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Aim High, Aim Long: Seeing the Infinite Universe - Technological Advancements Transforming Cosmology

• John Mather • JWST Senior Project Scientist • NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center

• on behalf of 7.7 billion current humans, ~10,000 future observers, ~ 3000 engineers and technicians, ~ 100 scientists worldwide, 3 space agencies How did we get here? • Quantum mechanics determines properties of all matter from subatomic to DNA, iPhones, & concrete • Expanding universe starts smooth and hot • Instability everywhere: energy release from reorganization into complex systems (negative specific heat of gravity!!) • Infinite (?) and ancient universe explores every possibility, time enough for possibility → reality • Stored information (DNA & decoders, language, etc.) enables life, evolution (survival of the lucky), individuality, civilization • Nested feedback loops stabilize systems (create recognizable identity), destabilize too (balance of nature is temporary) (as of 1985)

3 Mather 2013 From one of a kind to AO (Announcement of Opportunity) competition, 1974

IUE (International COBE (Cosmic Background Ultraviolet Explorer) in Explorer) in space, launch space, launch 1979 1989 COBE → cryo missions The early universe

very hot, very compressed no center, no edge (infinite) infinite universe expanding into itself no first moment no instant of creation not a “big firecracker” probably no end… WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) all- sky map of CMB fluctuations, leading to existence of , stars, etc. WMAP team won Breakthrough Prize, 2017 Contents of the Universe per WMAP

8 Delabrouille et al., Voyage 2050

9 in Matter

• Gas: waves (1 scalar mode) • Solid: transverse sound waves too (3 modes) • E&M: transverse electric & magnetic fields, 2 polarizations 90°apart • Magnetized plasma: transverse electrohydrodynamic waves (2 polarizations X plasma complexity) • Gravitation: tensor mode transverse waves, 2 polarizations 45° apart

10 CMB Polarization by Thomson Scattering at recombination (or later)

Quadrupole Anisotropy e'

Thomson Scattering e– e' e

Linear Polarization

11 CLASS (Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor) CMB telescope in Chile

12 At$the$south$pole$

BICEP2$

SPT$

Oct. 11, 2010 Mather Future 13 64$ Hubble servicing →JWST

M101 before and Every has a Hubble is 29 after Hubble repair black hole in the middle Galaxies attract each other, so the expansion should be slowing down -- Right??

To tell, we need to compare the velocity we measure on nearby galaxies to ones at very high .

In other words, we need to extend Hubble’s velocity vs distance plot to much greater distances. Nobel Prize, 2011 Dark Energy MacArthur Fellow 2008 - Adam Riess

S. Perlmutter, A. Riess, B. Schmidt Shaw Prize, Hong Kong, 2006 More and more!

SMM used Multimission Over 2000 CubeSats launched Modular Spacecraft, first https://cubesats.gsfc.nasa.gov designed for servicing Spitzer Kepler 8/25/2003 3/7/2009 Formulation + MIDEX/MO (2023), 10/30/2018 EOM SMEX/MO (2025), etc. Implementation ] Primary Ops Extended Ops

Webb WFIRST (ESA) 2021 Mid 2020s 2022

XMM-Newton (ESA) Chandra 12/10/1999 TESS 7/23/1999 4/18/2018

NuSTAR 6/13/2012 Fermi IXPE Swift 6/11/2008 2021 11/20/2004

XRISM (XARM) (JAXA) SPHEREx 2022 2023 Hubble 4/24/1990 ISS-NICER GUSTO 2021 6/3/2017 ISS-CREAM 8/14/2017 2/15/2019 EOM SOFIA Revised + Athena (late 2020s), Full Ops 5/2014 1 February 21, 2019 LISA (mid 2030s) Advanced LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational Observatory) – daily announcements? Transiting Exoplanet Survey Telescope (TESS)

“TESS has just accelerated our chances of finding life on another planet within the next ."

Sara Seager, a professor of planetary science and physics at MIT and TESS project member

closest 1,000 M stars and source list for JWST ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter Array) sees proto-planetary disk, early galaxies too James Webb (JWST)

Organization ▪ Mission Lead: Goddard Space Flight Center ▪ International collaboration with ESA & CSA ▪ Prime Contractor: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems ▪ Instruments: ― Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) – Univ. of Arizona ― Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) – ESA ― Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) – JPL/ESA ― Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) and Near IR Imaging Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) – CSA ▪ Operations: Space Telescope Science Institute

Description ▪ Deployable infrared telescope with 6.5 meter diameter segmented adjustable JWST Science Themes primary mirror ▪ Cryogenic temperature telescope and instruments for infrared performance ▪ Launch on an ESA-supplied Ariane 5 rocket to Sun-Earth L2 ▪ 5-year science mission (10-year goal) End of the dark Birth of stars and Planetary www.JWST..gov ages: First light The assembly of proto-planetary systems and and galaxies systems the origin of life 2 2 JWST Deployment JWST Instrumentation

Instrument Science Requirement Capability Wide field, deep imaging 2.2’ x 4.4’ SW at same time as NIRCam ‣0.6 μm - 2.3 μm (SW) 2.2’ x 4.4’ LW with dichroic Univ. Az/LMATC ‣2.4 μm - 5.0 μm (LW) Coronagraph

Multi-object spectroscopy 9.7 Sq arcmin Ω + IFU + slits NIRSpec ‣0.6 μm - 5.0 μm 100 selectable targets: MSA ESA/Astrium R=100, 1000, 3000

Mid-infrared imaging 1.9’ x1.4’ with coronagraph MIRI ‣ 5 μm - 27 μm ESA/Consortium 3.7”x 3.7” – 7.1”x 7.7” IFU /UKATC/JPL Mid-infrared spectroscopy ‣ 4.9 μm - 28.8 μm R=3000 - 2250

Fine Guidance Sensor Two 2.3’ x 2.3’ FGS/NIRISS 0.8 μm - 5.0 μm CSA Near IR Imaging Slitless 2.2’ x 2.2’ Spectrometer R= 700 with coronagraph

JWST Cosmology with JWST • Supernova tests of dark energy, Hubble constant in the IR (tension with CMB data!!) • Maps of dark matter gravitational lensing in galaxy clusters • Magnification of early galaxies by lensing • Formation of first stars, galaxies, and black holes – all sensitive to dark matter via gravity, dark energy via time scales • Growth (by mergers) of early galaxies: brightness, contents, structure & number vs. time Europa

Europa has an ocean, ice sheets, and warm water spritzers

What’s a good landing spot?

May 20, 2009 Mather Ottawa Museum 2009 2 6 WFIRST surveys NIR sky, measures Dark Energy, finds rare extreme objects, high z supernovae, examines AGN hosts with coronagraph

No mask

Planet

With mask

WFIRST Coronagraphy WFIRST will achieve a >100,000,000 contrast ratio to enable direct With mask and imaging of exoplanets deformable mirrors 24 meters and up!

Giant 24 m European Extremely Large Telescope (GMT) 39 m Telescope (E-ELT)

Thirty Meter δθ = 3 milliarcsec Telescope (TMT) Flattening the mountain top for E-ELT Adaptive Optics was for weapons, now astronomy & football

Needs bright guide star(s); how about a satellite beacon? Large Synoptic Survey Telescope LSST.org

This telescope will produce the deepest, widest, of the Universe: • 27-ft (8.4-m) mirror, the width of a singles tennis court • 3200 megapixel camera • Each image the size of 40 full moons • 37 billion stars and galaxies • 10 year survey of the sky • 10 million alerts, 1000 pairs of exposures, 15 Terabytes of data .. every night! The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) • New branch of astronomy! • Space-based gravitational wave detector • 3 spacecraft in 2,500,000 km equilateral triangle • Laser interferometer senses changes of 1/100 size of an atom NANOGrav – pulsar timing search for gravitational waves

• Jocelyn Bell’s pulsars are almost perfect clocks • Sensitive to nanoHertz waves from supermassive black holes, etc. 32 discovers Galaxy of 99.99% DM (Dark Matter), will find many more

Image credit: Pieter van Dokkum, Roberto Abraham, Gemini Observatory/AURA. Axion Dark Matter Search at U WA • Invented by Pierre Sikivie, 1983 • Magnetic field + axion → microwave photon • When cavity resonance = mass of axion, enhanced microwave signal

• SQUID amplifiers, TN = 0.1 K • Nothing yet LUX (Large Underground Xenon) search for WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) DM: UV photons + electrons

• 368 kg xenon • Water shield • So far nothing The Crystal Ball

The Crystal Ball has been waiting for your visit! Do you have a question that you have been waiting to ask? Click on the Crystal Ball and your personal fortune-teller browser window will appear and ask for your question. Follow the instructions carefully and you will soon receive the answers to all your questions.

(http://predictions.astrology.com/cb/) but 404 - File or directory not found The Astro2020 Decadal Survey of National Academy of Sciences • Google “Astro2020” • 4 giant space telescopes (OST far IR, Lynx X-rays, HabEx and LUVOIR, large UV-near IR telescopes), 10 smaller space probes, hundreds of science papers and project papers • Extraordinary creative community effort, since 1964 • Result: book of scientific priorities and recommendations for large projects • See also: ESA Voyage 2050 Formation Flying Fresnel Telescope X-ray/-ray Imaging

• Diffractive Fresnel optics • Milli-arcsecond resolution → 1 - 100 km spacecraft separation • Micro-arcsecond angular resolution → 104 - 106 km spacecraft separation • x-ray/gamma-ray band (5 - 1000 keV) • Formation flying of lens-craft and detector-craft

38 30 m telescope ideas – Oegerle study With a 100 m starshade, could see and get spectra for hundreds of systems

Solar System at 5 pc in 1 minute 24-39 m ELT with visible AO on Earth

* 170,000 km altitude matches observatory v ~ 400 m/sec * Laser beacon enables AO Image by Shaklan Possible Discoveries in 2020’s

• Galaxy observations match simulations?? • New population of faint high-z objects found, implications for BH formation, galaxy formation, particle physics • Hot IGM mapped, and is not where it was supposed to be • DM annihilation signal found in Fermi γ maps • High z supernovae found, differ from known types • Dark Matter in a lab – particles, axions, or nothing • More Higgs particles found at LHC • Supernova in Milky Way found – long overdue! • Einstein’s Λ constant fits dark energy data, drat! • CIB – CXB spatial correlation explained by ? Possible Discoveries in 2020s • BUT: Continuing tension between SN, BAO, CMB, weak lensing,

clustering measurements of H0 and Dark Energy • FRB’s localized and explained, very surprising story • CMB B-mode polarization detected (on ground) from primordial gravitational waves, supports equipartition with other modes; demand for a space mission • Magnetic reconnection events observed by MMS and explained by theory and simulations (magnetic lightning bolts); implications for HE • HE cosmic ray acceleration mechanism misunderstood, again • Neutron star- black hole mergers observed – LIGO + Fermi + every available telescope • Microlensing finds population of stellar mass black holes Possible Discoveries in 2020s • Dip in 78 MHz redshifted 21 cm from CMB implies strange processes at high z>10, maybe dark matter cools baryons, maybe early galaxy formation, TBC • Simulated supernova in 3D matches real one • NANOGrav sees low frequency gravitational waves • Event Horizon Telescope maps a black hole close up (done!) • Einstein is still not wrong • Theory of Everything emerges • Black hole evaporation verified in lab model • X-ray and radio emission from exoplanets • X-ray and radio flares found on exoplanet host stars • High energy neutrino sources (IceCube) identified Exponential Growth Continues • Moore’s law for CPUs, was ~ 1.5 yr doubling, now slower; thousands of incremental improvements, huge market • Launch rate ~ x1.4 in 8 yrs (4%/yr) • Similar rate of infrastructure improvement? • Space telescope mirror area, x7 in 31 yrs; 6.3%/yr • Ground telescope mirror area, x16 in 33 yrs; 8.4%/yr How much would you pay for all the secrets of the Universe? • Worldwide budget to build great space observatories: ~ 700 M$? (~$1/ person/yr for North America, Europe, & Japan) • Cost for each: $2 - $10 B • ➔ one every 3 – 15 years for all topics • But HST to JWST is ~ 31 yrs The end, and the beginning