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The Challenge of Mineral Wealth: Using Resource Endowments to Foster Sustainable Development”

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The Challenge of Mineral Wealth: Using Resource Endowments to Foster Sustainable Development” ICMM The International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) is a CEO-led organization comprising many of the world’s leading mining and metals companies, as well as regional, national and commodity associations, all of which are committed to improving their sustainable development performance and to the responsible production of the mineral and metal resources society needs. ICMM’s vision is a viable mining, minerals and metals industry that is widely recognised as essential for modern living and a key contributor to sustainable development. www.icmm.com UNCTAD Established in 1964, UNCTAD promotes the development- Chile friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy. UNCTAD has progressively evolved into an authoritative Wealth: Mineral of Challenge The knowledge-based institution whose work aims Chile to help shape current policy debates and thinking on development, with a particular focus on ensuring that domestic policies and international action are mutually supportive in bringing about sustainable development. The Challenge of Mineral Wealth: www.unctad.org using resource endowments to foster using resource endowments to foster sustainable development sustainable foster to endowments resource using The World Bank Group sustainable development The World Bank Group is an international organization of more than 180 member countries comprised of five institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) March 2007 and the International Development Association (IDA), together known as the World Bank; the International Finance Corporation (IFC); the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA); and the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). The World Bank is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing member countries. IBRD provides low-interest loans to middle-income countries and IDA provides interest-free credits and grants to low-income countries for education, health, infrastructure, and other purposes to promote Country Case Study poverty reduction and sustainable development. IFC promotes sustainable private sector investment in developing countries as a way to reduce poverty and improve people’s lives. www.worldbank.org www.icmm.com ICMM 6th Floor North 35 Portman Square London W1H 6LR United Kingdom Telephone: +44 (0) 20 7467 5070 Printed at United Nations, Geneva Fax: +44 (0) 20 7467 5071 GE.08-50808–April 2008–1,000 E-mail: [email protected] UNCTAD/DITC/COM/2007/2 or [email protected] Contents Executive summary 3 Chapter 1 Introduction 7 1.1 Objectives 8 1.2 Consultees 8 1.3 Report layout 8 Chapter 2 Chile’s economic, social and political background 11 2.1 Chile’s people 12 2.2 The chilean economy 12 2.3 Brief history of chile 13 2.4 Chile’s governance structures 14 Chapter 3 The quantitative contributions of mining to economic growth and poverty reduction at the national, regional and local level 17 3.1 Overview 18 3.2 Macroeconomic and social contributions of the mining sector at the national level 18 3.3 The contributions of mining to economic and social performance at the sub-national level 25 3.4 Mining at the local level 26 3.5 Mining in region II 29 3.6 Comparing regional and national socio-economic development trends 35 3.7 Escondida’s role in regional economic development 37 3.8 Conclusions 41 3.9 Summary 41 Chapter 4 What is the linkage between mining investment and economic growth and poverty reduction? 43 4.1 Overview 44 4.2 The impact of economic policies on outcomes at the national level 44 4.3 Do institutions and governance structures provide the linkage? 47 Chapter 5 What are the reasons behind the ‘success factors’? 51 5.1 Overview – the story so far 52 5.2 Legal framework and regulatory environment for mining 52 5.3 The political-administrative system 55 5.4 Fiscal issues, at the national and sub-national level 59 5.5 Social cohesion: social tensions, conflict prevention and conflict mitigation 59 5.6 Private sector development and human capacity development 59 Chapter 6 Conclusions and implications 63 Chapter 7 Bibliography 65 Chapter 8 Acknowledgements 69 Chapter 9 Annexes 71 Annex 1 additional tables complementing section 3 of the main report 72 9.1 National statistics 72 9.2 Millennium development goals – summary for chile 72 Annex 2 Chile’s performance on governance indicators 77 10.1 Governance performance in recent years 77 10.2 The world bank governance indicators 77 10.3 Unu world governance survey 79 10.4 Conclusions 82 Annex 3 Brief political history of chile 83 11.1 Introduction 83 11.2 From independence until the 1930s 83 11.3 From the 1930s to the early 1970s 83 11.4 The military regime from 1973 to 1989 84 11.5 Democracy since 1990 84 Annex 4 Government comments 86 Preface Synthesis of four Country Country four of Synthesis Studies Case recommendations and Findings In the past five years, the economic, social and ● How the mining sector overall contributes to 1 environmental dimensions of mining and minerals national development? have been the subject of wide-ranging consultation, ● What strategies have been effective in managing critical comment, research and analysis. The revenues generated by natural resources for Mining Minerals and Sustainable Development sustainable development and poverty reduction? 1 Project (MMSD) and Extractive Industries Review ● How an individual mining project contributes (EIR) 2respond to the unprecedented focus of to development at national, regional and local public attention on the sustainable development levels? challenges for extractives in general and mining in ● What are the practical and policy implications for particular. mining companies, host country governments, development institutions, and NGOs? 3 In May 2004, ICMM initiated its Resource ● What might the distinct responsibilities 4 Endowment initiative to better understand how of these development partners be to large scale mining activity in low and middle support implementation of findings and income countries can enhance the socio-economic recommendations? development of host countries. The initiative aims to isolate the drivers of development effectiveness The three distinct phases of the initiative and in the mining and metals sector and to document related products are outlined below. the policy frameworks, operational practices, and partnership arrangements that deliver Phase 1: Analytical Framework and Tools sustainable outcomes on the ground. This action- research project is being done together with The initial phase of the project concentrated on the UNCTAD and the World Bank Group. ICMM also development of an analytical framework focusing consulted stakeholders such as mining companies, on governance processes, including the underlying governments, donor agencies, labor and non- factors and rules of the game that affect social governmental organizations (NGOs). and economic interactions and outcomes. These aspects were incorporated into a practical Toolkit to Much of the ‘resource curse‘ literature has focused assess local, regional and national socio-economic on problems rather than solutions. Consequently it impacts of mining. The Toolkit also deals with is not of much practical help in designing improved how mining operations impact on governance policy or filling gaps in knowledge. For example, structures, institutions and policy changes at how have apparently ‘successful‘ countries different levels of government. Phase involved avoided problems now so widely perceived? Can an extensive literature review, and a ‘coarse-sift’ such outcomes be repeated in other developing comparative analysis of the relative economic economies endowed with an abundance of mineral and social well-being of countries with a high resources? How should the main stakeholders dependence on minerals. Initial findings were work together to enhance positive socio-economic critiqued in a multi-stakeholder workshop which outcomes from mining investments? helped to shape a revised approach. To help bridge these gaps, some of the specific Phase 1 Published reports: questions the Resource Endowment initiative attempts to address are: ● Analytical Framework: Executive Summary ● The MMSD project was an independent two-year process begun in April Resource Endowment Toolkit 2000 of consultation and research with the objective of understanding how to maximise the contribution of the mining and minerals sector to Phase 1 Additional Online Resources: sustainable development at the global, national, regional and local levels. MMSD was managed by the International Institute for Environment and Development under contract to the World Business Council for Sustainable ● Analytical Framework: Main Report Development (WBCSD). 2 The Extractive Industries Review was announced in 2000 by the World ● Literature Review Bank Group as a comprehensive review of its activities in the extractive ● November 2004 Workshop proceedings industries sector in response to concerns expressed by a variety of stakeholders, primarily environmental and human rights organizations. The Review was completed in 2004. Phase 2: Testing, Synthesis and Emerging Lessons The International Council on Mining and Metals. 4 “The Challenge of Mineral Wealth: using resource endowments to foster sustainable development”. The initiative is managed by Kathryn McPhail, This involved applying the Toolkit to two main Principal, ICMM. and two comparator countries, Peru (with Chile The Challenge of Mineral Wealth: using resource endowments to foster
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