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Social Analysis of Ghana's Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector

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Social Analysis of Ghana's Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector Final Report Social Analysis of Ghana’s Artisanal and Small-scale Mining Sector DECEMBER 2016 SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF GHANA’S ARTISANAL AND SMALL-SCALE MINING SECTOR © UNDP, Ghana 2016 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this publication may be produced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission by UNDP, Ghana. 2 | Page 2016 SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF GHANA’S ARTISANAL AND SMALL-SCALE MINING SECTOR Acknowledgements This technical study was commissioned by UNDP Ghana in the context of promoting the role of extractives to human development. It was prepared by SRC Consulting Ltd. The support provided by the staff of UNDP, UNICEF, IOM and external peer reviewers is gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, including UNDP, or their Member States. All errors and omissions are those of the authors. Contact Information: Corresponding author/consultancy: Email, [email protected] or [email protected] For UNDP, please contact: [email protected] 3 | Page 2016 SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF GHANA’S ARTISANAL AND SMALL-SCALE MINING SECTOR TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND......................................................... 8 1.1 Background............................................................................................... 8 1.2 Objectives of the Assignment..................................................................... 9 1.3 Scope of Services....................................................................................... 9 1.4 The thematic scope of the analysis............................................................. 9 1.4.1 Women, children and migrant workers in ASM value chains ....................... 9 1.4.2 Impact of small-scale mining on women and children in local communities 10 (not involved in mining value chain)................................................................ 1.4.3 Priority areas for the field research ........................................................... 11 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................. 12 2.1 Small-Scale Artisanal Gold Mining in Ghana................................................ 12 2.2 Child Labour and Artisanal Small-Scale Mining............................................ 13 2.2.1 Context and overview of child labour......................................................... 13 2.2.2 The Role of Child Workers in the ASM sector.............................................. 15 2.2.3 Risks and Challenges Faced by Children in ASM value chains...................... 17 2.2.4 Impacts of child labour on children’s performance and school 19 attendance................................................................................................. 2.3 Women in ASM.......................................................................................... 20 2.3.1 Roles of Women in ASM value chain.......................................................... 20 2.3.2 Risks and Challenges faced by women in ASM value chain.......................... 23 2.4 Migrant Workers in ASM............................................................................ 25 2.5 Opportunities and Benefits........................................................................ 27 2.6 Impact of small-scale mining on Women, Children and Local communities 28 not involved in mining value chain............................................................. 3.0 METHODOLOGY FOR PERFORMING THE ASSIGNMENT.............................. 30 3.1 Field transect walk and observation............................................................ 30 3.2 Community/ Site Profile............................................................................. 31 3.3 Focus group discussions............................................................................. 31 3.4 Key Informant interviews........................................................................... 31 3.5 Stakeholder engagement............................................................................ 32 3.6 Household socio-economic survey............................................................. 32 3.7 Consultants/Enumerator Training............................................................... 33 3.8 Field Survey/ Administration of survey Instrument..................................... 33 3.9 Locations/Target communities selected and rationale................................ 33 3.10 Research Ethics and Protocols.................................................................... 34 3.11 Adhering to child protection principles...................................................... 34 3.12 Measures to maximise participation of women, children, migrant workers 35 and other respondents.............................................................................. 4.0 FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY.......................................................................... 36 4.1 CHILDREN................................................................................................... 36 4 | Page 2016 SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF GHANA’S ARTISANAL AND SMALL-SCALE MINING SECTOR 4.1.1 Children - Wassa Japa Area........................................................................ 36 4.1.2 Socio-Economic Characteristics................................................................... 36 4.2 Children - Talensi Area................................................................................ 43 4.3 MIGRANTS................................................................................................. 51 4.3.1 Migrants in Wassa...................................................................................... 51 4.4 Migrants - Talensi Area............................................................................... 55 4.5 WOMEN........................................................................................................ 59 4.5.1 Women in Wassa Area.............................................................................. 59 4.5.2 Women In Talensi Area…………………………………………………………………….......... 62 5.0 DISCUSSIONS OF THE SURVEY…………………………………………………………......... 69 5.1 Demographic Characteristics of Children………………………………………….......... 69 5.2 Ages at which children entered gold mining…………………………………….......... 70 5.3 Ethnicity…………………………………………………………………………………………….......... 72 5.4 Indigenes versus Migrants…………………………………………………………………......... 72 5.5 Educational Characteristics of Child Miners………………………………………......... 73 5.6 Factors driving children into ASM……………………………………………………........... 76 5.7 People who influenced children into mining……………………………………........... 77 5.8 Social Characteristics of children in Mining……………………………………….......... 77 5.9 MIGRANTS………………………………………………………………………………………..................... 85 5.9.1 Demographics/background characteristics............................................................... 85 5.9.2 School attendance/ educational attainments ................................................... 87 5.9.3 Social Backgrounds of Migrants......................................................................... 88 5.9.4 What migrants sleep on..................................................................................... 90 5.9.5 Risks.................................................................................................................... 91 5.9.6 Sex and regional comparison of physical abuse in mining areas....................... 91 5.9.7 Economic exploitation........................................................................................ 93 5.9.8 Cases of Trafficking............................................................................................ 93 5.10 WOMEN …………………………………………………………………………………………….......... 94 5.10.1 Demographic characteristics of women in gold mining……………………............ 94 5.10..2 Educational Characteristics of women in gold mining................................................ 96 5.10..3 Social Characteristics of women in mining................................................................. 96 5.10..4 Care duties women undertake at the mining sites..................................................... 97 5.10.5 Economic exploitation................................................................................................. 100 6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................... 101 7.0 REFERENCES................................................................................................. 104 List of Tables Table 3.1: Indicative ASM communities....................................................................... 33 Table 4.1: Daily and Weekly Wages Earned working as ASM…………………………………… 54 Table 5.1: Sex of Respondents………………………………………………………………………………… 69 Table 5.2: Age of Respondents………………………………………………………………………………… 70 Table 5.3: Ethnicity of Respondents ………………………………............................................ 72 Table 5.4: Status of Child Miners - Migrants and non-Migrants……………………………….. 73 Table 5.5: Educational attainment of parents of child miners………………………………….. 75 Table 5.6: Factors driving children into ASM……………………………………………………………. 76 Table 5.7: People who influenced children into mining…………………………………………… 77 5 | Page 2016 SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF GHANA’S ARTISANAL AND SMALL-SCALE MINING SECTOR Table 5.8: Living arrangements of children in gold
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