Envisioning the Culture, Politics and Space of the DMZ Architecture As a Visionary Beacon
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Long-Term Land Cover Changes in the Western Part of the Korean Demilitarized Zone
land Article Long-Term Land Cover Changes in the Western Part of the Korean Demilitarized Zone Jae Hyun Kim 1,2,3 , Shinyeong Park 2, Seung Ho Kim 2 and Eun Ju Lee 3,* 1 Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; [email protected] 2 DMZ Ecology Research Institute, Paju 10881, Korea; [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (S.H.K.) 3 School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: After the Korean War, human access to the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) was highly restricted. However, limited agricultural activity was allowed in the Civilian Control Zone (CCZ) surrounding the DMZ. In this study, land cover and vegetation changes in the western DMZ and CCZ from 1919 to 2017 were investigated. Coniferous forests were nearly completely destroyed during the war and were then converted to deciduous forests by ecological succession. Plains in the DMZ and CCZ areas showed different patterns of land cover changes. In the DMZ, pre-war rice paddies were gradually transformed into grasslands. These grasslands have not returned to forest, and this may be explained by wildfires set for military purposes or hydrological fluctuations in floodplains. Grasslands near the floodplains in the DMZ are highly valued for conservation as a rare land type. Most grasslands in the CCZ were converted back to rice paddies, consistent with their previous use. After the 1990s, ginseng cultivation in the CCZ increased. In addition, the landscape changes in the Korean DMZ and CCZ were affected by political circumstances between South and North Citation: Kim, J.H.; Park, S.; Kim, Korea. -
Record of North Korea's Major Conventional Provocations Since
May 25, 2010 Record of North Korea’s Major Conventional Provocations since 1960s Complied by the Office of the Korea Chair, CSIS Please note that the conventional provocations we listed herein only include major armed conflicts, military/espionage incursions, border infractions, acts of terrorism including sabotage bombings and political assassinations since the 1960s that resulted in casualties in order to analyze the significance of the attack on the Cheonan and loss of military personnel. This list excludes any North Korean verbal threats and instigation, kidnapping as well as the country’s missile launches and nuclear tests. January 21, 1968 Blue House Raid A North Korean armed guerrilla unit crossed the Demilitarized Zone into South Korea and, in disguise of South Korean military and civilians, attempted to infiltrate the Blue House to assassinate South Korean President Park Chung-hee. The assassination attempt was foiled, and in the process of pursuing commandos escaping back to North Korea, a significant number of South Korean police and soldiers were killed and wounded, allegedly as many as 68 and 66, respectively. Six American casualties were also reported. ROK Response: All 31 North Korean infiltrators were hunted down and killed except Kim Shin-Jo. After the raid, South Korea swiftly moved to strengthen the national defense by establishing the ROK Reserve Forces and defense industry and installing iron fencing along the military demarcation line. January 23, 1968 USS Pueblo Seizure The U.S. navy intelligence ship Pueblo on its mission near the coast of North Korea was captured in international waters by North Korea. Out of 83 crewmen, one died and 82 men were held prisoners for 11 months. -
Na Leo O Na Koa (Voices of Warriors) Newsletter of the Hawaii Aloha Chapter, Affiliate of the Military Officers Association of America COL Marvin J
Na Leo O Na Koa (Voices of Warriors) Newsletter of the Hawaii Aloha Chapter, Affiliate of the Military Officers Association of America COL Marvin J. Harris 4-Star Communications Award for Printed Newsletters — 2015 Chartered July 23, 1959 Volume No. 3, Issue No. 1 http://www.moaa-hawaii.org January 2017 Chapter Christmas Party Hawaii Veterans Goodwill Fifty Hawaii Aloha Chapter, MOAA, Delegation 7 Trip to China members and guests assembled late Sat- urday afternoon, 3 December, at the Sun- History set Lanai, Camp H. M. Smith for their In 2007 COL Wesley Fong, USA, Ret., was annual Christmas dinner and party. This asked by the China Association for Interna- Marine club was beautifully decorated for tional Friendly Contact (CAIFC), a Chinese Wesley Fong Christmas and the scenery overlooking NGO (non government organization), as a Pearl Harbor at sunset was spectacular. past president and retired U. S. Army Colonel, to invite retired general and flag officers to China to promote friendship and The tables were also beautifully deco- understanding between China and the U.S. and its militaries rated by Shirley Fujiwara, Mimi Torre- with all expenses paid in China. The Chinese Chamber of ano, Marion Von and Helene Webster. Commerce of Hawaii has helped to coordinate this CAIFC- Two large boxes decorated by Jane hosted program since its inception in 2007. It has been so Kekoa were filled with unwrapped toys successful that we have now have had seven delegations. for the Marines’ Toys For Tots program. After this seventh trip last November, Wes has taken 23 retired generals and admirals from all branches of the military service, Virtually including the Coast Guard, to China at the invitation of the e v e r y o n e CAIFC. -
Special Report No
SPECIAL REPORT NO. 490 | FEBRUARY 2021 UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE w w w .usip.org North Korea in Africa: Historical Solidarity, China’s Role, and Sanctions Evasion By Benjamin R. Young Contents Introduction ...................................3 Historical Solidarity ......................4 The Role of China in North Korea’s Africa Policy .........7 Mutually Beneficial Relations and Shared Anti-Imperialism..... 10 Policy Recommendations .......... 13 The Unknown Soldier statue, constructed by North Korea, at the Heroes’ Acre memorial near Windhoek, Namibia. (Photo by Oliver Gerhard/Shutterstock) Summary • North Korea’s Africa policy is based African arms trade, construction of owing to African governments’ lax on historical linkages and mutually munitions factories, and illicit traf- sanctions enforcement and the beneficial relationships with African ficking of rhino horns and ivory. Kim family regime’s need for hard countries. Historical solidarity re- • China has been complicit in North currency. volving around anticolonialism and Korea’s illicit activities in Africa, es- • To curtail North Korea’s illicit activ- national self-reliance is an under- pecially in the construction and de- ity in Africa, Western governments emphasized facet of North Korea– velopment of Uganda’s largest arms should take into account the histor- Africa partnerships. manufacturer and in allowing the il- ical solidarity between North Korea • As a result, many African countries legal trade of ivory and rhino horns and Africa, work closely with the Af- continue to have close ties with to pass through Chinese networks. rican Union, seek cooperation with Pyongyang despite United Nations • For its part, North Korea looks to China, and undercut North Korean sanctions on North Korea. -
Korea-Taiwan 2019
MEMORANDUM TO: National Officers, National Council of Administration, Department Commanders, Department Senior Vice Commanders, Department Junior Vice Commanders, Department Adjutants, and Past Commanders-in-Chief FROM: B.J. Lawrence, Commander-in-Chief DATE: July 9, 2019 RE: 2019 Trip Report to Guam, Philippines, Taiwan and Korea Overview I departed for the Indo-Pacific on April 12, 2019, to visit U.S. service members, veterans and VFW comrades stationed or residing in Guam, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, as well as our colleagues in the Republic of China on Taiwan. I was accompanied by VFW Director of National Security and Foreign Affairs John Towles. We returned to CONUS April 28, 2019. As a former soldier who spent the majority of my service on the Korean peninsula, I have remained acutely aware of the current geopolitical situation in the region and the impact it has had on everything from the basing of U.S. troops to the continued search for more than 7,700 Americans who remain missing and unaccounted-for from the Korean War and the Cold War. Some 5,300 of our missing are believed to be inside the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. As a result, I felt it was imperative to personally visit some of the primary military installations in the country, to include Camp Humphries, the Joint Security Area, the United Nations Command Korea Headquarters, and to speak directly to service members who are protecting the sovereignty of our allies and U.S. interests. Doing so also allowed me to gain an appreciation for what areas that we as an organization need to focus on in terms of defense spending, quality of life, and readiness issues. -
Security Council Distr
UNITED NATIONS S Security Council Distr. GENERAL S/25031 15 June 1993 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH LETTER DATED 15 JUNE 1993 FROM THE PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE UNITED NATIONS ADDRESSED TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL On behalf of the Unified Command established pursuant to Security Council resolution 84 (1950) of 7 July 1950, I have the honour to submit a report of the United Nations Command (UNC) concerning the maintenance of the Armistice Agreement of 1953. The enclosed report describes UNC missions, outlines the Korean Armistice mechanism, and updates the last report submitted to the United Nations Security Council on 15 June 1992. I request that this letter, together with the enclosed report of the United Nations Command, be circulated as a document of the Security Council. (Signed) Madeleine K. ALBRIGHT Permanent Representative 93-46812 (E) 300893 /... S/25031 English Page 2 Annex REPORT OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS COMMAND, 1992 I. UNITED NATIONS COMMAND AND ITS MISSION 1. United Nations Security Council resolution 84 (1950) of 7 July 1950 determined that the armed attack upon the Republic of Korea (ROK) by forces from North Korea constituted a breach of the peace; recommended that Members of the United Nations furnish such assistance to the ROK as may be necessary to repel the armed attack and to restore international peace and security in the region; and called for United Nations Member States to make military forces and other assistance available to a unified command under the United States for operations against North Korean armed aggression. -
Mar 1968 - North Korean Seizure of U.S.S
Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume 14, March, 1968 United States, Korea, Korean, Page 22585 © 1931-2006 Keesing's Worldwide, LLC - All Rights Reserved. Mar 1968 - North Korean Seizure of U.S.S. “Pueblo.” - Panmunjom Meetings of U.S. and North Korean Military Representatives. Increase in North Korean Attacks in Demilitarized Zone. - North Korean Commando Raid on Seoul. A serious international incident occurred in the Far East during the night of Jan. 22–23 when four North Korean patrol boats captured the 906-ton intelligence ship Pueblo, of the U.S. Navy, with a crew of 83 officers and men, and took her into the North Korean port of Wonsan. According to the U.S. Defence Department, the Pueblo was in international waters at the time of the seizure and outside the 12-mile limit claimed by North Korea. A broadcast from Pyongyang (the North Korean capital), however, claimed that the Pueblo–described as “an armed spy boat of the U.S. imperialist aggressor force” –had been captured with her entire crew in North Korean waters, where she had been “carrying out hostile activities.” The Pentagon statement said that the Pueblo “a Navy intelligence-collection auxiliary ship,” had been approached at approximately 10 p.m. on Jan. 22 by a North Korean patrol vessel which had asked her to identify herself. On replying that she was a U.S. vessel, the patrol boat had ordered her to heave to and had threatened to open fire if she did not, to which the Pueblo replied that she was in international waters. -
Everyday Life
Everyday Life The North Korean people live under a strict communist regime. They have no say in how their country is managed. The central government controls nearly every aspect of life in the country. Most jobs don’t have salaries. Food and clothing are mostly provided by the government. People who do have a job with a paycheck earn around $1,500 per year. The majority of North Korean people are very poor. They don’t have things like washing machines, fridges, or even bicycles. Practicing a religion is not allowed as the state sees it as a threat. Instead, children are raised to worship Kim Il Sung, “the President for life”. There are over 34,000 statues of Kim Il Sung in North Korea, and all wedding ceremonies must take place in front of one. Portraits of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il can be found pretty much everywhere. All citizens must hang these portraits, which are provided by the government. Once a month, the police come over and check whether the portraits are still hanging and properly taken care of. Electricity is very unreliable in the country; most homes only have electricity a few hours per day. When buildings on one side of the street are blacked out, the other side gets electricity. When this situation occurs, there is a mad rush of children who run to their friends’ apartments on the other side. Internet is only available to the elite in North Korea. Even cellphones are extremely rare. Only people who are trusted by the government can buy a cell phone, but they must pay a registration fee of $825. -
Tunnel Vision. a TRIP to the KOREAN DEMILITARIZED ZONE
Tunnel vision. A TRIP TO THE KOREAN DEMILITARIZED ZONE 10/2015 www.csm.org.pl There are many ways to develop an eye disease called tunnel vision. It can be obtained through a glaucoma, blood loss, sleep deprivation, in times of extreme Rafał Tomański distress and fear or even during the worst parts of Journalist, expert in field of Far migraine attack. When combined with conducting a East affairs and CIR's co-worker. His first published book about vehicle or operating heavy machinery, the Japan ("Tatami versus chairs") earned status of bestseller. The consequences can be fatal. Let's then try to imagine a second, "Made in Japan", was place where the loss of peripheral vision with retention awarded Internet bloggers' reward. On a daily basis he of its central part, resulting in a constricted circular writes for "Rzeczpospolita" and publishes comments on current tunnel-like field of vision (as properly described by an affairs in Asia. ophthalmologist) is the only way to observe the reality. TUNNEL VISION. A TRIP TO THE KOREAN DEMILITARIZED ZONE | Rafał Tomański 2 It is called DMZ. Again it sounds medically, important voting over Resolution 83 re- but this time it's a military acronym which commending member states provide mili- stands for Demilitarized Zone. About 250 tary assistance to the Republic of Korea. km long and 4 km wide DMZ is a de facto Instead of placing its veto the Soviets pre- border between two Koreas. Cuts the Ko- ferred to boycott the UNSC meetings pro- rean Peninsula circling around the main line testing that the Republic of China (Taiwan), of 38th parallel. -
Willow House Times
Willow House Times Issue 38 Cuyahoga Heights Historical Committee November 2015 Village Soldiers - Korean Conflict Inside this issue: Willow House Times 1 Village Soldiers - 1 Korean Conflict Korean Conflict Timeline 2 Pictured above: Lidio M. Angiocchi; Robert T. Angiocchi & Carl Casavecchia We have no pictures of Victor Duber & Dean T. James who were also in the Korean Conflict Timeline 3 service. There may be others that we have no information on that served during the Korean Conflict. The committee would appreciate information & pictures of any Did You Know? 4 village soldiers for our Kennedy House display & the village archives. Historical Committee 4 Meetings 4 Cuyahoga Heights Historical Archives Kennedy House 4651 E 71st Street Home of Historical Committee & Korean War Memorial - Washington D.C. Boy Scouts The 19 stainless steel statues were sculpted by Frank Gaylord of Barre, VT and cast by Tallix Foundries of Beacon, NY. They are approximately seven feet tall and represent Caucasian, Afro-American, Hispanic, Native American & Asian-Americans, a cross section of America. The advance party has 14 Army, 3 Marine, 1 Navy and 1 Air Force members. The statues stand in patches of Juniper bushes and are separated by polished granite strips, which give a semblance of order and symbolize the rice paddies of Korea. The troops wear ponchos covering their weapons and equipment. The ponchos seem to blow in the cold winds of Korea. PAGE 2 WILLOW HOUSE TIMES Korean Conflict Timeline 1894-1895: Sino-Japanese War February 1904: Russo-Japanese War begins September 1905: Treaty of Portsmouth (ends Russo-Japanese War) 1905: Japan makes Korea a protectorate 1910: Japan makes Korea a formal colony. -
January 25, 1978 Letter, James F
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified January 25, 1978 Letter, James F. Leonard to Leslie O. Harriman containing "Report on the Activities of the United Nations Command (UNC) (December 21, 1976 - December 16, 1977)" Citation: “Letter, James F. Leonard to Leslie O. Harriman containing "Report on the Activities of the United Nations Command (UNC) (December 21, 1976 - December 16, 1977)",” January 25, 1978, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, "International Incidents and Disputes - KOREA - PO 240 KOREA Part 5 1973-1978," S-0442 (RAG-3/7 PO) - Political and Security matters 1955-1983, S-0442- 0356-05, United Nations Archives and Records Management Section (UN ARMS), New York, NY. Obtained for NKIDP by Charles Kraus. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/117529 Summary: James F. Leonard sends a report of the United Nations Commance concerning the maintenance of the Armistice Agreement. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the Leon Levy Foundation and Kyungnam University. Original Language: English Contents: Scan of Original Document - THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERI CA TO THE UNITED NATIONS January 25, 1978 His Excellency rl Mr. Leslie 0. Harriman President of the Security council fo 2t.f rJ ~<J- (5-~.-?J The United Nations Dear Mr. President: On behalf of the Unified Command established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 84 of July 7, 1950, I have the honor to submit a report of the United Nations Command concerning the maintenance of the Armistice Agreement of 1953 during the period December 21, 1976 through December 16, 1977 . I request that this letter, together with the enclosed report of the United Nations Command, be circulated as an official document of the Security Council. -
Delegation for Relations with the Korean Peninsula
Delegation for relations with the Korean Peninsula 19th EU-Republic of Korea Interparliamentary Meeting Seoul, 17-19 June 2015 PROGRAMME Monday 15 June 2015 Individual departures from Europe Tuesday 16 June 2015 IndividualHotel arrivals The Plazain Seoul at Incheon Airport International Airport Received119, by SogongNational-Ro, Assembly Jung-Gu, Seoul and EU Delegation staff and transfer to Tel. +82-2-771-2200 Fax. +82-2-755-8897 Wednesday 17 June 2015 07.30-09.00 Breakfast meeting on North Korean human rights issues Private Room, 7 Square restaurant, 2nd Floor, Plaza Hotel 119 Sogong-ro Jong-gu, Seoul 09.1509.00 -10.00 MeetingDepart Plaza with Hotel the His for Excellency,Central Government HONG Yong Complex-pyo, Minister of Unification Seoul Central Government Complex, 55 Sejong-no, Jongno-gu. Seoul, Korea 110-760, Tel. +82 2 2100 5756 10.5010.05 -11.30 MeetingDepart Central with Mr Government KIM Moo -Complexsung, the leader of the ruling Saenuri Party 1 Uisadang-daero Yeongdeungpo-gu Seoul, 150-701 Korea Tel. +82-2 788-2368 11.30-12.00 Meeting with Mr MOON Jae-in, the leader of the main opposition party, NPAD 1 Uisadang-daero Yeongdeungpo-gu Seoul, 150-701 Korea, Tel. +82-2 788-2368 1 12.00-13.30 Luncheon hosted by Representative Lee Mi-kyoung on behalf of His Excellency CHUNG Ui-hwa, Speaker of the National Assembly 1 Uisadang-daero Yeongdeungpo-gu Seoul, 150-701 Korea Tel. +82-2 788-2368 13.30-14.00 Tour of the National Assembly Plenary Chamber 14.00-16.00 Inter-parliamentary meeting 1 Uisadang-daero Yeongdeungpo-gu Seoul, 150-701 Korea 16.00-17.00 Meeting with Representative NA Kyung-won, Chair of the Foreign Affairs Committee 1 Uisadang-daero Yeongdeungpo-gu Seoul, 150-701 Korea, Tel +82-2 788-2368 17.00 Depart National Assembly for Jingwansa temple in the constituency of Representative 18.00-20.30 TourLee Mi of-kyoung, temple Chair and private of the Korea dinner-EU hosted Inter-Parliamentary by Represen tativeCouncil Lee Mi-kyung 73, Jingwan-gil, Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul, Tel.