DOCSLIB.ORG

The Future of Rural Income and Rice Production in China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Future of Rural Income and Rice Production in China > ASEF/Alliance The future of rural income and rice production in China Land allocation for the rice farm Economic growth in China’s agricultural sector lags behind growth in industry and services, creating an ever widening rural-urban income gap. Yet growth beyond the farm offers new opportunities for farmers in China’s more advanced provinces: markets for new crops and increasing farm size. At present, the dual government objectives of increasing rural incomes and increasing rice production are clearly in conflict. Farmers can obtain incomes comparable to non-farm wages only when they stop rice cultivation and switch to more profitable crops. Otherwise, mechanization is necessary to allow large enough increases in farm size to raise household income and maintain national rice production levels. Land allocation for the mixed farm Marrit van den Berg, Huib Hengsdijk, increasing farm income and rice pro- main labour peak occurs during the har- Wang Guanghuo, Joost Wolf, duction, it also assesses the effects of the vest, which unfortunately cannot be Martin van Ittersum, Reimund Roetter expansion of land holdings, crop diver- mechanized in the short or medium Figure 1 sification, and technology. The socio- term since there is no machinery that Simulation of lobalization and market integra- economic, institutional and natural can harvest vegetables on such a small increasing farm Gtion have contributed to unprece- environments determine the direction plot without damaging the crop. For rice size from 0 to 12 dented economic growth in many parts and pace of change for farm households production, the main peak occurs dur- has with steps of of East and Southeast Asia, especially in and, hence, overall agricultural devel- ing transplanting. Secondary peaks for 0.6 ha for the two Eastern China. Macro-economic devel- opment. To account for these diverse all crops occur during land preparation reference farms opments have resulted in strong growth influences on land use, the farm house- and for rice an additional peak occurs allowing for of the industry and service sectors, pro- hold model integrates knowledge from during the harvest. We introduce mech- mechanization viding employment opportunities at economics, soil science and crop anized land preparation and harvesting wage rates several times higher than science. and direct seeding for rice production, compared even to the vegetable farm. text, we analyse the effects of potential those for agricultural labour. Currently, and mechanized land preparation for In summary, the model accurately sim- increases in farm size given the farmer’s almost 85 percent of rural households Our case-study area is Pujiang county in vegetable production. ulates the shift from pure vegetable pro- choice to grow rice only or a combina- in China have at least one family mem- Zhejiang province. The province has a duction to a combination of vegetable tion of rice and vegetables. The method- ber working in the non-agricultural sec- well-developed non-agricultural econo- The farm household when and rice production when farm size ology employed allows exploration of the tor. Yet agriculture still employs rough- my and is home to China’s most active farm size increases increases. The reason behind this shift impacts of expected future develop- ly half the labour force and rural land rental market. Fertile soils and We first used the model solely for rice is limited labour availability during peak ments on agricultural production and incomes are just 30 percent of the urban abundant water make Zhejiang and the production (Table 1) and according to the periods. rural livelihoods. average. rest of China’s greater Yangtze River average resource endowments of rice- Our results show that at the present China’s spectacular urban growth offers Delta one of the world’s most productive farmers in the survey sample: 0.3 Mechanization scenario scale of farming, the dual government new opportunities for farmers. Rural- rice growing regions. In 2002, we car- hectares (ha) of land and 2.5 workers. When we allow mechanization and objectives of increasing rural incomes urban migration exerts pressure on ried out an extensive survey among 107 The household grows double rice (with direct seeding, the farm size that a sin- and increasing rice production are clear- farms to expand in size, as migrating farm households, most of which were hybrid seed for both rice crops). Total gle household can manage becomes as ly conflicting. At the present land to farmers rent their land to those who stay small rice farms, vegetable farms and rice production for the model household large as 12 ha (Figure 1). Even with mech- labour ratio, rice production renders a behind. This could require changes in somewhat larger rice-vegetable farms. is 3.4 t (mega grams) and income is anization, labour constraints limit veg- per capita income that is less than a the management and performance of 2,626 Yuan. Whereas the simulated etable cultivation to a maximum of quarter of the non-farm wage. Vegetable farming systems and improve the wel- We developed a stylized model that cov- income is close to the survey average for almost 0.5 ha. When farm size increas- production, however, obtains five times fare of the remaining farmers. Farms ers the core characteristics of these rice-cultivating households, rice pro- es, land area for vegetables decreases the rice income and thus can more than have been managed mainly by using households and maximizes income duction is significantly higher. The slowly to free up labour for increasing- compete with the non-farm sector. Spe- manual labour and animal traction, but from crop production, subject to the model household grows double rice ly labour-intensive rice cultivation, until cialized training and development of current developments might facilitate, availability of land, family labour and only. Survey households, on the other virtually all 12 ha is used for directly product markets can help farmers cur- or even require, an increase in mecha- capital, agricultural technology and mar- hand, grow single rice as well, which has seeded, mechanized single rice. A sim- rently growing rice to switch to these nization. At the same time, increased ket prices. The model can accommodate a somewhat lower income but requires ilar pattern can be observed for a rice more profitable crops. urban income creates markets for more five different crop activities. We include less labour and less strict timing - a fac- farmer who starts with non-mechanized If, as expected, farm size increases in the expensive products, such as vegetables, three prevailing rice systems: one annu- tor not accounted for by the model. double rice cultivation and beyond one near future, rising rural incomes and fruits and meat. Diversification of agri- al harvest of rice using hybrid seed rice; Labour requirements are low and no hectare shifts to less labour-intensive rice production might go hand in hand. culture from rice to these high-value two rice harvests a year, the first an hired labour is needed. rice crops until he ends up with 12 ha of Even with mechanization, farmers can products is considered an important inbred rice variety and the second hybrid single rice of which most is mechanized only manage relatively small plots of means to increase farmers’ income and seed; two rice harvests a year with hybrid Next, we allow for vegetable as well as and directly seeded. Hence, from two or vegetables. Our results indicate that thereby prevent further widening of the seed rice. All rice crops are transplant- rice cultivation. We first adapt resource three hectares onwards, both farms household labour and the limited rural-urban income gap. However, diver- ed, except early rice with non-hybrid endowments to reflect the averages for become very similar. The main differ- amount of available hired labour is just sification might jeopardize national rice seeds. In addition to rice, we include two the vegetable farms. The resulting ence is that up to 12 ha, the mixed farm enough to specialize in vegetable pro- supply, which remains a concern of the frequently observed triple vegetable sys- model farmer grows a rotation of celery, maintains a small vegetable plot, which duction at the current land to labour government. tems: celery-greens-radish and celery- leafy vegetables and garden radish on leads to somewhat lower per hectare rice ratio. Simulations show that when farm hot pepper-radish. his entire 0.2 ha. While his farm is only production but significantly higher size increases, labour constraints dur- Calibrating the farm Initially, we assume that all operations two-thirds the size of the model rice income. Mechanization is already pre- ing vegetable harvests force households household are performed manually, as was com- farmer, his capital requirements are ferred for vegetable production at a farm to grow rice on the additional land. The study uses a farm household model mon practice among farmers surveyed. about triple and his labour requirements size of 0.6 ha, but rice cultivation is Mechanization will help farmers to cul- to examine the potential of urbanization Later, we introduce mechanization in more than double. This results in an mechanized only slowly beyond 1.8 ha tivate larger land areas and thus gener- to spur the development of rice-based order to meet peak labour demands, a income of more than 16,000 Yuan, sig- on the rice farm and 2.4 ha on the mixed ate more income, but it does not great- farming systems. Taking into account practice that is becoming increasingly nificantly higher than the surprisingly farm. ly increase land area for vegetables, as the dual government objective of popular. For vegetable production, the low income our survey found for pure the main labour peak of the vegetable vegetable farmers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • This Is Northeast China Report Categories: Market Development Reports Approved By: Roseanne Freese Prepared By: Roseanne Freese
    THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Voluntary - Public Date: 12/30/2016 GAIN Report Number: SH0002 China - Peoples Republic of Post: Shenyang This is Northeast China Report Categories: Market Development Reports Approved By: Roseanne Freese Prepared By: Roseanne Freese Report Highlights: Home to winter sports, ski resorts, and ancient Manchurian towns, Dongbei or Northeastern China is home to 110 million people. With a down-home friendliness resonant of the U.S. Midwest, Dongbei’s denizens are the largest buyer of U.S. soybeans and are China’s largest consumers of beef and lamb. Dongbei companies, processors and distributors are looking for U.S. products. Dongbei importers are seeking consumer-ready products such as red wine, sports beverages, and chocolate. Processors and distributors are looking for U.S. hardwoods, potato starch, and aquatic products. Liaoning Province is also set to open China’s seventh free trade zone in 2018. If selling to Dongbei interests you, read on! General Information: This report provides trends, statistics, and recommendations for selling to Northeast China, a market of 110 million people. 1 This is Northeast China: Come See and Come Sell! Home to winter sports, ski resorts, and ancient Manchurian towns, Dongbei or Northeastern China is home to 110 million people. With a down-home friendliness resonant of the U.S. Midwest, Dongbei’s denizens are the largest buyer of U.S. soybeans and are China’s largest consumers of beef and lamb. Dongbei companies, processors and distributors are looking for U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • REFLECTIONS on YIELD GAPS in RICE PRODUCTION: HOW to NARROW the GAPS 26 by Mahmud Duwayri, Dat Van Tran and Van Nguu Nguyen
    BRIDGING THE RICE YIELD GAP IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION Edited by Minas K. Papademetriou Frank J. Dent Edward M. Herath FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC BANGKOK, THAILAND, OCTOBER 2000 This publication brings together edited manuscripts of papers presented at the Expert Consultation on "Bridging the Rice Yield Gap in Asia and the Pacific", held in Bangkok, Thailand, 5-7 October, 1999. The Consultation was organized and sponsored by the FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific in collaboration with the Crop and Grassland Service (AGPC), FAO Hqs., Rome, Italy. The Report of the Consultation was brought out in December 1999 (FAO/RAP Publication: 1999/41). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. All rights reserved. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Maliwan Mansion, 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200, Thailand.
    [Show full text]
  • China – Domestic Support for Agricultural Producers
    CHINA – DOMESTIC SUPPORT FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS (DS511) FIRST WRITTEN SUBMISSION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA September 19, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................1 II. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND ..............................................................................................5 III. FACTUAL BACKGROUND .....................................................................................................5 A. LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR CHINA’S MARKET PRICE SUPPORT PROGRAMS............................................................................................................6 B. CHINA’S IMPLEMENTATION OF MARKET PRICE SUPPORT PROGRAMS............................................................................................................9 1. China’s Wheat Market Price Support Program .........................................10 a. China’s Wheat Production .............................................................10 b. Implementation of the Wheat MPS Program .................................10 2. China’s Indica Rice and Japonica Rice Market Price Support Measures ....................................................................................................15 a. China’s Indica Rice and Japonica Rice Production .......................15 b. Implementation of China’s Indica Rice and Japonica Rice MPS Program .................................................................................16 3. China’s Corn Market
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Future of Intercropping in China: a Case-Study on Farm Household Decision-Making in Gansu
    Does intercropping have a future in China? Insights from a case study in Gansu Province Yu Hong i Thesis committee Promotor Prof. Dr E.H. Bulte Professor of Development Economics Wageningen University & Research Co-promotors Dr N.B.M. Heerink Associate professor, Development Economics Group Wageningen University & Research Dr W. van der Werf Associate professor, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis Wageningen University & Research Other members Prof. Dr M.K. van Ittersum, Wageningen University & Research Prof. Dr S. Feng, Nanjing Agricultural University, P.R. China Dr X. Zhu, Wageningen University & Research Dr T. Feike, Julius Kühn-Institut, Kleinmachnow, Germany This research was conducted under the auspices of the Wageningen School of Social Sciences (WASS) ii Does intercropping have a future in China? Insights from a case study in Gansu Province Yu Hong Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr A.P.J Mol, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Monday 2 July 2018 at 1.30 p.m. in the Aula. iii Yu Hong Does intercropping have a future in China? Insights from a case study in Gansu Province, 189 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands (2018) With references, with summary in English ISBN: 978-94-6343-779-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18174/450672 iv Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Problem statement ................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Objectives and research questions ....................................................................................... 6 1.3 Study area and data collection ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Capital Formation and Agriculture Development in China Jikun Huang
    Capital Formation and Agriculture Development in China Jikun Huang Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy Chinese Academy of Sciences And Hengyun Ma College of Economics and Management Henan Agricultural University A Report Submitted to FAO, Rome August 2010 Capital Formation and Agriculture Development in China 1. Introduction In the post World War II era, modern development economists mostly agree that the role of agriculture and rural development is absolutely an integral part to process of nation building and healthy development (Johnston and Mellor, 1961; Johnston, 1970). Agriculture plays five important roles in the development of an economy: i) supplying high quality labor to factories, constructions sites and the service sector; ii) producing low cost food which will keep wages down for workers in the industrial sector; iii) producing fiber and other crops that can be inputs to production in other parts of the economy; iv) supplying commodities that can be exported and earn foreign exchange which can help finance imports of key technology packages and capital equipment; v) raising rural incomes. The view toward agricultural and rural development in the modern world has changed dramatically in the past several decades. Traditionally, agriculture was thought of an inferior partner in development. Since the size of the sector falls during development, it was logically considered that it could be ignored. Why is that leaders would ever want to invest in a sector that is shrinking? Some academics urged policy makers to treat agriculture like a black box from which resources could be costlessly extracted (Lewis, 1954). All investment was supposed to be targeted at the industry and the cities.
    [Show full text]
  • Agroecological Rice Production in China: Restoring Biological Interactions Agroecological Rice Production in China: Restoring Biological Interactions
    AGROECOLOGICAL RICE PRODUCTION IN CHINA: RESTORING BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS AGROECOLOGICAL RICE PRODUCTION IN CHINA: RESTORING BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS EDITED BY LUO SHIMING FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROME, 2018 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-130704-5 © FAO, 2018 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Water Efficient Irrigation and Environmentally Sustainable Irrigated Rice Production in China
    WATER EFFICIENT IRRIGATION AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATED RICE PRODUCTION IN CHINA Mao Zhi Professor, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P.R.China ABSTRACT Rice is one of the most important food crops contributing over 39% of the total food grain production in China. Out of 113 million hectares of area sown under food crops 28% is covered by rice. The traditional irrigation regime for rice, termed as “continuous deep flooding irrigation” was applied in China before 1970s. A tremendous amount of water was used for the rice growing and only a low yield of rice was obtained under this regime. Since 1980s, the industry water supply, urban and rural domestic water consumption have been increasing continuously. The shortage of water resources became an important problem and many water efficient irrigation regimes for rice have been tested, advanced, applied and spread in different regions of China. Based on the results of experiment and the experience of spread of these new irrigation regimes, the following three main kinds of water efficient irrigation regimes were found to be contributing to the sustainable increased water productivity viz. (1) combining shallow water depth with wetting and drying, (2)alternate wetting and drying and (3) semi-dry cultivation. In this paper, the standard of controlling field water, conditions and the attention points of the application for the three regimes are introduced and explained.. The causes of sustainable increase in water productivity and the environmental impacts by adopting these regimes are analyzed and discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION China is a major rice producing country having about 31 million ha under rice paddy cultivation.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficiency and Risk in Sustaining China's Food Production
    sustainability Article Efficiency and Risk in Sustaining China’s Food Production and Security: Evidence from Micro-Level Panel Data Analysis of Japonica Rice Production Chengjun Wang 1,2,*, Zhaoyong Zhang 3,* and Ximin Fei 2 1 Faculty of Economics and Management, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Zhejiang 311300, China 2 Faculty of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310082, China; [email protected] 3 School of Business & Law, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA6027, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.W.); [email protected] (Z.Z.) Received: 2 April 2018; Accepted: 18 April 2018; Published: 21 April 2018 Abstract: Sustainable food production and food security are always challenging issues in China. This paper constructs a multi-element two-level constant-elasticity-of-substitution (CES) model to assess technological progress in, and its contribution to, japonica rice production in China. The results show that the speed of technological progress in the production of japonica rice on average was 0.44% per annum in 1985–2013, and technological progress has contributed significantly to the growth of japonica rice production in China. Robustness checks show that the results appear to be sensitive to which sub-sample is used. Labour and some other inputs are found to be significant but negative, especially during the middle sampling period of 1994–2006 and in eastern and western regions. This has important policy implications on the impact of rural-to-urban migration and farmers’ human development. Keywords: China’s food policy; sustainable food security system; japonica rice production; two-level CES function; technological progress 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity for Sustainable Rice Blast Management in China: Adoption and Impact
    Genetic diversity for sustainable rice blast management in China: Adoption and impact Promotor: Prof. dr. ir. H. van Keulen Hoogleraar bij de leerstoelgroep Plantaardige Productiesystemen, Wageningen Universiteit Co-promotor: Dr. ir. L. Bastiaans Universitair docent bij de leerstoelgroep Gewas- en Onkruidecologie, Wageningen Universiteit Promotiecommissie: Prof. dr. A. Kuyvenhoven (Wageningen Universiteit) Prof. dr. ir. C. Leeuwis (Wageningen Universiteit) Dr. S. Mohanty (International Rice Research Institute, Philippines) Dr. ir. G.J.T. Kessel (Plant Research International, Wageningen UR) Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de C.T. de Wit Onderzoekschool: Production Ecology and Resource Conservation. Genetic diversity for sustainable rice blast management in China: Adoption and impact Imelda M. Revilla-Molina Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 6 januari 2009 des namiddags te half twee in de Aula Revilla-Molina, I.M. (2009) Genetic diversity for sustainable rice blast management in China: Adoption and impact PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 130 pp. With summaries in English, Dutch, and Chinese. ISBN: 978-90-8585-255-1 Abstract Revilla-Molina, I.M. (2009). Genetic diversity for sustainable rice blast management in China: Adoption and impact. PhD thesis. Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. With summaries in English, Dutch and Chinese, 130 pp. The experience on rice blast in Yunnan Province, China, is one of the most successful and widely publicized examples of genetic diversification for disease suppression in practice. The wet, cool climate of the province is highly favourable for the development of rice blast epidemics.
    [Show full text]
  • Yimin 2020.Pdf
    Agricultural Water Management 228 (2020) 105890 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Agricultural Water Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/agwat Adaptation of paddy rice in China to climate change: The effects of shifting sowing date on yield and irrigation water requirement T Yimin Dinga,c,d, Weiguang Wanga,b,*, Qianlai Zhuangc,d, Yufeng Luoe a State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China b College of Water Resources and Hydrology, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China c Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA d Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA e State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Warming and increasing extreme climate events are expected to reduce crop yields including rice production in Climate change China, threatening the Chinese food security. Shifting sowing date has been considered as a key adaptation Adaptation strategy to sustain rice production in China. However, the extent to which it can mitigate the adverse climate Sowing window change impact on yield and whether more irrigation is required remains unclear. Here, by driving ORYZA v3 Food security with four climate models (GCMs), we analyzed the impacts of climate change on China rice yield and net Irrigation water requirement irrigation water requirement (NIR) at 21 sites under a wide range of sowing date. We found that without altering Rice sowing date, weighted average rice yield for all sites will decline 5.1, 7.3 and 15.1% in periods 2011–2040, 2041–2070 and 2071–2100, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Bridging the Rice Yield Gap in the Asia-Pacific Region
    BRIDGING THE RICE YIELD GAP IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION Edited by Minas K. Papademetriou Frank J. Dent Edward M. Herath FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC BANGKOK, THAILAND, OCTOBER 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD iii 1. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS by M.K. Papademetriou 1 2. WELCOME ADDRESS by Prem Nath 2 3. RICE PRODUCTION IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION: ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES 4 by M.K. Papademetriou 4. REFLECTIONS ON YIELD GAPS IN RICE PRODUCTION: HOW TO NARROW THE GAPS 26 by Mahmud Duwayri, Dat Van Tran and Van Nguu Nguyen 5. BRIDGING THE RICE YIELD GAP IN AUSTRALIA 47 by J. Lacy, W. Clampett and J. Nagy 6. BRIDGING THE RICE YIELD GAP IN BANGLADESH 58 by Sheikh A. Sattar 7. BRIDGING THE RICE YIELD GAP IN CHINA 69 by Zhu Defeng 8. BRIDGING THE RICE YIELD GAP IN INDIA 84 by E.A. Siddiq 9. BRIDGING THE RICE YIELD GAP IN INDONESIA 112 by A.K. Makarim 10. BRIDGING THE RICE YIELD GAP IN THE PHILIPPINES 122 by L.S. Sebastian 11. BRIDGING THE RICE YIELD GAP IN SRI LANKA 135 by M.P. Dhanapala 12. BRIDGING THE RICE YIELD GAP IN THAILAND 146 by T. Kupkanchanakul Page 13. BRIDGING THE RICE YIELD GAP IN VIETNAM 157 by B.B. Bong 14. YIELD, PROFIT, AND KNOWLEDGE GAPS IN RICE FARMING: 163 CAUSES AND DEVELOPMENT OF MITIGATION MEASURES by V.T. Balasubramanian 15. WATER MANAGEMENT IN RICE IN ASIA 178 by T. Facon 16. STRATEGIES FOR BRIDGING THE YIELD GAP IN RICE: 201 A REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE by Ram C.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Impacts of Temperature Variations on Rice Yield in China
    Assessing the impacts of temperature variations on rice yield in China Shuai Chen Guanghua School of Management and IEPR, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Email: [email protected] Xiaoguang Chen Research Institute of Economics and Management, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, No. 55 Guanghuacun Street, Chengdu, China 610074 Email: [email protected] Jintao Xu National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871 Email: [email protected] Seniority of authorship is shared equally. All correspondence should be addressed to Xiaoguang Chen. Research Institute of Economics and Management, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, No. 55 Guanghuacun Street, Chengdu, China 610074. Fax: +86 (0)28 8735 6958; Phone: +86 (0)28 8709 9164; Email: [email protected]. Assessing the impacts of temperature variations on rice yield in China Abstract: Using a unique county-level panel on single-season rice yield and daily weather outcomes from 1996 to 2009, we examined the impacts of temperature variations on rice yield in China. We have five key findings: (i) in contrast to nearly all previous studies focusing on rice production in tropical/subtropical regions, we discovered that higher daily minimum temperature during the vegetative stage increased rice yield; (ii) consistent with previous assessments, we found that increased daily maximum temperature during the vegetative and ripening stages reduced rice yield; (iii) the impacts of solar radiation and rainfall on rice yield differed across the plant’s growth stages; (iv) estimated weather effects on yield differed by rice variety; and (v) weather variations caused a net economic loss of $21.6-88.2 million during the sample period, depending on model specifications and econometric estimation strategies.
    [Show full text]