Trout Lake Aquatic Plant Survey – 2020

Prepared By

Lawrence Eichler Research Scientist

Darrin Fresh Water Institute 5060 Lakeshore Drive Bolton Landing, NY 12814 (518) 644-3541 (voice) (518) 644-3640 (fax) [email protected]

November 11, 2020

DFWI Technical Report 2020-5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background ...... 1

Introduction ...... 1

Methods ...... 2 Species List and Herbarium Specimens ...... 2 Point Intercept Survey ...... 2

Results and Discussion Trout Lake Survey Results ...... 3 Maximum Depth of Colonization ...... 5 Species Richness and Distribution ...... 5

Summary ...... 9

References ...... 11

Acknowledgements ...... 11

Appendix A. Trout Lake aquatic plant distribution maps ...... A-1

List of Tables

Page

Table 1 Aquatic plant species present in Trout Lake ……….….………...... 3

Table 2 Trout Lake point intercept percent frequency of occurrence ……… 5

Table 3 Species richness for the point intercept surveys …………………… 8

List of Figures

Page

Figure 1 Bathymetric (depth) map of Trout Lake …………………………….. 1

Figure 2 Distribution of point intercept survey points for Trout Lake ..……… 2

Figure 3 Depth distribution of Trout Lake sampling points ..………………… 5

Figure 4 Distribution of aquatic plants in Trout Lake ………..……………….. 7

Figure 5 Frequency of occurrence summaries for sampling points of all water depth 7

Figure 6 Trout Lake species richness comparison…….……………………….. 8

iii Report on Aquatic Vegetation of Trout Lake, New York

Background

At the request of Mr. Dave Wick of the Lake George Park Commission and Mr. Ronald Conover of the Town of Bolton, the Darrin Fresh Water Institute (DFWI) conducted an aquatic plant assessment of Trout Lake, Bolton Landing, New York. The assessment included a quantitative survey of existing aquatic plant communities and the extent of rare, threatened or endangered species (Young 2010). The Point-Intercept Rake Toss method recommended by the US Army Corps of Engineers and required by NYS DEC for Tier III Lakes was employed.

Quantitative aquatic plant surveys were undertaken in August 2020 and designed to be comparable to a prior survey in 2016 (Eichler 2016). All surveys were conducted to provide identification and distribution data for the aquatic plant populations of Trout Lake with a focus on the presence of invasive species. The surveys consisted of the collection of specimens throughout the lake for a compilation of species lists, and frequency and density data for all plant species present.

Introduction

Trout Lake is located in Warren County in the Town of Bolton, New York. Elevations within the watershed range from 787 feet at the surface of the lake to in excess of 1600 feet above sea level. The lake has a surface area of 185 acres and a watershed of 2,718 acres. Mikol and Polsinelli (1985) report a maximum depth of 75 feet and a mean depth of 20 feet (Figure 1). Located on the northwest margin is the only outlet which drains to Lake George and ultimately the St Lawrence River.

The lake is best classified as mesotrophic, which indicates that nutrients necessary for the growth of algae and subsequently the myriad of organisms that feed on these plants, are moderate. A total of 43 species of aquatic plants (Table 1) have been reported for Trout Lake based on the database of Adirondack plants maintained by the Darrin Fresh Water Institute (DFWI). No invasive (i.e. non-native) aquatic plant species have been reported. Figure 1. Bathymetric (depth) map of Trout Lake.

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Methods

Species List and Herbarium Specimens. As the lake was surveyed, the occurrence of each aquatic plant species observed was recorded and specimens collected where necessary. The herbarium specimens were pressed, dried, and mounted (Hellquist 1993) at the Darrin Fresh Water Institute in Bolton Landing, NY, where they became part of the permanent collection.

Point Intercept Survey. The frequency and diversity of aquatic plant species were evaluated using a point intercept method (Madsen 1999). At each grid point intersection, all species located at that point were recorded, as well as water depth. Species were located by a visual inspection of the point and by deploying a rake to the bottom, and examining the plants retrieved. A total of 108 points were selected for Trout Lake, based on a 100 m grid (Figure 2). A global positioning system (GPS) was used to navigate to each point. Surveys were conducted on August 25, 2020. Data presented in the summary are on a whole-lake basis, and have not been adjusted for the littoral zone only.

Figure 2. Distribution of survey points for the Trout Lake aquatic plant survey.

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Results and Discussion

A list of species observed for Trout Lake is provided in Table 1. A total of 43 aquatic species have been reported for Trout Lake, with 36 in the point intercept survey. The remainder were observed along the shoreline. All plants species encountered are native to our region. Of the species observed, one group is a macroscopic alga, or charophyte (Chara/Nitella), four are floating-leafed species (Brasenia, Nuphar, Nymphoides and Nymphaea), one is free-floating (Lemna), nine are emergent species (Dulichium, Eleocharis, Eriocaulon, Juncus, Justicia, Lythrum, Polygonum, Pontederia, Sagittaria, Scirpus, Sparganium, and Typha) and the remaining 28 are submersed. This number of species greatly exceeds the 15 species typically reported for moderately productive lakes in New York and indicates good water quality and a variety of habitat types. None of the species reported are found on New York’s Rare plant status lists (Young 2010). Rooted aquatic plants (macrophytes) were present from the waters’ edge to a depth of 4.8 meters (16 feet) defining the littoral zone of Trout Lake. Macroalgae (Chara & Nitella) dominated the plant community, present throughout the littoral zone.

Table 1. Aquatic plant species present in Trout Lake.

Species Common Name 2016 2020 Brasenia schreberi J.F. Gmel. watershield X X Ceratophyllum demersum L. coontail X X Chara/Nitella sp. muskgrass, chara X X Dulichium arudinaceum (L.) Britt. three-way sedge X Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roemer & Schultes needle spike-rush X X Elodea canadensis Michx. elodea X X Eriocaulon septangulare With. pipewort X X Elatine minima (Nutt) Fisch. & Mey. little elatine X X Fontinalis sp. moss X X Isoetes echinospora Dur. quillwort X X Justicia americana (L.) Vahl water willow X X Juncus pelocarpus Mey. rush X X Lemna minor L. duckweed X X Lythrum salicaria L. purple loosestrife X X Megalodonta beckii Torr. water marigold X X Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel. leafless watermilfoil X X Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. bushy pondweed X X Nuphar variegata Engelm. ex Durand yellow pondlily X X Nymphaea odorata Ait. white pondlily X X Nymphoides cordatum floating heart X

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Species Common Name 2016 2020 Pontederia cordata L. pickerelweed X X Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. largeleaf pondweed X X Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. ribbon-leaf pondweed X X Potamogeton gramineus L. variable-leaf pondweed X X Potamogeton natans L. floating-leaf pondweed X X Potamogeton perfoliatus L Clasping-leaved Pondweed X X Potamogeton praelongus Wulfen white-stem pondweed X X Potamogeton pusillus L. small pondweed X X Potamogeton richardsonii (Ar. Benn.) Rydb. redhead pondweed X X Potamogeton robbinsii Oakes Robbins’ pondweed X X Potamogeton vaseyii Robbins Vasey's pondweed X X Ranunculus longirostris Godron white watercrowfoot X X Ranunculus reptans L. creeping spearwort X X Sagittaria graminea Michx. arrowhead X X Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon slender arrowhead X X Scirpus sp. rush X X Sparganium sp. burreed X X Typha latifolia L. cattail X X Utricularia minor L. bladderwort X X Utricularia resupinata B.D. Greene bladderwort X X Utricularia vulgaris L. great bladderwort X X Vallisneria americana L. wild celery X X Zosterella dubia Jacq. water stargrass X X

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Maximum Depth of Colonization

Maximum depth of colonization by rooted aquatic plant growth extended to a depth of 4.8 meters (16 feet). Macroalga (Chara/Nitella sp.) were reported to a depth of 7.0 meters. The littoral zone is thus defined as the waters edge to a maximum depth of 7 meters. Depth distribution of sampling points (Figure 3) was equitable throughout the littoral zone.

Figure 3. Depth Distribution of Trout Lake sampling points in 1 meter depth classes.

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

Percent of Survey PointsSurvey of Percent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 > 12 Depth (m)

Species Richness and Distribution

Maps of the distribution of aquatic plant species for Trout Lake are included in Appendix A. Species richness was quite high, with a large number of species occurring in more than 5% of survey points (Table 2). Macroalga (Chara/Nitella) were the most common species (23% of survey points) followed by waterweed (Elodea canadensis) with 18% of survey points and water naiad (Najas flexilis) in 17% of points. Other common native species included Robbins pondweed (11% of survey points), water willow (11%), clasping-leaf pondweed (10%), red-head pondweed (7%), floating-leaf pondweed (6%), and large-leaf pondweed (6%).

Table 2. Percent frequency of occurrence of aquatic plant species in Trout Lake.

Species Common Name 2016 2020 Brasenia schreberi watershield 1.9% 1.9% Ceratophyllum demersum L. coontail 0.9% 0.9% Chara/Nitella sp. muskgrass, chara 29.0% 23.1% Dulichium arundinaceum three-way sedge 0.9% Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roemer & Schultes needle spike-rush 6.5% 4.6% Elodea canadensis Michx. elodea 21.5% 17.6% Eriocaulon septangulare With. pipewort 2.8% 1.9%

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Species Common Name 2016 2020 Elatine minima (Nutt) Fisch. & Mey. little elatine 0.9% Fontinalis sp. moss 1.9% 0.9% Isoetes echinospora Dur. quillwort 0.9% Justicia americana (L.) Vahl water willow 8.4% 11.1% Juncus pelocarpus Mey. rush 1.9% 1.9% Lemna minor L. duckweed 0.9% 0.9% Megalodonta beckii Torr. water marigold 1.9% 4.6% Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel. leafless watermilfoil 1.9% 1.9% Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. bushy pondweed 27.1% 16.7% Nuphar variegata Engelm. ex Durand yellow pondlily 1.9% 2.8% Nymphaea odorata Ait. white pondlily 5.6% 4.6% Nymphoides cordatum floating heart 1.9% Pontederia cordata L. pickerelweed 1.9% Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. largeleaf pondweed 7.5% 5.6% Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. ribbon-leaf pondweed 2.8% 1.9% Potamogeton gramineus L. variable-leaf pondweed 2.8% 1.9% Potamogeton natans L. floating-leaf pondweed 7.5% 5.6% Potamogeton perfoliatus L Clasping-leaf Pondweed 2.8% 10.2% Potamogeton praelongus Wulfen white-stem pondweed 0.9% 1.9% Potamogeton pusillus L. small pondweed 0.9% 2.8% Potamogeton richardsonii (Ar. Benn.) Rydb. redhead pondweed 18.7% 6.5% Potamogeton robbinsii Oakes Robbins’ pondweed 5.6% 11.1% Potamogeton vaseyii Robbins Vasey's pondweed 12.1% 3.7% Ranunculus longirostris Godron white watercrowfoot 0.9% Ranunculus reptans L. creeping spearwort 0.9% Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon slender arrowhead 2.8% 2.8% Scirpus sp. rush 1.9% Sparganium sp. burreed 2.8% 4.6% Typha latifolia L. cattail 0.9% Utricularia minor L. bladderwort 1.9% Utricularia resupinata B.D. Greene bladderwort 3.7% 0.9% Utricularia vulgaris great bladderwort 1.9% Vallisneria americana L. wild celery 1.9% 0.9% Zosterella dubia Jacq. water stargrass 4.7% 4.6%

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Figure 4. Distribution of aquatic plants in surveyed areas of Trout Lake.

In Trout Lake, 57% of whole lake survey points supported native species (Figures 4 & 5) and 89% of survey points within the littoral zone were vegetated in 2020, which is comparable to the 62% and 94% of survey points in 2016. The large number of survey points supporting native plants indicates that Trout Lake has a good base of ‘primary producers’ to support a healthy fishery. For survey points within the shallow margin of the littoral zone, depth less than 2 meters, native plants were present at 93% of survey points in 2020 and 97% of points in 2016.

Figure 5. Trout Lake frequency of occurrence summaries

100.0% 2016 2020 80.0%

60.0%

40.0%

20.0%

0.0%

lakewide < 7m < 2m

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Species richness results for the point intercept survey are presented in Table 3 and Figure 6. Whole lake species richness was 1.61 ± 0.20 species per survey point in 2020 and 1.98 ± 0.23 species per survey point in 2016. For survey points exclusively within the littoral zone (depths less than 7 meters) species richness was 2.60 ± 0.27 in 2020 and 3.12 ± 0.29 species per sample in 2016. In the shallow end of the littoral zone (depths less than 2 meters) species richness was 3.59 ± 0.47 and 4.69 ± 0.46 species per sample point in 2020 and 2016, respectively.

Table 3. Trout Lake species richness for the point intercept survey.

Plant Grouping Water Depth Class Statistic 2016 2020 All plant species Whole Lake Mean 1.98 1.61 (all depths) N 107 108 Std. Error 0.23 0.20 Points with Mean 3.12 2.60 depths <7m N 67 66 Std. Error 0.29 0.27 Points with Mean 4.69 3.59 depths <2m N 29 29 Std. Error 0.46 0.47

Figure 6. Trout Lake littoral zone species richness comparison. Error bars are standard error of the mean.

6

2016 2020 4

2 Number Number of Species 0 lakewide < 7m < 2m

As expected, species richness in the littoral zone and its shallow fringe was higher than whole lake species richness (Figure 6). In the deeper margin of the littoral zone, extending from 5 to 7 meters depth, macroalgae (Nitella sp.), were the only species present.

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Summary

The Darrin Fresh Water Institute (DFWI) conducted an aquatic plant assessment of Trout Lake, Warren County, New York in August of 2020. The assessment included a quantitative survey of existing aquatic plant communities and the extent of rare, threatened or endangered species (Young 2010). The Point-Intercept Rake Toss method recommended by the US Army Corps of Engineers and required by NYS DEC for Tier III Lakes was employed. The survey consisted of the collection of specimens throughout the lake for a compilation of species lists, and frequency and density data for all plant species present.

The aquatic plant community of Trout Lake included 29 submersed species, 4 floating-leaved species, 1 floating species and 9 emergent species for a total of 43 species. There were no invasive species reported for Trout Lake. A survey conducted by DFWI in 2016 (Eichler 2016) found 42 species and a similar survey in 2007 reported a total of 38 species. All surveys greatly exceed the 15 species typically reported for moderately productive lakes in New York and indicate good water quality and a variety of habitat types. None of the species reported are found on New York’s Rare plant status lists (Young 2010). Rooted aquatic plants (macrophytes) were present from the waters’ edge to a depth of 4.8 meters (16 feet) and macroalgae (Nitella sp.) occurred to a depth of 7 meters (23 feet) defining the littoral zone of Trout Lake.

Native species were quite abundant. In 2020, macroalga (Chara/Nitella) were the most common species (23% of survey points) followed by waterweed (Elodea canadensis) with 18% of survey points and water naiad (Najas flexilis) in 17% of points. Other common native species included Robbins pondweed (11% of survey points), water willow (11%), clasping-leaf pondweed (10%), red-head pondweed (7%), floating-leaf pondweed (6%), and large-leaf pondweed (6%). Results were similar to 2016, when macroalga (Chara/Nitella) were the most common species (29% of survey points) followed by water naiad (Najas flexilis) in 27% of points and waterweed (Elodea canadensis) with 22% of survey points. Other common native species included red-head pondweed (19% of survey points), Vaseys pondweed (12%), water willow (8%), floating-leaf pondweed (8%), and large-leaf pondweed (8%).

Lake-wide aquatic plants were found to occur in 57% of survey points, just slightly less than the 62% of all survey points reported in 2016. In depths less than 2 meters, 93% of survey points contained native plants, also down slightly from the 97% of survey points observed in 2016. The large number of points supporting native plant species suggests that Trout Lake has adequate plant cover to support a healthy warm-water fishery.

Whole lake species richness was 1.61 ± 0.20 in 2020, slightly less than the 1.97 ± 0.23 species per survey point for 2016. These results are comparable to other low elevation mesotrophic (moderately productive) lakes within our region.

One native species – water willow (Justicia americana), grows densely and could be classified

November 2020 Page 9 Report on Aquatic Vegetation of Trout Lake, New York as a nuisance. This emergent species rings the lake in shallow waters. The roots and underground runners form a dense mat on the lake bottom and the emergent stems extend a foot above the lake surface. A native pondweed has also shown a significant expansion in recent years but declined somewhat in 2020 from the peak observed in 2016. Redhead Pondweed (Potamogeton richardsonii) has been present in Trout Lake for many years, but always as a minor component of the aquatic plant population. Recent rapid expansion of Redhead Pondweed has observed in other regional lakes, including Hadlock Pond in Washington County and Loon Lake in Warren County. The extremely mild winters of 2011 – 2013 and again in 2015 may be responsible for the expansion of this species.

There are a number of exotic (non-native) plants and animals, which have spread into the area. Among them are aquatic plants such as Eurasian watermilfoil, Curly-leaf pondweed, and Waterchestnut; and exotic animals such as the zebra mussel, asian clam and spiny waterflea. Lake users should be aware of these species and guard against their introduction to Trout Lake. The best way to do this is careful cleaning of any boats, fishing tackle and accessories, which have been used in other regional lakes, prior to use on Trout Lake. The limited public access to Trout Lake simplifies this task. Brochures and posters are available through the NYS DEC to assist limiting th introduction of invasive species.

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References

Hellquist, C.B. 1993. Taxonomic considerations in aquatic vegetation assessments. Lake and Reserv. Manage. 7:175-183.

Crow, G.E. and C.B. Hellquist. 2000a. Aquatic and wetland plants of northeastern North America, Volume 1: pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms: dicotyledons. Univ. of Wisconsin Press. 480 pp.

Crow, G.E. and C.B. Hellquist. 2000b. Aquatic and wetland plants of northeastern North America, Volume 2: angiosperms: monocotyledons. Univ. of Wisconsin Press. 400 pp.

Madsen, J.D., J.W. Sutherland, J.A. Bloomfield, K.M. Roy, L.W. Eichler, and C.W. Boylen. 1989. Lake George aquatic plant survey final report. NYS Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY. 350pp.

Madsen, J.D., J.W. Sutherland, J.A. Bloomfield, L.W. Eichler, and C.W. Boylen. 1991. The decline of native vegetation under dense Eurasian watermilfoil canopies. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 29:94-99.

Madsen, J.D. 1993. Biomass techniques for monitoring and assessing control of aquatic vegetation. Lake and Reserv. Manage. 7:141-154.

Madsen, J.D. 1999. Point intercept and line intercept methods for aquatic plant management. US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Aquatic Plant Control Research Program Technical Note CC-02, Vicksburg, MS.

Mikol, G.F. and D.M. Polsinelli. 1985. New York State Lakes – Morphometric Atlas of Selected Lakes, Volume I – Region 5. Bureau of Water Research, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY. 81pp.

Young, S.M. 2010. NY Rare plant status lists June 2008. NYS Natural Heritage Program, NYSDEC, Latham, NY http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/Rare_Plant_Status_Lists_2010.pdf

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Mr. and Mrs. John D’Arco for their assistance in coordinating lake access and development of the current survey project. We also wish to thank Supervisor Ron Conover and the Town of Bolton for providing the financial resources to conduct the survey.

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Appendix A

Trout Lake Aquatic Plant Distribution Maps

Appendix A. Trout Lake Aquatic Plant Distribution Maps A-1 Report on Aquatic Vegetation of Trout Lake, New York

Appendix A. Trout Lake Aquatic Plant Distribution Maps A-2 Report on Aquatic Vegetation of Trout Lake, New York

Appendix A. Trout Lake Aquatic Plant Distribution Maps A-3 Report on Aquatic Vegetation of Trout Lake, New York

Appendix A. Trout Lake Aquatic Plant Distribution Maps A-4 Report on Aquatic Vegetation of Trout Lake, New York

Appendix A. Trout Lake Aquatic Plant Distribution Maps A-5 Report on Aquatic Vegetation of Trout Lake, New York

Appendix A. Trout Lake Aquatic Plant Distribution Maps A-6 Report on Aquatic Vegetation of Trout Lake, New York

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Appendix A. Trout Lake Aquatic Plant Distribution Maps A-10 Report on Aquatic Vegetation of Trout Lake, New York

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Appendix A. Trout Lake Aquatic Plant Distribution Maps A-15 Report on Aquatic Vegetation of Trout Lake, New York

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Appendix A. Trout Lake Aquatic Plant Distribution Maps A-20 Report on Aquatic Vegetation of Trout Lake, New York

Appendix A. Trout Lake Aquatic Plant Distribution Maps A-21 Report on Aquatic Vegetation of Trout Lake, New York

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Appendix A. Trout Lake Aquatic Plant Distribution Maps A-25 Report on Aquatic Vegetation of Trout Lake, New York

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Appendix A. Trout Lake Aquatic Plant Distribution Maps A-36