Captain George Elliott of the Virginia Navy
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Cuadernos De Gibraltar
DIRECTORES INMACULADA GONZÁLEZ GARCÍA Universidad de Cádiz ALEJANDRO DEL VALLE GÁLVEZ Universidad de Cádiz COORDINADORES DE GIBRALTAR CHARLES GÓMEZ Abogado, Gibraltar DEL CAMPO DE GIBRALTAR JESÚS VERDÚ BAEZA Universidad de Cádiz SECRETARIO JUAN DOMINGO TORREJÓN RODRÍGUEZ Universidad de Cádiz CONSEJO ASESOR PAZ ANDRÉS SÁENZ DE SANTA MARÍA Universidad de Oviedo TITO BENADY Fellow Royal Historical Society. Instituto de Estudios Campogibraltareños CRISTINA IZQUIERDO SANS Universidad Autónoma de Madrid PETER MONTEGRIFFO Abogado, Hassans, Gibraltar ANTONIO REMIRO BROTÓNS Universidad Autónoma de Madrid ÁNGEL SÁEZ Instituto de Estudios Campogibraltareños COMITÉ DE REDACCIÓN MIGUEL ÁNGEL CEPILLO GALVÍN, Universidad de Cádiz LUIS ROMERO BARTUMEUS Instituto de Estudios Campogibraltareños, Universidad de Cádiz LORENA CALVO MARISCAL Responsable de la Sección de Documentación 02 NÚMERO 2 / ISSUE # 02 2016-2017 CÁTEDRA JEAN MONNET «INMIGRACIÓN Y FRONTERAS» DE DERECHO DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA Centro de Estudios Internationales y Europeos del Área del Estrecho SEJ-572 AULA UNIVERSITARIA GIBRALTAR/CAMPO DE GIBRALTAR La Correspondencia a la Revista CUADERNOS DE GIBRALTAR – GIBRALTAR REPORTS puede dirigirse a los Directores de la Revista: The correspondence to the Journal CUADERNOS DE GIBRALTAR – GIBRALTAR REPORTS may be adressed to the Directors of the Journal: Área de Derecho Internacional Público, Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de Cádiz, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, 11405 JEREZ-CÁDIZ. web: http://catedras.uca.es/jean-monnet/revistas/cuadernos-de-gibraltar -
The Social Life of Coffee
The Social Life of Coffee BRIAN COWAN The Social Life of Coffee THE EMERGENCE OF THE BRITISH COFFEEHOUSE Yale University Press New Haven & London Published with assistance from the Annie Burr Lewis Fund. Published with the assistance of the Frederick W. Hilles Publication Fund of Yale University. Copyright ∫ 2005 by Yale University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Set in Sabon type by Keystone Typesetting, Inc. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cowan, Brian William, 1969– The social life of coffee : the emergence of the British coffeehouse / Brian Cowan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-300-10666-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Coffeehouses—History. 2. Coffee—History. I. Title. tx908.c68 2005 647.9509—dc22 2005043555 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. 10987654321 Contents Acknowledgments vii A Note on Styles and Conventions xi Introduction 1 Part I Coffee: From Curiosity to Commodity 5 1. An Acquired Taste 16 2. Coffee and Early Modern Drug Culture 31 3. From Mocha to Java 55 Part II Inventing the Coffeehouse 79 4. Penny Universities? 89 5. Exotic Fantasies and Commercial Anxieties 113 vi Contents Part III Civilizing the Coffeehouses 147 6. -
The Role of Jews in the British Colonies of the Western Mediterranean
The role of Jews in theBritish colonies of the Western Mediterranean* T. M. BENADY The British Isles and Morocco, both situated on the western edge of the old Mediterranean world, have been linked by trade since early times. Moroccans have not traditionally been ocean sailors, as their long Atlantic coastline faced miles of endless watery waste and held no attractions prior to the discovery of America. But Englishmen have been keen Atlantic sailors, and Morocco became the firstnon-European countrywith which some British people had direct contact. Itwas enshrined in popular imagination as an exotic and very rich country, as the - legend of Dick Whittington bears out although the story represents the percep? tions of the 16th rather than the 14th century, when the historical Whittington was thrice Lord Mayor of London. A country of high mountains, deserts and fertile plains, cut off from close contacts with the north by the Spanish Reconquista, and from the east by the long rivalrywith the Ottoman Empire, Morocco became a conservative and inward looking country from the lateMiddle Ages onwards. The isolation was intensified by the tenacious hold on the popular culture of Sufi mysticism which became an important political force.1 Since 1510 Morocco has been ruled by two dynasties, both of them founded by country sheikhs from the south with conservative attitudes. Until the English and Dutch entered on the scene in the 16th and 17th centur? ies, foreign trade was conducted largely by the Genoese. It is hardly surprising that in this very conservative and psychologically isolated country much of the organization of the internal tradewas in the hands of the ancient but cosmopolitan Jewish community.2 The Jewish community of Morocco was heavily depleted in the Almohade persecutions of the 12th century, but was afterwards considerably reinforced by successive waves of immigrants from Spain. -
The Jews of Gibraltar Before the Treaty of Utrecht and the Developement of the Jewish Community Since Was Morocco
THE JEWS OF GIBRALTAR BEFORE THE TREATY OF UTRECHT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY SINCE Tito BENADY1 I. THE FIRST JEWISH SETTLEMENT IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA SINCE 1497. II. THE TREATY OF UTRECHT AND EXPULSION. III. RESETTLEMENT 1718 – 1721. IV. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY 1721 – 1779. V. THE FRENCH WARS AND THE 19TH CENTURY. VI. THE 20TH AND 21ST CENTURIES ABSTRACT: The British occupation of Gibraltar in 1704 brought in Jewish merchants from Tetuan to supply the fresh food required by the garrison. Although expelled under the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht, bad relations with Spain led to them being readmitted to bring in much-needed supplies from Morocco. They formed a large minority in the new civilian population established in Gibraltar in the 18th century and were very influential in the development of Gibraltarian society. Today the Jewish community of Gibraltar has chosen not to participate fully in Gibraltarian society in order to protect the purity of its religious practises. KEY WORDS: Gibraltar, Jews, Morocco, Treaty of Utrecht, Sephardi, mixed marriages, civil society, synagogues. RESUMEN: La ocupación de Gibraltar por los ingleses en 1704 trajo comerciantes judíos marroquíes de Tetuán a Gibraltar para suministrar los alimentos frescos que la plaza necesitaba. En el siglo XVIII formaban una minoría importante de la población civil e influenciaron el desarrollo de la nueva sociedad civil gibraltareña. Hoy, la comunidad judía de Gibraltar ha optado no participar en pleno en la sociedad gibraltareña para proteger la integridad de sus prácticas religiosas. PALABRAS CLAVE: Gibraltar, judíos, Marruecos, Tratado de Utrecht, Sefardí, casamientos mixtos, sociedad civil, esnoga (denominación en haketía, el ladino de los judíos marroquíes, de sinagoga). -
British Empire Governors (All British-Appointed Governors Throughout the Empire)
British Empire Governors (All British-appointed Governors throughout the Empire) United Kingdom 3 Apr 1603 personal union of Kingdoms of England and Scotland 12 May 1707 United Kingdom of Great Britain 1 Jan 1801 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 12 Apr 1927 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (in official, non-statutory use from 6 Dec 1922) Kings/Queens - Orange dynasty – 23 Feb 1689 - 19 Mar 1702 William III (in Scotland William II)(jointly with following) - Stuart dynasty – 23 Feb 1689 - 7 Jan 1695 Mary II 19 Mar 1702 - 12 Aug 1714 Anne - Hanover dynasty – 12 Aug 1714 - 22 Jun 1727 George I 22 Jun 1727 - 25 Oct 1760 George II 26 Oct 1760 - 29 Jan 1820 George III 29 Jan 1820 - 26 Jun 1830 George IV (5 Feb 1811 - 29 Jan 1820 prince regent for George III) 26 Jun 1830 - 20 Jun 1837 William IV 20 Jun 1837 - 22 Jan 1901 Victoria (Empress of India as of 1 May 1876) - Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (from 17 Jul 1917, Windsor) dynasty – 22 Jan 1901 - 6 May 1910 Edward VII (Emperor of India) 6 May 1910 - 20 Jan 1936 George V (Emperor of India) 20 Jan 1936 - 11 Dec 1936 Edward VIII (Emperor of India) 11 Dec 1936 - 6 Feb 1952 George VI (Emperor of India until 22 June 1948) 6 Feb 1952 - Elizabeth II Aden 16 Jan 1839 British occupation of Aden Sep 1839 subordinated to Bombay 1873 Aden protectorates acquired 1932 Aden a separate province of British India 1 Apr 1937 British colony and protectorates 11 Feb 1959 Federation of Arab Emirates of the South 4 Apr 1962 Federation of South Arabia Governors 1 Apr 1937 - 24 Oct 1940 Sir Bernard