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135266432.Pdf (1.835Mb) VALGETS KVAL Hvorfor innførte Tunisia og Egypt valgsystemene de gjorde etter den arabiske våren, og hvilke konsekvenser hadde dette? Masteroppgave i demokratibygging Institutt for sammenliknende politikk ved Universitetet i Bergen Freja Landewall Juni 2015 1 “The idealism engendered by the Arab spring has mostly sunk in bloodshed and extremism, with a shining exception: Tunisia, which in 2014 adopted a new, enlightened constitution and held both parliamentary and presidential polls...Its economy is struggling and its polity is fragile; but Tunisia’s pragmatism and moderation have nurtured hope in a wretched region and a troubled world” (The Economist, 2014). “Egypt’s principal political actors have repeatedly violated almost all of the received ‘best practices’ of democratic transitions. In fact, the very lessons that the visiting experts most frequently emphasized – such as the importance of transitional justice, civilian control over the military, inclusive political approaches, and avoiding winner-takes-all strategies – are among the most glaring failures of Egypt’s attempted democratic transition to date” (Carothers, 2014). 2 Forord Jeg har alltid hatt lyst til å redde verden. Dessverre er verden for stor og kompleks til å kunne reddes gjennom en masteroppgave. Dette er uansett mitt bidrag til å oppmuntre til videre forskning på demokratiseringsprosesser - som forhåpentligvis vil resultere i en mer vellykket form for demokratiassistanse. Fordi demokrati er nøkkelen. Jeg vil gjerne takke veileder professor Lars Svåsand ved Universitet i Bergen for gode innspill og tilbakemeldinger. Jeg har satt stor pris på våre samtaler. Jeg vil også takke førsteamanuensis Terje Knutsen og professor Frank Aarbrot for inspirerende forelesninger og gode råd gjennom masterstudiet. I forbindelse med arbeidet med oppgaven har jeg hatt et internship ved Kgl. norsk generalkonsulat i Tunis. Takk til visekonsul Reidun Breivik Andersen for denne unike muligheten som ga meg en større forståelse for det tunisiske samfunnet. Jeg har også hatt et internship ved International Law and Policy Institute (ILPI) i Oslo. Takk til Njål Høstmælingen for denne muligheten og en spesiell takk til Programme Director Joachim Nahem for gode diskusjoner og støtte. Min største takk går til familie og venner for all omtanke, omsorg og oppmuntring. En særdeles stor takk går til min far som gjennom sitt engasjement og utømmelige kunnskap har utfordret og inspirert meg i alle år. 3 Sammendrag Midtøstens regimestabilitet ble kraftig utfordret av den arabiske våren som startet i 2010. Autoritære statsledere som hadde sittet ved makten i decennier i Tunisia og Egypt måtte bøye av for et massivt folkeopprør. I løpet av 2011 ble nye valglover vedtatt. Tunisia innførte forholdstallsvalg og Egypt innførte et blandet system. Etter avholdte valg i 2011 har de to landene gått i svært ulik retning. I Egypt har militæret reetablert sin maktposisjon i landet, mens Tunisia har hatt en reel demokratisk utvikling. Hvorfor innførte Egypt og Tunisia valgsystemene de gjorde etter den arabiske våren, og hvilke konsekvenser hadde dette? Oppgaven er en komparativ casestudie med et most similar system design der problemstillingen besvares gjennom en analyse av litterære sekundærkilder. Oppgaven konkluderer med at både aktører, struktur og kontekst påvirket valg av valgsystem i Egypt og Tunisia. Disse faktorene påvirket også valgsystemenes konsekvenser når det kommer til legitimitet og maktfordeling. Hvorvidt valgresultatet blir sett på som legitimt kan henge sammen med hvor inkluderende prosessen med å velge valgsystem er. Valgresultatet i Egypt og Tunisia viser at det er en sammenheng mellom maktstrukturene som fantes når valgsystemet ble etablert og de maktstrukturene som fantes etter valget, noe som tidligere er blitt hevdet av blant annet Joseph Colomer (2005) og Kenneth Benoit (2007). Da denne studien er av to muslimske land i Midtøsten og Nord-Afrika, der begge landene gikk gjennom et maktskifte etter en revolt, vil forhåpentligvis studien kunne danne grunnlag for videre forskning på hvilke faktorer som er særdeles viktige for demokratiutvikling i denne regionen. 4 Abstract The regime stability in the Middle East was sharply challenged by the Arab Spring that started in 2010. Authoritarian leaders who had been in power for decades in Tunisia and Egypt had to yield to a massive popular revolt. During 2011 new electoral laws were adopted. Tunisia introduced a proportional representation system and Egypt introduced a mixed system. After elections in 2011 the two countries have gone in different directions. In Egypt the military re-established its position of power, while Tunisia have had a real democratic development. Why did Egypt and Tunisia choose the electoral systems they did after the Arab Spring, and what were the consequences of these? The thesis is a comparative case study with a “most similar system design” where the research question is answered through an analysis of literary secondary sources. The thesis concludes that both actors, structure and context influenced the choice of electoral system in Egypt and Tunisia. These factors also influenced the election systems' impact when it comes to legitimacy and power sharing. Whether the election results are seen as legitimate may be related to how inclusive the process of selecting the election system was. The election results in Egypt and Tunisia show that there is a relationship between power structures that existed when the electoral system was adopted and the power structures that existed after the elections, which previously have been claimed by Joseph Colomer (2005) and Kenneth Benoit (2007). Since this study focus on two Muslim countries in the Middle East and North Africa, where both countries experienced a power shift as a result of a revolt, this study could hopefully form the basis for further research on the factors that are of particularly importance for the development of democracy in this region. 5 Innholdsfortegnelse Forord .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Sammendrag ....................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Innledning .................................................................................................................................... 8 2. Teoretisk rammeverk ............................................................................................................. 11 2.1. Definisjoner og avgrensninger ............................................................................................. 11 2.2. Hva påvirker valg av valsystem? .......................................................................................... 13 2.3. Hva påvirker konsekvensene av et valgsystem? .................................................................. 16 3. Metode ....................................................................................................................................... 18 3.1. Analyseenhetene ................................................................................................................... 18 3.2. Variablene ............................................................................................................................ 19 3.3. Modell .................................................................................................................................. 20 3.4. Validitet og reliabilitet .......................................................................................................... 21 4. Tunisia ....................................................................................................................................... 23 4.1. Innledning ............................................................................................................................. 23 4.2. Valgsystem etter revolten ..................................................................................................... 24 4.3. Hvorfor innførte Tunisia dette valgsystemet? ...................................................................... 25 4.4. Hva var konsekvensene av valgsystemet? ............................................................................ 32 4.5. Oppsummering ..................................................................................................................... 40 5. Egypt .......................................................................................................................................... 42 5.1. Innledning ............................................................................................................................. 42 5.2. Valgsystemet etter revolten .................................................................................................. 44 5.3. Hvorfor innførte Egypt dette valgsystemet? ........................................................................ 47 5.4. Hva var konsekvensene av valgsystemet? ............................................................................ 54 5.5. Oppsummering ..................................................................................................................... 61 6. Sammenligning Tunisia og Egypt ........................................................................................ 62 7. Oppsummering og konklusjon ............................................................................................
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