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Agroecological Rice Production in China: Restoring Biological Interactions Agroecological Rice Production in China: Restoring Biological Interactions

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Agroecological Rice Production in China: Restoring Biological Interactions Agroecological Rice Production in China: Restoring Biological Interactions AGROECOLOGICAL RICE PRODUCTION IN CHINA: RESTORING BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS AGROECOLOGICAL RICE PRODUCTION IN CHINA: RESTORING BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS EDITED BY LUO SHIMING FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROME, 2018 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-130704-5 © FAO, 2018 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. This publication has been printed using selected products and processes so as to ensure minimal environmental impact and to promote sustainable forest management. Cover photo: ©Luo Shiming CONTENTS Contributors .............................................................................................................. v Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... vii Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 METHOD 1 INTERCROPPING OF TWO RICE VARIETIES ........................................................... 3 Yang Jing, Li Chenyun Technique used for intercropping of two rice varieties ................................................. 4 Typical cases and benefit analysis ............................................................................ 7 References ........................................................................................................... 9 METHOD 2 RICE INTERCROPPING WITH LOTUS ....................................................................11 Luo Shiming Technique used for rice-lotus intercropping ..............................................................12 Typical cases and benefit analysis ...........................................................................16 References ..........................................................................................................18 METHOD 3 RICE-RICE-MILK VETCH ROTATION SYSTEM ........................................................19 Li Chengfang, Cao Cougui, Luo Shiming Technique used for rice-rice-milk vetch system .........................................................20 Typical cases and benefit analysis ...........................................................................23 References ..........................................................................................................26 METHOD 4 RICE-RICE-AZOLLA ROTATION SYSTEM ..............................................................27 Wang Yixiang, Xu Guozhong, Liu Cenwei, Weng Boqi Technique used for rice-rice-Azolla system ...............................................................28 Typical cases and benefit analysis ...........................................................................30 References ..........................................................................................................32 METHOD 5 RICE-DUCK CO-CULTURE SYSTEM ......................................................................... 33 Zhang Jia’en Techniques used in the rice-duck co-culture system ....................................................... 34 Typical cases and benefit analysis ............................................................................... 41 References .............................................................................................................. 46 METHOD 6 RICE-FISH CO-CULTURE SYSTEM ........................................................................... 47 Chen Xin, Hu Liangliang Techniques used in the rice-fish co-culture system ........................................................ 50 Typical cases and benefit analysis ............................................................................... 57 References .............................................................................................................. 62 METHOD 7 INTEGRATED RICE-FROG CO-CULTURE SYSTEM ..................................................... 63 Cao Linkui, Yi Xiaomei Techniques used in the rice-frog co-culture system ........................................................ 65 Typical cases and benefit analysis ............................................................................... 71 References .............................................................................................................. 72 METHOD 8 BIODIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARRANGEMENT FOR RICE PRODUCTION ....................... 73 Lin Wenxiong, Zhang Zhixing, Li Zhong, Azeem Saadia, Muhammad Umar Khan, Luo Shiming Methods for biodiversity arrangement in a small watershed ............................................. 75 Typical cases and benefit analysis ............................................................................... 80 References .............................................................................................................. 88 THE 10 ELEMENTS OF AGROECOLOGY AND PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF RICE PRODUCTION IN CHINA ............................................................................ 89 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 90 The 10 elements applied to Rice agroecological systems ................................................. 91 References .............................................................................................................103 v CONTRIBUTORS Cao Linkui Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China Chen Xin Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Hu Liangliang Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Li Chengyun Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China Liu Cenwei Institute of Agricultural Ecology, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China Lin Wenxiong Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China Li Zhong Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China Luo Shiming Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China Muhammad Umar Khan Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China Saadia Azeem Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China Wang Yixiang Institute of Agricultural Ecology, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China Weng Boqi Institute of Agricultural Ecology, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou, China Xu Guozhong Institute of Agricultural Ecology, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China Yang Jing Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China Yi Xiaomei Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China Zhang Jia’en Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China Zhang Zhixing Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China © Panhao vi PHOTO Terrace paddy field in Yuanyang, Yunnan, China Yunnan, Yuanyang, in field paddy Terrace vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful to Caterina Batello and Carolina Starr of FAO. Without their trust, encouragement and careful revision, it would have been impossible to finish this report. I would also like to thank all authors for their contributions. We have worked together in the People’s Republic of China in the field of agroecology for many years. It is this cooperation that has been an important factor in the development of agroecology in China. Luo Shiming © Luo Shiming viii PHOTO A traditional local rice variety in Jiangxi Province, China Province, Jiangxi in variety local rice A traditional 1 INTRODUCTION THE CRITICAL ROLE OF BIODIVERSITY IN AGROECOLOGICAL RICE PRODUCTION Biodiversity can be understood as the variation of life at all levels of biological organization. Four organization levels of biodiversity are often recognized: genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity and landscape diversity. Landscape diversity refers to the spatial arrangement patterns of different patches, corridors and matrix elements. Ecosystem diversity refers to the structural arrangements of different primary producers, secondary producers and decomposers, including plants, animals and microorganisms with their environmental
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