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Long-Term Land Cover Changes in the Western Part of the Korean Demilitarized Zone
land Article Long-Term Land Cover Changes in the Western Part of the Korean Demilitarized Zone Jae Hyun Kim 1,2,3 , Shinyeong Park 2, Seung Ho Kim 2 and Eun Ju Lee 3,* 1 Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; [email protected] 2 DMZ Ecology Research Institute, Paju 10881, Korea; [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (S.H.K.) 3 School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: After the Korean War, human access to the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) was highly restricted. However, limited agricultural activity was allowed in the Civilian Control Zone (CCZ) surrounding the DMZ. In this study, land cover and vegetation changes in the western DMZ and CCZ from 1919 to 2017 were investigated. Coniferous forests were nearly completely destroyed during the war and were then converted to deciduous forests by ecological succession. Plains in the DMZ and CCZ areas showed different patterns of land cover changes. In the DMZ, pre-war rice paddies were gradually transformed into grasslands. These grasslands have not returned to forest, and this may be explained by wildfires set for military purposes or hydrological fluctuations in floodplains. Grasslands near the floodplains in the DMZ are highly valued for conservation as a rare land type. Most grasslands in the CCZ were converted back to rice paddies, consistent with their previous use. After the 1990s, ginseng cultivation in the CCZ increased. In addition, the landscape changes in the Korean DMZ and CCZ were affected by political circumstances between South and North Citation: Kim, J.H.; Park, S.; Kim, Korea. -
Na Leo O Na Koa (Voices of Warriors) Newsletter of the Hawaii Aloha Chapter, Affiliate of the Military Officers Association of America COL Marvin J
Na Leo O Na Koa (Voices of Warriors) Newsletter of the Hawaii Aloha Chapter, Affiliate of the Military Officers Association of America COL Marvin J. Harris 4-Star Communications Award for Printed Newsletters — 2015 Chartered July 23, 1959 Volume No. 3, Issue No. 1 http://www.moaa-hawaii.org January 2017 Chapter Christmas Party Hawaii Veterans Goodwill Fifty Hawaii Aloha Chapter, MOAA, Delegation 7 Trip to China members and guests assembled late Sat- urday afternoon, 3 December, at the Sun- History set Lanai, Camp H. M. Smith for their In 2007 COL Wesley Fong, USA, Ret., was annual Christmas dinner and party. This asked by the China Association for Interna- Marine club was beautifully decorated for tional Friendly Contact (CAIFC), a Chinese Wesley Fong Christmas and the scenery overlooking NGO (non government organization), as a Pearl Harbor at sunset was spectacular. past president and retired U. S. Army Colonel, to invite retired general and flag officers to China to promote friendship and The tables were also beautifully deco- understanding between China and the U.S. and its militaries rated by Shirley Fujiwara, Mimi Torre- with all expenses paid in China. The Chinese Chamber of ano, Marion Von and Helene Webster. Commerce of Hawaii has helped to coordinate this CAIFC- Two large boxes decorated by Jane hosted program since its inception in 2007. It has been so Kekoa were filled with unwrapped toys successful that we have now have had seven delegations. for the Marines’ Toys For Tots program. After this seventh trip last November, Wes has taken 23 retired generals and admirals from all branches of the military service, Virtually including the Coast Guard, to China at the invitation of the e v e r y o n e CAIFC. -
Special Report No
SPECIAL REPORT NO. 490 | FEBRUARY 2021 UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE w w w .usip.org North Korea in Africa: Historical Solidarity, China’s Role, and Sanctions Evasion By Benjamin R. Young Contents Introduction ...................................3 Historical Solidarity ......................4 The Role of China in North Korea’s Africa Policy .........7 Mutually Beneficial Relations and Shared Anti-Imperialism..... 10 Policy Recommendations .......... 13 The Unknown Soldier statue, constructed by North Korea, at the Heroes’ Acre memorial near Windhoek, Namibia. (Photo by Oliver Gerhard/Shutterstock) Summary • North Korea’s Africa policy is based African arms trade, construction of owing to African governments’ lax on historical linkages and mutually munitions factories, and illicit traf- sanctions enforcement and the beneficial relationships with African ficking of rhino horns and ivory. Kim family regime’s need for hard countries. Historical solidarity re- • China has been complicit in North currency. volving around anticolonialism and Korea’s illicit activities in Africa, es- • To curtail North Korea’s illicit activ- national self-reliance is an under- pecially in the construction and de- ity in Africa, Western governments emphasized facet of North Korea– velopment of Uganda’s largest arms should take into account the histor- Africa partnerships. manufacturer and in allowing the il- ical solidarity between North Korea • As a result, many African countries legal trade of ivory and rhino horns and Africa, work closely with the Af- continue to have close ties with to pass through Chinese networks. rican Union, seek cooperation with Pyongyang despite United Nations • For its part, North Korea looks to China, and undercut North Korean sanctions on North Korea. -
1 in the UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT for the WESTERN DISTRICT of TEXAS SAN ANTONIO DIVISION JOHN A. PATTERSON, Et Al., ) ) Plai
Case 5:17-cv-00467-XR Document 63-3 Filed 04/22/19 Page 1 of 132 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS SAN ANTONIO DIVISION JOHN A. PATTERSON, et al., ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) v. ) No. 5:17-CV-00467 ) DEFENSE POW/MIA ACCOUNTING ) AGENCY, et al., ) ) Defendants. ) THIRD DECLARATION OF GREGORY J. KUPSKY I, Dr. Gregory J. Kupsky, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1746, declare as follows: 1. I am currently a historian in the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency’s (DPAA) Indo-Pacific Directorate, and have served in that position since January 2017. Among other things, I am responsible for coordinating Directorate manning and case file preparation for Family Update conferences, and I am the lead historian for all research and casework on missing servicemembers from the Philippines. I also conduct archival research in the Washington, D.C. area to support DPAA’s Hawaii-based operations. 2. The statements contained in this declaration are based on my personal knowledge and DPAA records and information made available to me in my official capacity. Qualifications 3. I have been employed by DPAA or one of its predecessor organizations, the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command (JPAC), since May 2011. I served as a historian for JPAC from May 2011 to July 2014, and was the research lead for the Philippines, making numerous 1 Case 5:17-cv-00467-XR Document 63-3 Filed 04/22/19 Page 2 of 132 trips to the Philippines to coordinate with government officials, conduct research and witness interviews, and survey possible burial and aircraft crash sites, along with investigations and trips to other countries. -
Security Council Distr
UNITED NATIONS S Security Council Distr. GENERAL S/25031 15 June 1993 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH LETTER DATED 15 JUNE 1993 FROM THE PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE UNITED NATIONS ADDRESSED TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL On behalf of the Unified Command established pursuant to Security Council resolution 84 (1950) of 7 July 1950, I have the honour to submit a report of the United Nations Command (UNC) concerning the maintenance of the Armistice Agreement of 1953. The enclosed report describes UNC missions, outlines the Korean Armistice mechanism, and updates the last report submitted to the United Nations Security Council on 15 June 1992. I request that this letter, together with the enclosed report of the United Nations Command, be circulated as a document of the Security Council. (Signed) Madeleine K. ALBRIGHT Permanent Representative 93-46812 (E) 300893 /... S/25031 English Page 2 Annex REPORT OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS COMMAND, 1992 I. UNITED NATIONS COMMAND AND ITS MISSION 1. United Nations Security Council resolution 84 (1950) of 7 July 1950 determined that the armed attack upon the Republic of Korea (ROK) by forces from North Korea constituted a breach of the peace; recommended that Members of the United Nations furnish such assistance to the ROK as may be necessary to repel the armed attack and to restore international peace and security in the region; and called for United Nations Member States to make military forces and other assistance available to a unified command under the United States for operations against North Korean armed aggression. -
Everyday Life
Everyday Life The North Korean people live under a strict communist regime. They have no say in how their country is managed. The central government controls nearly every aspect of life in the country. Most jobs don’t have salaries. Food and clothing are mostly provided by the government. People who do have a job with a paycheck earn around $1,500 per year. The majority of North Korean people are very poor. They don’t have things like washing machines, fridges, or even bicycles. Practicing a religion is not allowed as the state sees it as a threat. Instead, children are raised to worship Kim Il Sung, “the President for life”. There are over 34,000 statues of Kim Il Sung in North Korea, and all wedding ceremonies must take place in front of one. Portraits of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il can be found pretty much everywhere. All citizens must hang these portraits, which are provided by the government. Once a month, the police come over and check whether the portraits are still hanging and properly taken care of. Electricity is very unreliable in the country; most homes only have electricity a few hours per day. When buildings on one side of the street are blacked out, the other side gets electricity. When this situation occurs, there is a mad rush of children who run to their friends’ apartments on the other side. Internet is only available to the elite in North Korea. Even cellphones are extremely rare. Only people who are trusted by the government can buy a cell phone, but they must pay a registration fee of $825. -
MAY 2015 FREE “Fight for Our Vets!”
A non-profit official publication the Department of the Pacific Areas, Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States Volume XVIII – Number 10 MAY 2015 FREE “Fight for our Vets!” Typhoon / Around the Pacific Table of Contents 2014-2015 Department of Pacific Areas Convention Section: Page: and Department Officer’s Comments 2 Grand of Pacific Areas Scratch Commander 2 Senior Vice Commander 3 14-18 June 2015 Angeles City, Philippines Junior Vice Commander 6 Reservation deadline 01 June 2015 Junior Past Department Commander 7 Chief of Staff 7 http://vfwdeptpacific.org/CONVENTION/ Adjutant 8 Quartermaster 8 Judge Advocate 11 Department Committee Reports 13 Americanism Chairman 13 Clark Cemetery Committee Chairman 14 Convention Chairman 16 Convention Book Chairman 16 Legislative Committee Chairman 17 Legacy Life Membership Chairman 18 Life Membership Chairman 19 National Home for Children Chairman 20 The VFW Department of Pacific Areas and Grand of Pacific Areas POW-MIA Chairman 22 Council of Administration will be held at the Oasis Hotel, Angeles City, Public Servant Award Chairman 24 Philippines. VOD / PP / Teachers Award Chairman 25 Safety Chairman 26 Assistant Department Service Officer 28 Hope to see you there! Editor 28 Around the Pacific - Community Report 29 --------------------------------------------------------------- VFW Pacific Areas General Announcements 42 Cootie Corner Announcements 45 Pacific Areas Photo of the Edition 46 Pacific Areas Joke of the Edition 47 Letters of Intent 47 49th Convention Rules of Order 51 VFW Department of Pacific Areas Page 1 Volume XVIII - Number 10 TYPHOON / AROUND THE PACIFIC May 2015 DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt OOffffiicceerr’’ss CCoommmmeennttss From the Commander: Warmest regards to all my exceptional comrades within the Department of Pacific Areas. -
Tunnel Vision. a TRIP to the KOREAN DEMILITARIZED ZONE
Tunnel vision. A TRIP TO THE KOREAN DEMILITARIZED ZONE 10/2015 www.csm.org.pl There are many ways to develop an eye disease called tunnel vision. It can be obtained through a glaucoma, blood loss, sleep deprivation, in times of extreme Rafał Tomański distress and fear or even during the worst parts of Journalist, expert in field of Far migraine attack. When combined with conducting a East affairs and CIR's co-worker. His first published book about vehicle or operating heavy machinery, the Japan ("Tatami versus chairs") earned status of bestseller. The consequences can be fatal. Let's then try to imagine a second, "Made in Japan", was place where the loss of peripheral vision with retention awarded Internet bloggers' reward. On a daily basis he of its central part, resulting in a constricted circular writes for "Rzeczpospolita" and publishes comments on current tunnel-like field of vision (as properly described by an affairs in Asia. ophthalmologist) is the only way to observe the reality. TUNNEL VISION. A TRIP TO THE KOREAN DEMILITARIZED ZONE | Rafał Tomański 2 It is called DMZ. Again it sounds medically, important voting over Resolution 83 re- but this time it's a military acronym which commending member states provide mili- stands for Demilitarized Zone. About 250 tary assistance to the Republic of Korea. km long and 4 km wide DMZ is a de facto Instead of placing its veto the Soviets pre- border between two Koreas. Cuts the Ko- ferred to boycott the UNSC meetings pro- rean Peninsula circling around the main line testing that the Republic of China (Taiwan), of 38th parallel. -
January 25, 1978 Letter, James F
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified January 25, 1978 Letter, James F. Leonard to Leslie O. Harriman containing "Report on the Activities of the United Nations Command (UNC) (December 21, 1976 - December 16, 1977)" Citation: “Letter, James F. Leonard to Leslie O. Harriman containing "Report on the Activities of the United Nations Command (UNC) (December 21, 1976 - December 16, 1977)",” January 25, 1978, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, "International Incidents and Disputes - KOREA - PO 240 KOREA Part 5 1973-1978," S-0442 (RAG-3/7 PO) - Political and Security matters 1955-1983, S-0442- 0356-05, United Nations Archives and Records Management Section (UN ARMS), New York, NY. Obtained for NKIDP by Charles Kraus. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/117529 Summary: James F. Leonard sends a report of the United Nations Commance concerning the maintenance of the Armistice Agreement. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the Leon Levy Foundation and Kyungnam University. Original Language: English Contents: Scan of Original Document - THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERI CA TO THE UNITED NATIONS January 25, 1978 His Excellency rl Mr. Leslie 0. Harriman President of the Security council fo 2t.f rJ ~<J- (5-~.-?J The United Nations Dear Mr. President: On behalf of the Unified Command established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 84 of July 7, 1950, I have the honor to submit a report of the United Nations Command concerning the maintenance of the Armistice Agreement of 1953 during the period December 21, 1976 through December 16, 1977 . I request that this letter, together with the enclosed report of the United Nations Command, be circulated as an official document of the Security Council. -
Trauma Nationalism and Pop Culture: a Fantasy Analysis on Early Post-Cold War Korea Films
International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 7, No. 8, August 2017 Trauma Nationalism and Pop Culture: A Fantasy Analysis on Early Post-cold War Korea Films Yang Liu paradoxically, nationalism) enabled by the commercialization Abstract—This paper mainly analyzes Korea films in the of the Internet and the growth of the mobile phone system. early post-Cold war period (1991-2005), and selects 4 popular The Korean Pop culture- ‘Korea Wave’ has also generate Korea movies as case studies, which are Shiri (1999), Joint influential effects in Asian areas, e.g., China, Taiwan, Hong Security Area (2000), Taegukgi (2004), Welcome to Dongmakgol (2005). Then it uses Bormann’s fantasy analysis Kong, etc. This paper mainly analyses Korea films from the method to explore how these films handle symbols and assign early years of the post-Cold War, from 1991 to 2005. In this meanings to stories and express Korea people’s nationalism way, this paper attempts to find out how South Korean movies narratives. Fantasy analysis has theory roots from both illustrate their nationalism discourse within these new communication and rhetorical criticism, and it involves three backgrounds. steps, which are fantasy theme, fantasy type and rhetorical vision analysis. Among which, fantasy theme is the basic unit of analysis. This study totally finds 10 fantasy themes and 3 fantasy types, and finally composes the rhetorical vision (Trauma II. NATIONALISM IN KOREA MOVIES nationalism) in Koreans movies. For conclusion, this paper Nationalism refers to an ideology, a sentiment, a form of argues that in the early post-Cold War period, Korea films avoid culture, or a social movement. -
A Visit to Panmunjom
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT WRITER'S CONSENT INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS SBB-7 Boogak Mansion 1-203 Pyungchang Dong C hungno Ku Seoul ii0, Korea March 5, 1984 A Visit to Panmunj om Mr. Peter Bird Martin, Director Institute of Current World Affairs 4 West Wheelock St. Hanover, N.H. 03755 Dear Peter, I took a day off my Korean-language study routine a few weeks ago and signed up for a trip with one of the local tour companies. It was my first indulgence in tourism since I've been here, and I'm glad I took the time off for some fun and relaxation. Korea must be the only country in the world where for just $25 you can tour a war zone. Every weekday at 9:40 a bus leaves from the downtown tourist hotels and drives north along the Munsan Corridor (the classic invasion route to Seoul), about 29 miles, to Panmunjom, often called "truce village," which is in the middle of the Demilitarized Zone. "You are on the spot.'" boasts one brochure. "This is the one place in the world where you can freely cross over to the communist-held area and return just as freely. Tourists are permitted to take pictures." The photo for this caption, however, was recently bumped in a new brochure for a shot of "The Third Tunnel of Aggression," which has been added to the itinerary. The picture shows two South Korean soldiers in the tunnel, which runs under the DMZ from North Korea, posing as though sweeping the tunnel with metal detectors, while a couple of their buddies point rifles into the camera. -
The United Nations' Oldest and Only Collective Security Enforcement Army, the United Nations Command in Korea*
Penn State International Law Review Volume 6 Article 2 Number 1 Dickinson Journal of International Law 1987 Self Doubts on Approaching Forty: The nitU ed Nations' Oldest and Only Collective Security Enforcement Army, the United Nations Command in Korea Samuel Pollack Follow this and additional works at: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Pollack, Samuel (1987) "Self Doubts on Approaching Forty: The nitU ed Nations' Oldest and Only Collective Security Enforcement Army, the United Nations Command in Korea," Penn State International Law Review: Vol. 6: No. 1, Article 2. Available at: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol6/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Penn State Law eLibrary. It has been accepted for inclusion in Penn State International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Penn State Law eLibrary. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Self Doubts on Approaching Forty: The United Nations' Oldest and Only Collective Security Enforcement Army, The United Nations Command in Korea* Samuel Pollack** I. Introduction The General Assembly . calls upon all states and au- thorities to continue to lend every assistance to the United Na- tions action in Korea.' "In effect," a UN official said, "the United Nations for years have dissociated itself from the United Nations Command 2 in Korea, even in the absence of formal action to dissolve it." One of the minor accomplishments of the 1953 Korean Armi- stice Agreement, which ended the hostilities in Korea between the United Nations Command (UNC) and the North Korean/Chinese armed forces, was to carve out, at the Peninsula's midpoint, a four kilometer wide Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) to serve as a buffer zone and to keep the belligerents safely apart.