Dissertação O Processo Político Das Políticas Públicas Para As

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Dissertação O Processo Político Das Políticas Públicas Para As O Processo Político de Construção das Políticas Públicas para as Alterações Climáticas José Carlos Martinho da Silva Dissertação de Mestrado em Sociologia - Políticas Públicas e NomeDesigualdades Completo do Sociais Autor Maio de 2019 Resumo As alterações climáticas de origem antropogénica constituem um problema ambiental sobre o qual se desenvolveram desde a década de 90 políticas públicas e tratados internacionais de grande relevância. O peso desta problemática nas agendas políticas e mediáticas tem sido crescente em diversas nações, inclusive em Portugal e na União Europeia (UE). Com efeito, a UE constitui-se hoje como um dos principais agentes mobilizados e mobilizadores de políticas sobre esta problemática, com políticas públicas robustas implementadas no contexto do protocolo de Quioto e de outras decisões tomadas na Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas para as Alterações Climáticas. A ação internacional mais recente e ambiciosa promovida no âmbito da Convenção, ocorreu em 2015, o Acordo de Paris, mas foi recebida por uma renovada e estruturada oposição, nomeadamente a dos Estados Unidos da América (EUA), que com a sua saída do Acordo, despoletou desenvolvimentos imprevisíveis que representam atualmente um foco de preocupação e controvérsia, intensificando as interrogações face a um problema, que politicamente se veio a consolidar num desenho de políticas públicas com fortes implicações em diferentes áreas económicas, sociais e geopolíticas das diferentes nações e agrupamentos regionais representados na Convenção. Este trabalho procura abordar o problema político como um processo, e sobre este, desenvolver uma análise sociológica, tendo como enquadramento teórico a teoria de campo de Pierre Bourdieu. O foco deste trabalho foi o de compreender o início deste processo, eventualmente lançando as bases para um estudo posterior que alcance as suas diferentes fases, até ao momento presente. Assim, foi desenvolvido um método de investigação com base na análise documental de um corpus constituído por documentos produzidos em audiências legislativas no contexto de origem deste processo político: o Congresso dos EUA nas décadas de 50-60. ii Finalmente procurou-se ter uma perspetiva sobre o campo científico, enquanto primeiro produtor da problemática das Alterações Climáticas (AC), e não apenas sobre o campo político, e aí compreender as dinâmicas, as transformações e as lutas internas e externas que terão moldado os primeiros desenvolvimentos do processo político das políticas públicas para as alterações climáticas. Palavras Chave: Alterações Climáticas; Processo Político; Teoria de Campo; Políticas Públicas. Autor: José Carlos Martinho da Silva Nº de Aluno NOVA FCSH: 11520 Dissertação de Mestrado em Sociologia - Políticas Públicas e Desigualdades Sociais Orientador: Professor Doutor Casimiro Balsa Data: Lisboa, 24 de maio de 2019 iii Abstract Antropogenic climate change is an environmental problem on which public policies and international treaties of great relevance have been developed since the 1990s. The weight of this problem in political and media agendas has been increasing in several nations, including Portugal and the European Union (EU). Indeed, the EU is now one of the main mobilized and mobilizer agent, acting on policies on this issue, with robust public policies implemented in the context of the Kyoto Protocol and other decisions taken in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The most recent and ambitious international action promoted under the Convention took place in 2015, the Paris Agreement, but was received by a renewed and structured opposition, namely that of the United States of America (USA), which with its departure from the Agreement, unleashed unpredictable developments that are currently the cause for great concern and controversy, thus intensifying the questioning of this problem, which over time has grown and consolidated politically into a design of public policies with strong implications in different economic, social and geopolitical areas of the different nations and regional groups represented in the Convention. This work tries to approach the political problem as a process, and to develop a sociological analysis based on the theoretical framework of the field theory of Pierre Bourdieu. The focus of this work was to understand the beginning of this political process, eventually laying the groundwork for a later study that reaches its different phases, until its present moment. Thus, a research method was developed based on the content analysis of a corpus composed by documents produced in legislative hearings in the context of the first political approaches on this issue: the USA congress in the decades of 50-60. Finally, i sought not to resctrict my perspective to the political field, but also to look into the scientific field, given that it was the social field where the Climate Change problem firstly originated, and to understand the dynamics, transformations and internal and external struggles that shaped the developments in the political process of the public policies for climate change. Keywords: Climate Change; Political Process; Field Theory; Public Policy. iv Índice Introdução ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Enquadramento Teórico ......................................................................................................................... 5 1 - Uma abordagem sociológica do processo político ............................................................................ 5 2 – Campo, Habitus e Capital .................................................................................................................. 6 3 – O Campo Político ............................................................................................................................. 12 4 - O problema público ......................................................................................................................... 15 5 – Políticas Públicas ............................................................................................................................. 19 6 – Distinção entre o problema científico e o problema social das alterações climáticas ................... 20 7 – Desenho da investigação e construção empírica ............................................................................ 21 8 – Análise Qualitativa Indutiva (Grounded Theory) ............................................................................. 25 9 – Constituição do Corpus ................................................................................................................... 26 PARTE I - História do problema científico das alterações climáticas .................................................... 28 1 – As Ciências do Clima ........................................................................................................................ 28 2 – A Climatologia e o Efeito de Estufa ................................................................................................. 30 3 – O virar do século e a crítica da teoria do aquecimento global ....................................................... 34 4 – O reacender do interesse pela teoria do aquecimento global na década de 50 ............................ 36 5 - O Caso Americano - A centralidade americana na geociência do pós-guerra ................................. 38 6 – O Ano Internacional da Geofísica, Charles Keeling e Roger Revelle e a afirmação da problemática das AC no plano científico ..................................................................................................................... 43 PARTE II - Resultados da Pesquisa ........................................................................................................ 52 1 – O processo legislativo americano ................................................................................................... 52 2 – Textos selecionados ........................................................................................................................ 54 3 – Caraterização dos agentes .............................................................................................................. 58 4 - Uma estrutura do campo ................................................................................................................. 59 4.1 - A estrutura do campo ................................................................................................................... 59 4.2 – Estruturas do campo – Perspetiva institucional .......................................................................... 61 4.3 - Detalhe da estrutura do campo institucional ............................................................................... 63 4.3.1 - Análise ........................................................................................................................................ 66 4.4 - Estrutura do campo - Perspetiva disciplinar ................................................................................. 72 4.4.1 - Análise ........................................................................................................................................ 76 4.5 – As lutas no campo e o dinamismo da mudança........................................................................... 78 4.5.1 – As lutas externas ......................................................................................................................
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