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Spécialité Economie Rurale Et Développement REPUBLIQUE TUNISIENNE MINISTERE DE L’AGRICULTURE, MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT DES RESSOURCES HYDRAULIQUES ET SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE DE LA PECHE SCIENTIFIQUE INSTITUT NATIONAL AGRONOMIQUE DE TUNISIE Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Techniques de L’Agronomie et de l’Environnement THESE DE DOCTORAT EN SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES Spécialité Economie Rurale et Développement Institutional arrangements and sustainability of the dairy value chain in Bizerte (Tunisia) Soutenue publiquement par Meriem MSADDAK 11 janvier 2020 à INAT Devant le jury composé de M. Nizar MOUJAHED, Professeur, INAT Président M. Lokman ZAIBET, Professeur, Université Sultan Qaboos Directeur de thèse M. Houcine BOUGHANMI, Maitre de conférences, Université Sultan Qaboos Rapporteur Mme Sonia BOUDICHE, Maitre de conférences, ESIAT Rapporteur M. Slim ZEKRI, Professeur, Université Sultan Qaboos Examinateur Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratitude to those thanks to whom this thesis was able to be developed and who, for this purpose, have generously provided me with their support. First of all, I would like to thank my thesis director, Pr Lokman Zaibet, university professor, who trusted on me; gave me the opportunity to conduct the work of my choice under his supervision; patiently rectified my writings; always gave me the benefit of his experience. He teaches me how to think outside the box and always had the right words in mind to motivate me and inspire me to go ahead with my thinking. When you know the number of publications that are yours, you determine the opportunity that was mine. My study owes him a lot. In short, Pr Zaibet, is a person for whom I have a great deal of wonder, esteem and respect. I still thank him for everything he did for me. I also thank Pr Nizar Moujahed for having accepted to chair the jury for this thesis. For accepting to report this work, I would like to thank Dr Houcine Boughanmi and Dr Sonia Boudiche. I would also like to thank Pr. Slim Zekri for agreeing to be a member of my thesis jury and to contribute to the evaluation of this work as an examiner. My case study could not have taken place without the assistance of the members of the BLB research project “Study of the constraints relating to the bovine milk sector in the Bizerte region: towards a new dairy basin?” funded by IRESA. I want also to thank all the members of the ERNA Lab for their support and help. My deep gratitude also goes to Pr Sebastiaan Meijer who agreed to welcome me into the GaPSlabs (collaboration between KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, and Delft University of Technology) and who knew how to deliver me, through his teachings, both the virus of research and the essential motivational substances to bring it to fruition. Special mention goes to Dr Jamel Nasr for his support. I want to thank him for his contribution in the writing of the articles as well as his advices and directions throughout my thesis. I would like to thank Mr Youssef Samet director of the OEP Bizerte and Mr Ghazi Sadkaoui director of the Natilait company who made my field work easier. On a personal level, the support of my loved ones was essential to me during these years. Their encouragement, help and listening were absolutely decisive. I think of my family who helped me so much during these years, my parents, my brothers, my friends without them this thesis would certainly not have succeeded. No word can transcribe the recognition that I give them testify, so I simply say thank you! This thesis owes a lot to many people. Their help and support have greatly enriched the substance of this thesis. Whether everyone is mentioned here or not, be reassured of my gratitude. Abstract The dairy value chain in Tunisia is facing recurrent problems mostly related to coordination, contracting, pricing and quality imperfections. The policy focus on technology generation and dissemination, without considering the underlying problems related to market imperfections and institutional and socio-economic processes, has contributed to low technology adoption and limited development in the dairy value chain. This thesis suggests cooperation and trust as a solution to better manage the supply chain. Building trust in the network of organizations, companies and individuals would improve the performance of value chains, by changing the institutions and policies that influence the behavior and performance of the system. The analysis is based on the social networking paradigm to understand the structure and conduct of the dairy value chain with a focus on trust as key determinant of coordination between stakeholders in the community. Two groups in one region and with different institutional arrangements were investigated. One group is composed of stakeholders organized into a cooperative, while the second was composed of unorganized stakeholders. Using a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach we find evidence that cooperatives help stakeholders build trust, be better connected and reduce conflicts and problems among actors in the dairy value chain. To study trust between farmers, we use a gaming simulation approach to allow breeders in the dairy sector to experiment and consider strategies of cooperation which lead to increased returns and improved quality of milk. The experiment was done in two regions and in four sessions each. Results show that benefits to breeders are derived from the price of milk which is determined by the number of cooperation in the repeated games strategies. The resulting Nash equilibrium is one where farmers cooperate without cheating. This solution avoids farmers the risk of rejection of milk and results in price increases as a result of the collective cooperative action. Gaming simulation changes the behavior of systems by putting actors in interaction given a set of rules. The results of the game show the positive relation between trust/cooperation and the utility function of breeders. We then analyze the determinants of trust in the dairy value chain and the link between trust and cooperation. The results show that trusting each other improves the quality of milk and increase the income of the players. We find that reputation and experience affect positively the level of trust, whereas cheating in the quality of milk and opportunistic behavior affect negatively trust. Key words: Dairy value chain, trust, cooperation, social network, gaming simulation Résumé La chaîne de valeur laitière en Tunisie est confrontée à des problèmes récurrents principalement liés à la coordination, à la contractualisation, à la tarification et aux imperfections de qualité. L'accent mis sur la production et la diffusion de technologies, sans tenir compte des problèmes sous-jacents liés aux imperfections du marché et aux processus institutionnels et socioéconomiques, a contribué à une faible adoption des technologies et à un développement limité de la chaîne de valeur laitière. Cette thèse suppose que la coopération et la confiance comme solution pour mieux gérer la chaîne de valeur laitière. Le renforcement de la confiance dans le réseau des organisations et des individus améliorerait la performance des chaînes de valeur, en changeant les institutions et les politiques qui influencent le comportement et la performance du système. L'analyse est basée sur le paradigme du réseau social pour comprendre la structure et la conduite de la chaîne de valeur laitière en mettant l'accent sur la confiance comme déterminant clé de la coordination entre les intervenants dans la communauté. Deux groupes d'une même région et ayant des arrangements institutionnels différents ont fait l'objet d'un focus groupe. Le premier groupe est composé des acteurs organisés en coopérative, tandis que le second est composé des acteurs non organisés. En utilisant une approche d'évaluation rurale participative (PRA), nous constatons que les coopératives aident les parties prenantes à établir la confiance, à être mieux connectées et à réduire les conflits et les problèmes entre les acteurs de la chaîne de valeur laitière. Pour étudier la confiance entre agriculteurs, nous utilisons une approche de simulation de jeux pour permettre aux éleveurs du secteur laitier d'expérimenter et d'envisager des stratégies de coopération qui permettent d'augmenter les rendements et d'améliorer la qualité du lait. L'expérience s'est déroulée dans deux régions et en quatre sessions chacune. L'équilibre de Nash est atteint quand les agriculteurs coopèrent sans tricher. Cette solution évite aux agriculteurs le risque de rejet du lait et entraîne une augmentation des prix à la suite de l'action coopérative collective. Les résultats du jeu montrent la relation positive entre la confiance/coopération et la fonction d'utilité des éleveurs. Nous analysons ensuite les déterminants de la confiance dans la chaîne de valeur laitière et le lien entre confiance et coopération. Les résultats montrent que la confiance mutuelle améliore la qualité du lait et augmente les revenus des éleveurs. Nous constatons que la réputation et l'expérience affectent positivement le niveau de confiance, alors que la tricherie dans la qualité du lait et les comportements opportunistes affectent négativement la confiance. Mots clés : chaine de valeur laitière, confiance, coopération, réseau social, jeux de simulation تلخيص تواجه سلسلة قيمة منتجات اﻷلبان في تونس مشاكل متكررة تتعلق بشكل أساسي بالتنسيق والتعاقد والتسعير وعيوب الجودة. إن التركيز على إنتاج التكنولوجيا ونشرها ، دون اﻷخذ في اﻻعتبار المشكﻻت اﻷساسية المرتبطة بعيوب السوق والعمليات المؤسسية واﻻجتماعية اﻻقتصادية ، قد ساهم في انخفاض اعتماد التقنيات وفي تطوير محدود لسلسلة التوريد. قيمة اﻷلبان. تفترض هذه الرسالة التعاون والثقة كحل ﻹدارة سلسلة قيمة اﻷلبان بشكل أفضل. بناء الثقة في شبكة المنظمات واﻷفراد من شأنه تحسين أداء سﻻسل القيمة ، وتغيير المؤسسات والسياسات التي تؤثر على سلوك وأداء النظام. يعتمد التحليل على نموذج الشبكة اﻻجتماعية لفهم هيكل وسلوك سلسلة قيمة منتجات اﻷلبان مع التركيز على الثقة كمحدد رئيسي للتنسيق بين المتدخلين في سلسلة القيم. قمنا ببحث مجموعتان من المنطقة نفسها وبترتيبات مؤسسية مختلفة .
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