DOCSLIB.ORG

Productivity in the Chilean Copper Mining Industry Copyright © 2017

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Productivity in the Chilean Copper Mining Industry Copyright © 2017. All rights to National Productivity Commission, Amunátegui 232, of. 401, Santiago, Chile. www.comisiondeproductividad.cl ISBN: 978-956-7725-08-3 Productivity in the Large Scale Copper Mining Industry CNP technical team: Alfie Ulloa Urrutia, José Luis Contreras Biekert, Joaquín Gana Aravena, Rodrigo Miranda Toledo, Paul Chauveau Gerber, Fernando Villalobos Valenzuela, Javiera Farías Soto. Acknowledgements: Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Mining, COCHILCO, SERNAGEOMIN, Ministry of Labor and Social Security, Labor Directorate, Fundación Chile, CESCO, Consejo Minero, Alianza Valor Minero, SONAMI, APRIMIN, Programa Alta Ley, Chilean Chamber of Construction, MatrixConsulting. Cover photo © NataliyaHora / Shutterstock.com Interior photography © Javier Espuny, Kaband, Mark Agnor, Christopher Halloran, Toniflap, Jeremy Richards, Djelen, Andrew J Billington, Jose Luis Stephens, Erlucho, Nattanan726, Shetakov Dmytro / Shutterstock.com Design and layout Editorial Universitaria S.A. Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 1050, Santiago de Chile www.universitaria.cl This FIRST EDITION was printed at Editora and Imprenta Maval SpA. Rivas 530, San Joaquín, Santiago de Chile, October 2017 http://www.comisiondeproductividad.cl The unauthorized use of any part of this publication is prohibited. Contents 6 Acronyms 9 The Chilean Productivity Commision 11 Foreward 13 Terms of reference 15 Preface 19 Executive Summary Part 1 Characterization of the Copper Mining Industry in Chile Chapter 1 35 Chilean Copper Mining Industry 39 1.1. Introduction 39 1.2. Copper's productive processes 41 1.3. Copper Mining in Chile 59 1.4. Conclusions Chapter 2 61 Productivity in Chilean Copper Mining 65 2.1. Introduction 67 2.2. Productivity in the Copper Mining Industry in Chile 77 2.3. Total Factor Productivity 85 2.4. Evolution of Labor's Partial Producivity 91 2.5. Conclusions 93 References Chapter 3 95 Benchmark Analysis 99 3.1. Introduction 100 3.2. Methodology 102 3.3. Partial Labor Productivity 110 3.4. Partial Capital Productivity 121 3.5. Conclusions Chapter 4 149 Suppliers: Characterization and Productivity 153 4.1. Introduction 155 4.2. Expenditure and Suppliers of Goods and Services 159 4.3. Characterization of Chilean Mining Industry Suppliers 170 4.4. Productivity in the Suppliers Sector 178 4.5. Conclusions 180 References Second Part Productivity Analysis of The Chilean Copper Mining Industry Chapter 5 183 Energy and Water Resources 187 5.1. Introduction 188 5.2. Energy 199 5.3. Water 210 5.4. Conclusions 214 References Chapter 6 217 Mining and Communities 221 6.1. Introduction 222 6.2. Conflicts and their Costs 224 6.3. Challenges for the Mining Industry in its Relations with Communities 228 6.4. The Social License 229 6.5. What is being done in Chile? 232 6.6. Case Studies 237 6.7. Conclusions 241 References 242 Annex Chapter 7 247 Labor Aspects and Mining Security 251 7.1. Introduction 251 7.2. Security 259 7.3. Geographic Altitude in the Mining Industry 261 7.4. Occupatinal Diseases 262 7.5. Organizational Aspects 270 7.6. Work days and shifts 277 7.7. Human Capital 283 7.8. Conclusions 288 References Chapter 8 291 Mining Exploration 295 8.1. Introduction 298 8.2. Mining Concessions and Copper 312 8.3. The judicial granting of mining concessions 321 8.4. The Protection obligation of mining concessions 328 8.5. Geological information and its availability 336 8.6. Financing for mining exploration 339 8.7. The coordinate system of mining property 342 8.8. Conclusiones 361 Bibliography 363 Annex Chapter 9 365 Medium-scale Mining 369 9.1. Introduction 369 9.2. Chilean Medium-scale Mining industry 375 9.3. Productivity Constraints 388 9.4. Conclusions 391 Bibliography 393 Annex Chapter 10 395 Suppliers: Barriers to Productivity and Recommendations 399 10.1. Introduction 399 10.2. Barriers to Suppliers 405 10.3. Supplier Innovation 417 10.4. Conclusions 420 Bibliography Chapter 11 423 A Mining Strategy for Chile 427 11.1. Strategy Pillars 441 11.2. Findings and Recommendations Summary 457 Glosary Acronyms All the acronyms are in their spanish versions. AIA Association of Industrialists of Antofagasta APRIMIN Association of Industrial Mining Suppliers CCM Council of Mining Competencies of the Mining Council CIS Centers of International Excellence ChP Primary Crushing CNE National Energy Commission CNID National Council of Innovation for Development COCHILCO Chilean Copper Commission CODELCO National Copper Corporation COMPIN Commission of Preventive Medicine and Disability CONAF National Forestry Corporation CONICYT National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research CORFO Corporation for the Promotion of Production DGA National Water Bureau EE Energy Efficiency EMTP Technical Education in High School ENAMI National Mining Company ERNC Non-Conventional Renewable Energy EVAST Assessment and Surveillance of Environment and Occupational Health IEAM Specific Tax on Mining Activity IIMCh Institute of Mining Engineers of Chile INE National Statistics Institute INGEMMET Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Institute FESUC Federation of Supervisors of Codelco FESUMIN Federation of Mining Supervisors FIE Strategic Investment Fund 6 FIC Innovation Fund for Competitiveness FIRR Regional Investment and Reconversion Fund FMC Mining Federation of Chile FTC Federation of Copper Workers LOC Constitutional Organic Law on Mining Concessions LSO Social License to Operate MINNOVEX Innovative and Export Mining ML Grinding OGP Office of Large Project Management ILO International Labor Organization ONEMI National Emergency Office ONG Non-Governmental Organization OTEC Technical Training Organizations PC Concentrator PHm Hydrometallurgical Plant PPCM World Class Supplier Program TFP Total Factor Productivity SEA Environmental Assessment Service SEIA Environmental Impact Assessment System SENCE National Service of Training and Employment SERNAGEOMIN National Service of Geology and Mining SIC-SING Central Interconnected System - Northern Interconnected System SONAMI National Mining Society SUSESO Social Security Superintendence SQM Chemical and Mining Society SVS Superintendence of Securities and Insurance UAI-CORFO Adolfo Ibañez University - Corfo 7 The Chilean Productivity Commission The Chilean Productivity Commission is an institution created through Presidential Decree No. 270, of February 9, 2015. It is an independent, autonomous and consultative institution, whose mission is to advise the Government of Chile on issues aimed at increasing produc- tivity, focusing on the improvement of the citizens’ well-being, proposing evidence-based public policies, which consider the views of civil society in general. It has a technical and transversal council of eight members appointed by the President of the Republic for a three year period. Counselors Joseph Ramos Quiñones, President Raphael Bergoeing Vela, Vicepresident Carlos Álvarez Voullieme Andrea Butelmann Peisajoff Fernando Carmona Alert Rossana Costa Costa (counselor 2015-2017) Verónica Mies Moreno (current counselor 2017) Claudio Muñoz Zúñiga Soledad Ovando Green It's permanent challenge is to increase productivity in order to improve the lives and well-being of people. 9 Foreword The mining sector, specifically, the copper mining industry, is essential to Chile's economic and social development. Mining contributes significantly to national income, tax revenue, jobs and business opportunities, and, ultimately, the country's growth. Given its importance, the Government has requested us to review the evolution of pro- ductivity in the Chilean Copper Mining Industry, and propose measures to improve it. This study, the Chilean Productivity Commission’s first, suggests that there is wide scope for improvement, both in public entities and the mining sector, and particularly in mining companies. As an extractive sector, the mining industry may generate adverse effects and nega- tively affect the surrounding communities. Therefore, it must be subject to a series of governmental protocols and regulations, and also to society’s permanent scrutiny. Our study angles its recommendations towards international best practices, with the aim of increasing productivity and thus generating economic gains for the country, without sacrificing social, environmental, occupational safety and community relations standards. The study was developed by the team of the Technical Secretariat of the National Pro- ductivity Commission, under the supervision and unanimous approval of the Presidential Advisory Council. It benefited from the support of both Chilean and international mining companies that provided vital information on their performance. The Ministry of Mining, Ministry of Economy, Sernageomin, Ministry of Labor, the Consejo Minero, Valor Minero, Aprimin, Chilean Chamber of Construction, among many others, collaborated in the de- velopment of this report. The contributions of MatrixConsulting, Cochilco and Fundación Chile were especially important to this analysis. The Commission is grateful to a large number of people, workers, business people, experts, officials, academics, and others related to industry, for their significant support to our inquiry, both in work meetings and in the hearings that took place for this study. Without them, this study would not have been possible. Joseph Ramos Alfie A. Ulloa President Executive Secretary May 2017 11 Terms of reference Request from the President of the Republic to the National Productivity Commission: Terms of Reference.
Recommended publications
  • Perspectives on Solar Energy, Mining and Agro-Food in Chile

    Perspectives on Solar Energy, Mining and Agro-Food in Chile

    Chapter 3 Transforming industries: Perspectives on solar energy, mining and agro-food in Chile The shifting global geopolitical and technological landscape coupled with changes in consumers’ preferences is opening up a window of opportunity for Chile. The country could transform its economy, enlarge its knowledge base and increase productivity by leveraging on its natural assets in new, more innovative ways. However, the world is moving fast and opportunities will not be permanently available. To tap into them, a strategic approach and a shared vision between government, business and society is needed. Chile has started to do so through strategic initiatives that identify future opportunities and clarify gaps to be addressed. This chapter presents the Chilean experience in solar energy, mining and agro-food; in each case it presents a snapshot of key trends and future scenarios, developed through multi-stakeholder consultations, it describes the current policy approach and it identifies reforms to move forward. PRODUCTION TRANSFORMATION POLICY REVIEW OF CHILE: REAPING THE BENEFITS OF NEW FRONTIERS © OECD AND UNITED NATIONS 2018 103 3. Transforming industries: Perspectives on solar energy, mining and agrO-food in Chile Unleashing the potential of solar energy in Chile This section presents a snapshot of the rise of solar energy in the country and summarises the results of public-private consultations on the opportunities presented by solar for Chile. It describes the current policy approach and it identifies reforms to move forward. Solar energy is gaining ground in Chile Solar energy is becoming globally competitive thanks to falling prices. Investment in the development of renewable energies globally is surpassing investment in fossil fuel technologies (OECD, 2018; IEA, 2016).
  • Chile : Recent Evolution of the Civil Law in Chile: the Rise of Doctrine

    Chile : Recent Evolution of the Civil Law in Chile: the Rise of Doctrine

    Journal of Civil Law Studies Volume 8 Number 1 Les unions (il)légalement reconnues: approches internationales (Il)legally Recognized Unions: International Article 16 Approaches La Roche-sur-Yon (France) 10-5-2015 Chile : Recent Evolution of the Civil Law in Chile: The Rise of Doctrine Carlos Felipe Amunátegui Perelló Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/jcls Part of the Civil Law Commons Repository Citation Carlos Felipe Amunátegui Perelló, Chile : Recent Evolution of the Civil Law in Chile: The Rise of Doctrine, 8 J. Civ. L. Stud. (2015) Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/jcls/vol8/iss1/16 This Civil Law in the World is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at LSU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Civil Law Studies by an authorized editor of LSU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RECENT EVOLUTION OF THE CIVIL LAW IN CHILE: THE RISE OF DOCTRINE Carlos Felipe Amunátegui Perelló∗ I. Introduction ............................................................................. 283 II. Jurists and Legal Education in Colonial Chile ....................... 286 III. Bello’s University ................................................................. 291 IV. A Lost Chance?..................................................................... 300 V. Rebirth .................................................................................... 305 I. INTRODUCTION The latest developments in private law in Chile do not come from anything as exciting as a legal reform of the Civil Code1 or from the enactment of any miscellaneous legislation. On the contrary, Private law seems to have kept its same legal framework, while the political powers have refrained from introducing radical innovations. This would appear as a rather uninteresting atmosphere for a comparatist, but this is not really the case.
  • Timber Legality Risk Assessment Chile

    Timber Legality Risk Assessment Chile

    Timber Legality Risk Assessment Chile <MONTH> <YEAR> Version 1.1 l August 2017 COUNTRY RISK ASSESSMENTS This risk assessment has been developed by NEPCon with support from the LIFE programme of the European Union, UK aid from the UK government and FSCTM. www.nepcon.org/sourcinghub NEPCon has adopted an “open source” policy to share what we develop to advance sustainability. This work is published under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 license. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this document, to deal in the document without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, and/or distribute copies of the document, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any modified version. This Risk Assessment has been produced for educational and informational purposes only. NEPCon is not liable for any reliance placed on this document, or any financial or other loss caused as a result of reliance on information contained herein. The information contained in the Risk Assessment is accurate, to the best of NEPCon’s knowledge, as of the publication date The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute endorsement of the contents which reflect the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. This material has been funded by the UK aid from the UK government; however the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK government’s official policies.
  • The Future of Mining in Chile

    The Future of Mining in Chile

    CSIRO FUTURES www.csiro.au The Future of Mining in Chile i Cover image: CODELCO’s Chuquicamata open pit copper mine near Calama, Chile AUTHORS Meredith Simpson (CSIRO Futures) Enrique Aravena (CSIRO Chile) James Deverell (CSIRO Futures) COPYriGHT AND DiscLAIMER © 2014 CSIRO. To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the course of developing this report, CSIRO engaged with and received valuable input from a number of stakeholders. We are especially grateful for the time and input provided by the following stakeholders: AngloAmerican Chile Antofagasta Minerals Antofagasta Regional Government BHP Billiton Chile CICITEM (El Centro de Investigación Científico Tecnológico Para la Minería) COCHILCO (Comisión Chilena del Cobre) Consejo Minero CORFO (Corporación de Fomento de la Producción de Chile) Fundación Chile INAPI (Instituto Nacional de Propiedad Industrial) Komatsu Chile Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo de Chile Ministerio de Energía de Chile Ministerio de Minería de Chile SERNAGEOMIN (Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería) Universidad Católica del Norte Universidad de Antofagasta Universidad de Chile ii The Future of Mining in Chile Prólogo Prologue Este trabajo es el fruto del esfuerzo conjunto entre This work is the result of a joint effort between the el Centro de Excelencia en Minería y Procesamiento CSIRO Chile Centre for Excellence in Mining and Mineral Mineral de CSIRO Chile y CSIRO Futures, el brazo de Processing and CSIRO Futures, the strategic foresighting análisis estratégico prospectivo de CSIRO.
  • Chilean Chapter in ICLG

    Chilean Chapter in ICLG

    Derivatives 2020 A practical cross-border insight into derivatives First Edition Featuring contributions from: Bonelli Erede Lombardi Pappalardo LLP Hengeler Mueller Borenius Attorneys Ltd Jeantet AARPI CARDIGOS Maples Group Carey Nagashima Ohno & Tsunematsu Credit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank Nishimura & Asahi Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP Gilbert + Tobin Shearman & Sterling LLP GSK Stockmann Travers Smith LLP Haynes and Boone, LLP Table of Contents Expert Chapters Smart Contracts in the Derivatives Space: An Overview of the Key Issues for Buy-Side Market Participants 1 Jonathan Gilmour & Vanessa Kalijnikoff Battaglia, Travers Smith LLP Close-out Under the 1992 and 2002 ISDA Master Agreements 4 Donna Parisi, Azam Aziz, Geoffrey Goldman & Daniel Laguardia, Shearman & Sterling LLP Structural Considerations in Deal Contingent Hedges 15 Meyer C. Dworkin & Michele Babkine, Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP Derivatives and Incentives for Opportunistic or Manipulative Behaviour: Related Issues and Responses 19 Giorgio Bovenzi, Matthew Frankle, Matthew Howes & Brian Sung, Haynes and Boone, LLP Japanese Yen Interest Rate Benchmark Reform – Crossroad of the Local Movements in Japan and the Global Movement in 26 the Derivatives Space Yusuke Motoyanagi & Toshiyuki Yamamoto, Nishimura & Asahi Cross-Border Derivatives for Project Finance in Latin America 32 Felicity Caramanna, Credit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank Q&A Chapters Australia Germany 36 Gilbert + Tobin: Louise McCoach 80 Hengeler Mueller:
  • Productivity in the Chilean Copper Mining Industry

    Productivity in the Chilean Copper Mining Industry

    PRODUCTIVITY IN THE CHILEAN COPPER MINING INDUSTRY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 Executive Summary Importance of Mining in Chile Mining, specifically copper mining is the most significant economic activity in Chile. Copper mining represents over 10% of GDP, more than 50% of exports, and is the leading recipient of foreign direct investment: accounting for one in every three dollars entering the country. The sector has grown steadily in the past 60 years: it tripled between 1960 and 1990; and trebled again during 1990-2016, reaching 5.5 million tons in 2016 causing Chile to be the world's leading producer, accounting for 30% of total production. The country also boasts a third of the known world reserves, the largest at a global level. Copper opens a window of opportunity to expand our development, and thus achieve economic and social progress. Given the sharp price increase during 2004-2014, Chile raised not only its copper production but also its value. Exports grew from an average of US$1.4 billion1 between 1960 and 1990 to US$5.5 billion between 1990 and 2003 and then US$34 billion during the so-called "super-cycle" (2004-2014). The value exported in 2016 was of US$28 billion. Between 1994 and 2003, mining accounted for approximately 6% of fiscal revenues, a contribution that tripled between 2004 and 2014, reaching an annual average of 20%. Including state enterprises (Codelco and Enami), copper contributed US$96 billion to the treasury in 2004-2014, ten times more than the previous decade (US$9 billion). This allowed the accumulation of more than US$20 billion in Sovereign Wealth Funds2.
  • Chile's Mining and Chemicals Industries

    Chile's Mining and Chemicals Industries

    Global Outlook Chile’s Mining and Chemicals Industries Luis A. Cisternas With abundant mineral resources, Chile’s Univ. of Antofagasta Edelmira D. Gálvez chemicals industries are dominated by mining, Catholic Univ. of the North with many of its operations among the world’s most productive and important. hile’s chemicals industries consist of 300 companies producer. Chilean mining continues to reach unprecedented and some 400 products, with sales representing 4% levels — not only the mining of copper, but particularly Cof the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP) and of nonmetallic ores. Recent growth has been supported by about 25% of all industrial contributions to the GDP (1). favorable economic policies and incentives for foreign inves- Chile’s major chemical exports include methanol, inorganic tors that were intended to overcome the lack of domestic compounds (nitrates, iodine, lithium products, sodium investment after Chile’s return to democracy in the 1990s. chloride), combustibles (gasoline, diesel, fuel oil), algae Chile’s main metallic and nonmetallic ore deposits are derivatives, and plastic resins (polypropylene, low-density located in the country’s northern regions, which are rich in polyethylene). However, the mining industry — consisting copper, gold, silver, and iron deposits, as well as salt lake of 100 large and medium-sized companies and more than mineral byproducts such as nitrates, boron, iodine, lithium, 1,600 mining operations (2) — dominates Chile’s chemical- and potassium. Chile’s abundance of mineral resources is industry landscape. These companies’ primary products remarkable: Its reserves constitute 6.7% of the world’s gold, include molybdenum, rhenium, iron, lithium, silver, gold, 12.1% of the molybdenum, 13.3% of the silver, 27.7% of the and — most important — copper.
  • Women and Families in the El Teniente Copper Mine, 1904-1930

    Women and Families in the El Teniente Copper Mine, 1904-1930

    Digging Below the Surface: Women and Families in the El Teniente Copper Mine, 1904-1930 By Katherine E. Grusky Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts In the Department of History at Brown University Thesis Advisor: Jeremy Mumford April 7, 2017 Grusky 2 Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………3 I. Development of the Mining Industry: Background to the 20th Century Chilean Copper Boom II. Literature Review III. Chapter Outline Chapter 1: Hygiene and Morality…………………………………………………………......17 I. Regulating Families and Spaces II. Regulating Alcohol Consumption III. Hygiene and Modernity in the Mine Chapter 2: Development of the Domestic and International Economy……………………..38 I. Frugality and Sexuality II. The Booms and Busts of the International Copper Industry Chapter 3: Education and Nationalism……………………………………………………….60 I. Education within the Home II. Schools at Sewell III. Informal Education of Boys and Girls Conclusion: Convergence of Capitalists and Suffragists…………………………………….90 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………….....99 Grusky 3 Digging Below the Surface: Women and Family in the El Teniente Copper Mine, 1904-1930 Introduction The El Teniente mine had been in operation from the colonial era through the 19th century, but in the 20th century copper production grew under foreign ownership, making El Teniente the largest underground copper mine in the world.1 Due to copper’s electric conductivity, copper demand escalated during World War I. Developing the Chilean mine into a powerhouse to meet global demand took more than importing new technologies and machinery. In fact, I found, the North American owners (Braden Copper Company), developed a mining community and implemented social engineering strategies aimed at shaping El Teniente’s labor force into the most effective and efficient in the world.
  • Case Studies on Copper and Lithium Mining in Chile

    Case Studies on Copper and Lithium Mining in Chile

    TEXTE 106 /2020 KlimRess – Impacts of climate change on mining, related environmental risks and raw material supply Case studies on copper and lithium mining in Chile TEXTE 106/2020 Environmental Research of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety Project No. (FKZ) 3716 48 324 0 Report No. FB000279/ANH,4,ENG KlimRess – Impacts of climate change on mining, related environmental risks and raw material supply Case studies on copper and lithium mining in Chile by Lukas Rüttinger, Christine Scholl, Pia van Ackern adelphi research gGmbh, Berlin and Glen Corder, Artem Golev, Thomas Baumgartl The University of Queensland, Sustainable Minerals Institute, Australia On behalf of the German Environment Agency Imprint Publisher: Umweltbundesamt Wörlitzer Platz 1 06844 Dessau-Roßlau Tel: +49 340-2103-0 Fax: +49 340-2103-2285 [email protected] Internet: www.umweltbundesamt.de /umweltbundesamt.de /umweltbundesamt Study performed by: adelphi research gGmbh Alt-Moabit 91, 10559 Berlin Study completed in: January 2018 Edited by: Section III 2.2 Resource Conservation, Material Cycles, Minerals and Metals Industry Jan Kosmol Publication as pdf: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen ISSN 1862-4804 Dessau-Roßlau, June 2020 The responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the author(s). KlimRess – Climate change and mining in Chile: Case studies on copper and lithium Abstract The following case study is one of five country case studies carried out as part of the project ‘Impacts of climate change on the environmental criticality of Germany’s raw material demand‘ (KlimRess), commissioned by the German Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt, UBA). The project team comprised adelphi, ifeu Heidelberg and the Sustainable Minerals Institute of the University of Queensland.
  • Quicksilver Deposits of Chile

    Quicksilver Deposits of Chile

    Quicksilver Deposits of Chile GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 964-E Quicksilver Deposits of Chile By J. F. McALLISTER, HECTOR FLORES W., and CARLOS RUIZ F. GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS IN THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS, 1949 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 964-E Published in cooperation with the Departamento de Minas y Petroleo, Chile, under the auspices of the Interdepartmental Committee on Scientific and Cultural Cooperation, Department of State UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1950 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Oscar L. Chapman, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. G. - Price 75 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Pagtf Abstract. ______.--___ _-. 36f Introduction-______----__-------_--------_----_..------------_ __ 361 Regional geology of the quicksilver zone___________..________-_________ 364 Ore deposits.____- _------------------_-------__-------- __ 36& Mineralogy ___---__ _________________________________________ 36# Mercury minerals__..___-___________-_______-____________ 36# Native mercury__________________.____________________ 367 Cinnabar______________________.______ 367 Mercurian tetrahedrite_________________________________ 367 Associated minerals_______-___________________-____________ 368 Azurite and malachite_________-_-_____________.________ 368 Barite_______-----_______-____________ 369 Calcite..______________________._____ 369 Chalcocite. _____________________._______ 369 Chalcopyrite____._____-_______________
  • Civil Law Trusts in Latin America: Is the Lack of Trusts an Impediment for Expanding Business Opportunities in Latin America?

    Civil Law Trusts in Latin America: Is the Lack of Trusts an Impediment for Expanding Business Opportunities in Latin America?

    CIVIL LAW TRUSTS IN LATIN AMERICA: IS THE LACK OF TRUSTS AN IMPEDIMENT FOR EXPANDING BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES IN LATIN AMERICA? Dante Figueroa* I. INTRODUCTION Many differences between the Anglo-American and Latin American legal systems are rooted in dissimilar cultural and societal approaches. Equity is a major area of contrasting jurisprudence. Whereas equity plays a relegated, subordinate role in Latin American courts, equity permeates Anglo-American legal institutions—both in the criminal and civil arenas—in almost all areas, including evidence, remedies, precautionary measures, trials, juries, sentencing, and trusts. The field of trust law epitomizes this contrast; this area exemplifies how the subdued role of equity in Latin American civil laws and its vitality in Anglo-American common law create divergent legal approaches. Due to its flexibility, the trust is considered one of the most useful legal tools for promoting business in the United States. In contrast, use of the Latin American trust (fideicomiso) is limited to commercial and financial purposes and has been described as a rigid1 and archaic instrument. Due to the common law underpinnings of Anglo-American trusts, attempts at merely transplanting the use of these trusts into Latin America would likely fail. However, this does not preclude the possibility of transforming the Latin American fideicomiso into a modern and effective legal tool. The need to improve the Latin American fideicomiso has been suggested in the past. In 1921, a study supported by the U.S. Congress concluded that one of the reasons for the inefficiency of Latin American banking systems was “the lack of the trust.”2 A redesign of the Latin American fideicomiso into a more Anglo-American type of business trust should help enhance investment and promote growth and development in the region.
  • Comparative South American Civil Procedure: the Chilean Perspective Richard B

    Comparative South American Civil Procedure: the Chilean Perspective Richard B

    University of Miami Law School Institutional Repository University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 1-1-1990 Comparative South American Civil Procedure: The Chilean Perspective Richard B. Cappalli Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umialr Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons Recommended Citation Richard B. Cappalli, Comparative South American Civil Procedure: The Chilean Perspective, 21 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 239 (1990) Available at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umialr/vol21/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Miami Inter- American Law Review by an authorized administrator of Institutional Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 239 ARTICLES COMPARATIVE SOUTH AMERICAN CIVIL PROCEDURE: A CHILEAN PERSPECTIVE RICHARD B. CAPPALLI* I. INTRODUCTION ........................... ......................... 240 II. THE CODES OF SOUTH AMmcA ............. ......................... 242 A . In General ..................................................... 242 B. V enezuela ...................................................... 243 C. A rgentina ...................................................... 244 D . C olom bia ....................................................... 245 E . P eru ............... .......................................... 247 III. CONSTITUTIONAL BASES OF JUDICIAL POWER .................................. 248 IV. THE JUDICIAL FUNCTION ..............................................