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A Further Fragment of Early Christian Sculpture from St Mary of the Rock, St Andrews, Fife Kenworthyb J *

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A Further Fragment of Early Christian Sculpture from St Mary of the Rock, St Andrews, Fife Kenworthyb J * Froc Soc Antiq Scot, 110, 1978-80, 356-63 A further fragment of early Christian sculpture from St Mary of the Rock, St Andrews, Fife KenworthyB J * When consolidation of the foundations of the Culdee church of St Mary of the Rock, St Andrews, Fifeundertakes wa , Anciene th y nb t Monuments Departmen e Ministrth f o t f yo Work n 1953i s fragmentaro tw , y cross-slabs were recovered fro e masonrmth W y N nea e th r corner. Anothe founs wa r d just outsid doorwaN e eth y intsanctuare oth y (Robertson 1956). This was the result of a careful watch kept during the work. Despite this, however, one small fragment appears to have escaped notice; it was used by the MOW masons as part of the rubble core of the N wall at the NW corner (fig 1). Although it was set face up beside the Ancient Monument notice t seemhavi o ,t t e sno bee n recognised until 1977, locates whewa Misy t ni db s Bogdan Q subsequentls O'SullivaN D wa r t I .M d nan y remove Cathedrae th o dt l Museum. E ROC T MARTH S KF YO EARLY CHRISTIAN STONES 1977' \ 1^1953 FI G1 Sketc h plan showing approximate findspot f Earlo s y Christian stones (partly after Walke d Hayan r - Fleming). Hay-Fleming's (1931) numbers are given where known for earlier finds, dates for later ones Departmen* Archaeologyf o t t Salvator'S , s College, Universit t AndrewS f yo s KENWORTHY: EARLY CHRISTIAN SCULPTURE7 FRO 35 ROCE MAR | T MTH S K F YO Despit s smaleit l size, this f piecconsiderablo s ei e interest s marginalli t I . y possible thae th t fragment was brought in from elsewhere by the MOW masons, but in all probability it was previously built into the fabric of the church. DESCRIPTION The fragment (fig 2 and pi 19) has a sub-triangular upper surface, and is slightly wedge- shaped in cross-section. It measures 290 mm in maximum length by 170 mm transversely, and thicm t m maximumk a 0 is10 carvee Th . d fac somewhas ei t eroded t despitbu , lose f someth s o e detail sculpture th , reasonabls ei y well preserved stone hara Th . s ei d yellow sandstone, similar thao t t use r othedfo r pieces fro Cathedrae mth l area. Althoug hlongese parth f o t e t sidth f eo piec bees eha n flaked away clearls i t i , originan ya l edge. This edg plais ei flattened d nan , lying slightla t a y acute facee edge-anglangle th Th .o et roundeds ei theredge-mouldingd o n an ,s ei . 0 100 1________i________I mm FI G2 Sculptural fragment fro Rocke t MarmS th f t Andrewyo S , s (Scale 1/3) The two other edges are both ancient breaks, while the rough back shows both ancient and more modern flaking piece Th . e thickens slightl section yi n away fro originae mth l side. high m showd m an carvin,e 5 stylisea sTh relief n o i t s gp i u ,d animal head, apparently withou r lappeo r ea t (despit proximite eth breake th heae curve f th yo th preserved, s d i f eo , and seems to be unbroken), and a sinuous ribbon body in flattened relief which bears two marginal grooves ('outlining'). The head and body seem to belong to the same beast, The head looks back, and between the jaws is the tip of a 'tail'. This passes under the body, loops, and then passes back over the body. There are signs that the tail originally bore a medial groove, now much weathered qualite executioe Th .th f y o relie edgee e sharp-cutgoodth e s th n i f ar fd so an , . DISCUSSION Despit e apparentleth y local nature stoneth f o e, this piece stands apart fro l othemal r pieces of early Christian sculpture from St Andrews in most respects. It is clearly unrelated to any of the pieces previously recovered from the fabric of St Mary of the Rock. These include three th ed cross-slaban , Hay-Fleming'59 d an s 2 foun 4 , ?37 , 14 1953n 40 di ,, s7 , (1931.6 s )no 358 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1978-80 Known findspot show e 1g .ar s fi Find n i s included part free-standina f so g cross f whico , e hth shaft lay in front of the altar, a recumbent slab, and several typical St Andrews 'compass-and-rule Andrewt slabs'S e th . l Evesal stonef ni consideree sar d- slab-and-pane l shrines, free-standing crosses, recumbent slabs and grave-makers as well as the cross slabs (Hay-Fleming 1931, 1-52; Robertson fragmen1956e th - ) t remains without parallel l possesAl . s some for marginaf mo l moulding, which this piece lacks. Of the pieces with animal ornament, the slab shrines (nos 1, ribboe th n lac2 i n 3 t k fragmentstyled d no outliningan an e ) , ar A havin 29 d 244 s8& an , ga greater rounding of contour. Only the free-standing cross-shaft no 19 (found in the E wall of the Cathedral) has some similarity. Its left hand side bears a flattened, sinuous, but not outlined, ribbon-like 'body', probably vegetable, the hoops of the body leaving spaces filled by discs of interlace derived from vine-scrolls. Plain crosses with outlining occur at St Andrews on some twenty-four compass-and-rul recumbeno tw en o slabs d t an ,slab s (no , 47)t thes43 sbu e : ar e not a close parallel for the St Mary's fragment. Because of the singularity of our piece, the type of monumen t conieti st immediatel frono ms i y apparent edg n lace a f :th ek o moulding doet sno help in this respect, although occasionally elsewhere cross-slabs and recumbent slabs lack this feature. In suggesting a background for the fragment, the form of the animal and the use of outlining must be considered. The first step must be to put these into their Pictish context, before turning to related art elsewhere to see what help it can give us. 'Outlining'. Although the use of the double margin, here referred .to as 'outlining', is frequent metalworn o manuscrip n i Hiberno-Saxoe d th f kan o t ar t n styl centurh es 7t it fro , e myth on occurrence in sculpture is more restricted. Leaving aside the beasts on the Elgin, Morayshire, slab with their metalwork-derived pellet-infilled bodies and southern affinities (Alien 1903 III, 134) groupo tw , distinguished e f stoneb s o y sma : Early series. To this group belong the Papil stone (Alien 1903 III, 11) with its manuscript- related 'lion' Vigeant ,S (ths7 e bull being pole-axed) (Alien 1903 III 278)g ,fi , Meigl Perthshir, e5 e and Strathmartine 6, Angus (Alien 1903 III, 300-301; 233-34) (where the Pictish beast occurs with double outline), while the Class II slab from Rossie Priory, Perthshire has outlining on bot Crescent-and-V-Roe hth Pictisd dan h beast symbols othes beard it an ,n rso face an animal whic t hwili arguee b l ancestraAndrewt s di S e th o st l animal (Alien 1903 III, 307) ? . This animal occurs, with outlining, on the recumbent slab from St Vigeans, Angus (no 14) (Cruden 1964, pi 51). These may all belong to the 8th and 9th centuries, and could be seen as relating to coloured borders in manuscript art. The chronological position of the fragment from Rosemarkie, Ross, no 3 (Alien 1903 III, 87), again with an animal ancestral to ours, not outlined, but with an apparently outlined human-headed animafelina d ean l with outlined jawthroatd an s less i , s certain onle y.Th Clas slaI sI havbo t outlinen ea d anima stylisef lo d (again manuscript-derived?) fragmene forth froms 5 i o mn t Strathmartine, Angus (Alien 1903 III247A)g fi , . e Hereth o t , cross-shafe righth f o t back-bitina s i t g beast, with outlined nec bodyd kan . Thie s b beasy ma t related to that above the left-hand arm of the cross on Meigle 5. Later series. Outlinin alsgs i o foun anothen do r grou monumentsf po . Outlined back-biting beast base foune th panelf sar e o t da interlacf s o right-han e th n eo d free e sidbacd th -ef an k o standing cross Monifieth 4, Angus (Alien 1903 III, fig 275). The front of this monument bears groua fouf po r full-frontal ecclesiastics thred an ,thesf eo eslae recuth b n froo r m Invergowrie, Angus (no 1). Below the figures here is a pair of crossed beasts, partly outlined (Alien 1903 III, fig 266). On the other face of the slab is a cross which Stevenson (1955, 126) noted was close to the St Andrews compass-and-rule type. The peculiar form of infill used on the beasts here recurs on two pairs of twined felines on the cross-slab from Benvie, Angus (Alien 1903 III, fig 260), KENWORTHY: EARLY CHRISTIAN SCULPTUR9 E 35 ROCFROE MAR| T MKTH S F YO and between them, in the panel of the cross-shaft, is an interlaced tail-biting lacertine with an outlined body, which will appear again later. Simple outlined plait e slaoccurth b n froo s m Farnell, Angus (Alien 1903 III, 219-20), and in a flattened form similar in execution to the St Mary's lat e stonth e n cross-slaeo b from Ardchattan, Argyll (Alien 1903 III, 378).
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