inspiration behind Penthouses these global programs is worth recall¬ All Suites Tastefully Furnished & Fully ing, especially for those who are still Equipped Kitchens • Telephone • Cable Television • Security Intercom System • shamefaced about the awkward perfor¬ Complete Health Spa • Concierge • mance of the U.S. official delegation at Parking Laundry and Valet • MaidSvc the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in (optional) • Convenience Store

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AUGUST 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 53 DIPLOMATS IN HISTORY: GEORGE H. BORER The Infernal Trade in Women and Eunuchs Despatch from U.S. Minister to Turkey George H. Boker to Secretary of State Hamilton Fish 1873 The United States outlawed the slave trade in 1808 and freed its own Constantinople, August 25,1873 slaves with the adoption of the 13th amendment to the constitution in Sir: 1865. In the intervening years, the United States undertook some naval ... In my previous despatch I also operations to stop the trade in African slaves, but American efforts were mentioned the real or feigned activity of generally lackluster and had very limited success. The British fleet was far the Ottoman authorities in searching for more active and effective in its efforts to suppress the trade. Once slavery slaves in vessels arriving at this port was abolished at home, Americans became more outspoken in their from Africa, and of the zeal with which opposition to slavery elsewhere. Just eight years after the Civil War, papers of manumission are thrust into American diplomats around the Mediterranean were asked to report on the hands of every negro suspected of the slave trade from. Africa to Turkey and how it might be ended. Al¬ the slightest taint of slavehood. I have some doubts of tire genuineness of this though the Turks had outlawed the trade, a large clandestine traffic was ostentatious display of virtue. It is per- still under way. In the following despatch, provided to the Foreign Service formed with too much noise, too much Journal by Foreign Service officer Peter Etcher, the U.S. minister in Turkey parade, and too much is said to the reports on some aspects of the slave trade and gives his recommendations simple public about the matter. I do not on how to curb it. observe that the number of slaves is The Remington Fits Your Washington Schedule.

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54 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • AUGUST 1993 H T diminishing in Constantinople, not even in Turkey, permit me to call the attention of made at all. The producers of them, the of eunuchs, which latter sexless things the department to that branch of it which Copts of Upper Egypt, Christians in should be on the decline were there not relates to trade in eunuchs, carried on name, would disgrace any religion that a regular source of supply and a way of between Egypt and the Levant, and which, was ever contrived by pagandom. Over importation, which are kept carefully I believe, might be suppressed by a joint the region which the Egyptian govern¬ hidden from all but the faithful. action of the powers.... ment affects to have no jurisdiction it Perhaps the clamor made by the These unfortunate creatures are has nevertheless perfect control; or, Turks over the introduction of African manufactured in Upper Egypt, not one granting the official asseition to be true, slaves is for the purpose of leading our in 10 surviving the barbarous operation. it is equally true that the trade in eu¬ eyes away from the much greater and At an early age they are brought through nuchs could not exist for a day after the more nefarious traffic in female slaves the whole length of Egypt, and those Khedive prohibited their transportation for the harem which is carried on from that are not sold for the harems of Cairo through Egypt. I beg the department to the north by way of the Black Sea. and Alexandria are exported from the consider the above suggestions; for, Abhorring, as all Christians must, this latter city to stock the harems of the leaving religion out of the question, the latter infernal trade in helpless women, Levant. In the various conversations horrible practice of eunuch making and whose very charms and lovely sensibili¬ which I have had with the Khedive and selling, which exists only because of the ties—gifts which to a higher degree his minister of foreign affairs on this Turkish market for these maimed be¬ give them a natural right to freedom— subject, they have invariably replied to ings, is a reproach to any organized are used but to increase their price to me with complacent irony: “The eu¬ government, whether living under the the chaffering sensualist, I am aston¬ nuchs ate made by Christians in a region law of the Bible or the Koran. . . . ished that such representations have beyond our jurisdiction, and in purchasing In accordance with the instructions not been made to the Russian govern¬ them we greatly better their condition.” of the department, I shall continue my ment as would induce that power, in These unqualified facts, facts though investigations of the matter in hand, and the name of our common humanity, to they are, involve a fundamental lie report any new information as soon as put down this business with the strong when unexplained. Without the en¬ it may be obtained. . . . hand, if need be. couragement of the harem system of the I have, &c., While on the general subject of slavery Turkish Empire, eunuchs would not be GEO.H.BOKER

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APARTMENTS ^ & TOWN HOMES Foreign Service Institute, Foggy Bottom and government offices a short Claims by Members of the Foreign METRORAIL ride away Service for War Losses FREE SHUTTLE from the Foreign Service Journal, August 1943 to nearby Huntington MetroRail Extracts from House Document250.. was evacuated from Warsaw to follow the Station . transmitting a report from the secretary Polish Government. Upon his return to of state regarding claims by certain offic¬ Warsaw, he found that his apartment had ers and employees of the Foreign Service suffered minor damages by bombardment who have sustained losses by reason of and that certain of his property was taken HUNTINGTON war conditions. by soldiers. Mr. Harrison left Warsaw in his GATEWAY Theodore Achilles, FSO Class VIK: personally owned automobile, that being Mr, Achilles was assigned to the Embassy the only available means of transportation, Alexandria s newest and at London [with] his wife and family. and while en route his automobile was most desirable location Because of the danger of bombing by stripped of all removable accessories. German air forces, he sent his family to Claimed, $1,478.63, disallowed, $308.38; NO BETTER PLACE .. . the United States and stored his furniture approved, $1,170.25. NO BETTER PRICE and household effects in [a] warehouse, John K. Caldwell, FSO Class 1: Mr. which was believed to be the safest spot Caldwell was consul general at Tientsin at in which storage facilities were available. the outbreak of hostilities. The Japanese On October 20,1940, the warehouse was military authorities seized personal prop¬ Featuring ... staick by an oil bomb and his furniture erty consisting of a 1940 Lincoln-Zephyr and effects were completely destroyed sedan and a supply of gasoline. Claimed, • Rates well below per diem by the explosion and consequent fire. $2,774.19; disallowed, $1,982.19; approved, • Flexible leasing Claimed $9,860; disallowed $4,022.50; $792. • Elegantly furnished approved, $5,837.50. U. Alexis Johnson, FSO class VIII • Fully equipped kitchen; linens; TV Henry K. Stebbins, FSO class VII: Mr. Johnson was serving as vice consul at • Washer/dryer, dishwasher, microwave, Mukden at the outbreak of hostilities be¬ in each unit Mr. Stebbins was assigned to the embassy e Cable TV & local phone service included at London as third secretary and vice tween the United States and Japan. . . . personal property was confiscated, looted, e Indoor/outdoor pool consul when, on the night of April 19, 1941, his private residence was destroyed or sold at forced sale by the Japanese e Tennis courts by a high-explosive bomb. He was able authorities in control at Mukden. He was • Indoor racquetball and basketball courts to salvage some of his property, but part not permitted to bring out any of his e Fitness center of his personal effects were destroyed. personal property with him. Claimed e Sauna, steam rooms, whirlpool Claimed: $530.25; disallowed, $119.25; $964.50; disallowed, $66; approved, e Oarage parking approved $411. $898.50. • On-site retail stores Harold D. Clum, FSO, class IV: [His Clarence E. Gauss, ambassador to e Major credit cards accepted effects] were packed and awaiting ship¬ China: When Mr. Gauss, who had been ment on the docks of the Hamburg- minister to Australia, arrived at Hong Kong, (703) 960-5401 American Line in Rotterdam. On May 14, en route to China, he found it would be Fax (703) 960-1374 1940, that city was bombed from the air possible to take with him only a limited by German planes. His effects were to¬ amount of clothing, as he was to travel by 5982 Richmond Highway tally destroyed. Claimed, $8,967.63; disal¬ air. He stored two trunks of clothing and Alexandria, VA 22303 lowed, $1,877.48; approved $7,090.15. personal effects. . . . When the Japanese Our service Landreth Harrison, FSO class IV: forces occupied Hong Kong they seized C British and other warehouses, and these begin* As the Gennan forces approached War¬ A P I T A L saw in 1939, the Polish government left effects must, therefore, be considered lost Properties ***£. the city to establish headquarters else¬ or destroyed. Claimed, $447; approved, where. . . . The American Embassy staff $447. ■

60 • FOREIGN SERVICE I0URNAL • AUGUST 1993 TOUR FREE GOVERNMENT COVERAGE COULD LEAVE TOU OVERSEAS AND UNDEROOVERED

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As a member of the Diplomatic Corps, you are eligible for special privileges when you order a vehicle through Chrysler's Diplomatic Purchase Program. They include preferred savings, fast personalized ordering assistance and uncompromising service with Chrysler's worry-free worldwide warranty. Perquisites appropriate to your office. Choose from the full line of 1993 Chrysler Motors products: Chrysler, Plymouth and Dodge cars and minivans, Eagle cars and |eep and Dodge trucks. Phone for personalized service. Your Personal Advisor will order the model and color you want with the equipment you want, and quote the official Diplomatic price including all applicable rebates. Your Personal Advisor can also arrange delivery anywhere in the U.S. or to most overseas locations. In other words, we set you free of tedious details. If you'd rather, fill out and mail or telefax the card on Page 7. You’ll quickly receive | a catalogue for the vehide(s) of your choice. The Diplomatic Purchase Plan. It’s the easy, money-saving way to start enjoying Chrysler’s many Advantages.

CHRYSLER W INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMATIC SALES IN THE U.S., PHONE YOUR PERSONAL ADVISOR AT 1-800-877-7083 or (516) 496-1806. TELEFAX: (516) 677-3701.