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Assessing Potential Impacts of Trade in Trophies Imported for Hunting Purposes to the EU-27 on Conservation Status of Annex B Species

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Assessing Potential Impacts of Trade in Trophies Imported for Hunting Purposes to the EU-27 on Conservation Status of Annex B Species Assessing potential impacts of trade in trophies imported for hunting purposes to the EU-27 on conservation status of Annex B species Part 2: Discussion and Case studies (Version edited for public release) Prepared for the European Commission Directorate General Environment Directorate E - Global & Regional Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2 - Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements by the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre August, 2013 UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road PREPARED FOR Cambridge The European Commission, Brussels, Belgium CB3 0DL United Kingdom DISCLAIMER Tel: +44 (0) 1223 277314 The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect Fax: +44 (0) 1223 277136 the views or policies of UNEP, contributory Email: [email protected] organisations or editors. The designations Website: www.unep-wcmc.org employed and the presentations do not imply the The United Nations Environment Programme expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP- of UNEP, the European Commission or WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment contributory organisations, editors or publishers centre of the United Nations Environment concerning the legal status of any country, territory, Programme (UNEP), the world’s foremost city area or its authorities, or concerning the intergovernmental environmental organisation. delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years, mention of a commercial entity or product in this combining scientific research with practical policy publication does not imply endorsement by UNEP. advice. The Centre's mission is to evaluate and highlight the many values of biodiversity and put © Copyright: 2013, European Commission authoritative biodiversity knowledge at the centre of decision-making. Through the analysis and synthesis of global biodiversity knowledge the Centre provides authoritative, strategic and timely information for conventions, countries and organisations to use in the development and implementation of their policies and decisions. UNEP-WCMC provides objective and scientifically rigorous procedures and services. These include ecosystem assessments, support for the implementation of environmental agreements, global and regional biodiversity information, research on threats and impacts, and the development of future scenarios. CITATION UNEP-WCMC. 2013. Assessing potential impacts of trade in trophies imported for hunting purposes to the EU-27 on conservation status of Annex B species. Part 2: Discussion and case studies. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. Table of contents INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 2 TROPHY HUNTING AND CONSERVATION ............................................................................................. 3 DISCUSSION ON POTENTIAL AMENDMENTS TO THE EU WILDLIFE TRADE REGULATIONS ............... 6 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 9 ANNEX A: CASE STUDIES ..................................................................................................................... 13 ANNEX B: KEY TO CODES .................................................................................................................... 34 Introduction INTRODUCTION This report provides information to support SRG decision making on the regulation of trade in Annex B hunting trophies. Trophy hunting, when well managed, can be an important conservation tool, but there are also instances in which the sustainability of offtake from populations subject to trophy hunting may be questionable. As the European Union is an important importer of hunting trophy items, it is now assessing its regulations pertaining to the import of Annex B hunting trophies to ensure that the sustainability of trade in those hunting trophies into the EU is adequately monitored and that the subsequent use of these items can be better tracked through imposition of stricter domestic measures. The import of hunting trophies of species listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and in Annex B of the European Union Wildlife Trade Regulations is subject to permitting exemptions in both sets of regulations, as hunting trophies may under certain conditions be defined as personal or household effects. Under these conditions, CITES Resolution Conf. 13.7 (Rev CoP16) provides that dead specimens, parts or derivatives traded as personal or household effects are exempt from the requirement of issuing an export permit or re-export certificate Similarly, under the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, while imports of Annex B specimens by EU residents require the presentation of an export and import permit, the import of specimens traded for trophy hunting purposes only requires the presentation of either an export permit or import permit. As a result of the regulations that apply for the import of Annex B specimens for trophy hunting, EU CITES Authorities are unable to restrict these imports in cases where there are concerns about the sustainability of the trade. Under the present regulations, SRG opinions and EU suspensions for taxa traded for commercial purposes do not apply to Annex B specimens traded for trophy hunting purposes. Therefore even if commercial trade is being restricted, trophies can still be imported into the EU. Furthermore, cases where Annex B hunting trophies have entered the illegal market upon import into the EU are difficult to investigate in the absence of import permits and trade cannot be fully monitored and assessed (European Commission, 2013). To address this situation, at the 16th Conference of the Parties to CITES, the EU proposed amendment of Resolution 13.7 to introduce a requirement that export permits be issued for all hunting trophies. Although this proposal was not adopted in full, Resolution Conf 13.7 (Rev Cop16) was amended so that Parties should require export or re-export certificates “for the export and re-export of rhino horn or elephant ivory contained in hunting trophies”. In addition, Decision 16.84 recommends that Parties consider the introduction of stricter domestic measures for the re-export of rhino horn products. The EU is considering an amendment to the current EU regime that would introduce a requirement for import permits for the first introduction of hunting trophies of Annex B specimens into the EU (all or selected species/populations). This would enable EU CITES Authorities to better scrutinize trade, apply opinions and suspensions as required, and potentially aid the investigation of illegal trade. This is the second part of a two-part report, which provides information to support SRG decision- making on the regulation of trade in Annex B hunting trophies. The first part provided an overview of trade in hunting trophies imported as personal effects which indicated that of the 54 Annex B taxa reported as hunting trophies or personal effects, suspensions or negative opinions were in place for 10 taxa (19 species/country combinations) and sustainability questions have been raised (i.e. no opinions types ii or iii in place) for 5 taxa (21 species/country combinations). The report also provided the basis for the intersessional selection of a number of taxa for case studies, namely: Equus zebra hartmannae, Ovis ammon, Ovis vignei, Kobus leche smithemannii and Budorcas taxicolor. This second part provides a discussion of considerations about the sustainability of trophy hunting, drawing on a variety of information, including from case studies of relevant taxa. The report outlines the merits of different regulatory options for trade in Annex B hunting trophies and their potential implications. 2 Discussion TROPHY HUNTING AND CONSERVATION Trophy hunting often polarizes views and there is debate as to whether and in which circumstances it is a suitable conservation tool (Leader-Williams and Hutton, 2005; Dickson et al., 2009). Recent policy and guidelines outline five components which trophy hunting programmes need to incorporate to contribute to conservation: “Biological Sustainability; Net Conservation Benefit; Socio-Economic- Cultural Benefit; Adaptive Management: Planning, Monitoring, and Reporting; and Accountable and Effective Governance” (IUCN SSC, 2012). These components are met to varying degrees by different programmes. Principles and guidelines relevant to recreational hunting were also prepared by Brainerd (2007) in collaboration with IUCN, CIC and FACE and adopted by the Standing Committee of the Bern Convention. Similarly, a guide to sustainable hunting under the Birds Directive was developed (European Commission, 2008). While positive aspects of well-managed trophy hunting can contribute to conservation of species and habitats and support livelihoods, trophy hunting can also result in negative effects if poorly managed (Grimm, 2008; Damm, 2008; Dickson et al., 2009). Trophy hunting as a useful conservation tool Well managed trophy hunting can benefit conservation in various ways and may in some cases be the best option to ensure the preservation of habitats, protection of species and the support of livelihoods (Dickson et al., 2009; Loveridge et al., 2006; IUCN SSC, 2012). Financial incentives for conservation The revenues that can be accrued
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