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Parasiten Von Zackenbarschen Als Biologische Indikatoren in Südostasien: Anthropogene Verschmutzung Und Aquakulturverfahren

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Parasiten Von Zackenbarschen Als Biologische Indikatoren in Südostasien: Anthropogene Verschmutzung Und Aquakulturverfahren Parasiten von Zackenbarschen als biologische Indikatoren in Südostasien: Anthropogene Verschmutzung und Aquakulturverfahren Kumulative Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Rostock vorgelegt von Kilian Neubert geboren am 07.06.1983 in Schwerin Rostock, 2018 Betreuer und erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. habil. Harry W. Palm Professur für Aquakultur und Sea-Ranching, Universität Rostock Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. habil. Wilhelm Hagen Fachbereich 02: Biologie/Chemie, Universität Bremen Jahr der Einreichung: 2018 Jahr der Verteidigung: 2018 „First to doubt, then to inquire, and then to discover!” Henry Thomas Buckle Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Zusammenfassende Darlegung ....................................................................... 1 1.1 Kurzfassung ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1.2 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Einleitung ........................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Parasitische Lebenszyklen als Grundlage der biologischen Umweltindikation ........... 3 1.2.2 Fischparasiten als biologische Indikatoren .................................................................. 4 1.2.3 Die Biodiversität Südostasiens: Chance und Herausforderung für die biologische Umweltindikation anhand von Fischparasiten ................................................... 7 1.3 Die untersuchten Zackenbarscharten ............................................................................. 8 1.3.1 Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) ....................................................................... 8 1.3.2 Epinephelus ongus (Bloch, 1790) ................................................................................ 9 1.3.3 Als Vergleichsorganismen genutzte Epinephelus-Arten vorangegangener Studien .................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Untersuchungsgebiete ..................................................................................................... 12 1.5 Arbeitshypothesen ........................................................................................................... 14 1.6 Diskussion ........................................................................................................................ 14 1.6.1 Die nachgewiesene Parasitenfauna ............................................................................ 14 1.6.2 Parasitenarten und parasitologische Indices mit Indikatorfunktion ........................... 16 1.6.3 Die Entwicklung des Star Graph Systems als Hilfsmittel der parasitenbasierten biologischen Indikation ......................................................................... 26 1.6.4 Die Verschmutzungsampel (Pollution Light) als Ergänzung des Star Graph Systems ............................................................................................................. 29 1.6.5 Indikation anthropogener Verschmutzung in indonesischen Küstengewässern mithilfe des Star Graph Systems und der Verschmutzungsampel ...................................... 30 1.6.6 Parasitierungsmuster der untersuchten Zackenbarsche in indonesischen Gewässern.................................................................................................... 32 1.6.7 Bewertung von Aquakulturanlagen in Vietnam unter Anwendung des Star Graph Systems und der Aquakulturampel ............................................................. 35 1.6.8 Die Fischgröße ........................................................................................................... 37 1.6.9 Das Potenzial von Fischparasiten als Umweltindikatoren im südostasiatischen Raum ................................................................................................. 38 1.7 Ausblick............................................................................................................................ 39 1.8 Literaturverzeichnis ........................................................................................................ 41 1.9 Erklärung über den Eigenanteil an den Veröffentlichungen ...................................... 68 2. Veröffentlichungen ......................................................................................... 70 2.1 Neubert K., Yulianto I., Kleinertz S., Theisen S., Wiryawan, Palm H. W. (2016): Parasite fauna of white-streaked grouper, Epinephelus ongus (Bloch, 1790) (Epinephelidae) from Karimunjawa, Indonesia. Parasitology Open 2 (e12), 1-11. ......... 70 2.2 Neubert K., Yulianto I., Theisen S., Kleinertz S., Palm, H. W. (2016): Parasite fauna of Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) (Epinephelidae) as environmental indicator under heavily polluted conditions in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 110, 747-756. .......................................................................................................................... 82 2.3 Truong, T. V., Neubert, K., Unger, P., Bui, T. Q., Ngo, H. T. T., Palm, H. W. und Kleinertz, S. (2017): Assessment of Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) aquaculture systems in the Gulf of Tonkin, Vietnam, by using fish parasites. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 2017; 00, 1-12..................................................................................................... 93 3. Selbstständigkeitserklärung ........................................................................ 106 4. Curriculum vitae .......................................................................................... 107 5. Danksagung .................................................................................................. 110 6. Anhang .......................................................................................................... 111 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1. Die parasitologisch untersuchten Zackenbarscharten. ......................................... 12 Abbildung 2. Berücksichtigte Standorte. ................................................................................... 13 Abbildung 3. Anteil von Epinephelus ongus an den angelandeten Zackenbarschen im Karimunjawa Nationalpark. In: Neubert et al. 2016a (Seite 3) ................................................. 73 Abbildung 4. Multidimensionale Skalierung (nach Bray-Curtis-Ähnlichkeit) der analysierten Zackenbarscharten basierend auf der Parasitengemeinschaft in indonesischen Küstengewässern. In: Neubert et al. 2016a (Seite 6) .............................................................................................. 76 Abbildung 5. Star Graphen für die Gewässer von Bali und Jakarta. In: Neubert et al. 2016b (Seite 752) ........................................................................................................................ 88 Abbildung 6. Star Graphen für die Segara Anakan Lagune. In: Neubert et al. 2016b (Seite753) .................................................................................................................................... 89 Abbildung 7. Star Graph für die Bucht von Ringgung. Neubert et al. 2016b (Seite 753) ....... 89 Abbildung 8. Die Verschmutzungsampel. In: Neubert et al. 2016b (Seite 754) ...................... 90 Abbildung 9. Hierarchische Clusteranalyse der beprobten Standorte in Indonesien basierend auf den normalisierten parasitologischen Parametern von Epinephelus coioides. ............................ 90 Abbildung 10. Star Graphen für Aquakulturanlagen in Vietnam. In: Truong et al. 2017 (Seite 6) ....................................................................................................................................... 99 Abbildung 11. Die Aquakulturampel. In: Truong et al. 2017 (Seite 7) .................................. 100 Abbildung 12. Multidimensionale Skalierung (nach Bray-Curtis-Ähnlichkeit) der analysierten Zackenbarschzuchten basierend auf den Parasiten von Epinephelus coioides. In: Truong et al. 2017 (Seite 7) ............................................................................................................................ 100 Tabellenverzeichnis Tabelle 1. Prävalenz in % (P), mittlere Intensität (Im), Intensität (I) und mittlere Abundanz (Am) der nachgewiesenen Parasiten von Epinephelus ongus aus den Gewässern des Karimunjawa Nationalparks sowie parasitologische Indices mit potenzieller biologische Indikatorfunktion. In: Neubert et al. 2016a (Seite 4) .................................................................................................... 74 Tabelle 2. Vergleich der für Epinephelus areolatus, E. coioides, E. fuscoguttatus und E. ongus in indonesischen Küstengewässern nachgewiesenen metazoischen Parasiten. In: Neubert et al. 2016a (Seite 5) ............................................................................................................................ 75 Tabelle 3. Prävalenz in % (P), mittlere Intensität (Im), Intensität (I) und mittlere Abundanz (Am) der nachgewiesenen Parasiten von Epinephelus coioides aus bzw. vor der Bucht von Jakarta sowie für die biologische Indikation von Umweltverschmutzung relevante parasitologische Indices. In: Neubert et al. 2016b (Seite 749)
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