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Canine Reproduction Labour May Begin Anywhere from 57 to 72 Days from the First Day of Mating

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Canine Reproduction Labour May Begin Anywhere from 57 to 72 Days from the First Day of Mating THE NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY NURSE JUNE 2013 Breeding dates Canine Reproduction Labour may begin anywhere from 57 to 72 days from the first day of mating. LH surge (LH 0) Can Veterinary Nurses Labour begins after 65 +/- one day from the LH 0 date in most breeds. (If accurate ovu- lation timing has been undertaken then the Play a Role?? predicted whelping date can be determined using this information.) normal diet and during the second month Lynne Gillies Rectal temperature the food intake should increase by 30-40% DVN, MVS Glenbred Taking the rectal temperatures twice daily (depending on foetal numbers) and if pos- sible the diet should be slowly transitioned at the same time everyday for the week onto a commercial puppy food or a growth, prior to the expected parturition date will pregnancy and lactation formula. Multiple allow detection of a significant and abrupt The most small meals throughout the day will help the temperature drop of at least 0.5°C or below 37.5°C in 80% of pregnant bitches. This common error bitch achieve her nutritional requirements as her stomach capacity may reduce. temperature drop is usually followed by the is to over feed the bitch onset of labour 12-24 hours later. It is not recommended to supplement the during early pregnancy bitch with any additional nutrients, vita- Serum progesterone and underfeed mins or minerals during pregnancy as this Progesterone concentration acutely drops to <2ng/ml 24 hours prior to the onset of during lactation. unbalances the nutrition provided by the commercial diet and may adversely affect parturition. Performing a progesterone test the bitch and the foetuses. It is particularly can be extremely helpful if your client is important NOT to supplement the bitch’s unsure of the whelp date. Introduction diet with calcium. The whelping area As discussed in the last article, veterinary Exercise • A familiar environment nurses can play a huge role in canine Moderate exercise is to be encouraged • Free from draft, moisture, excessive cold or reproduction. This article covers from when throughout gestation in order to maintain heat the bitch is confirmed pregnant, her care, the bitch’s body condition. It is important • Clean and disinfected whelping and post natal care. This part of the for a successful and complication free whelp- • Minimal traffic reproduction process is when the veterinary ing that the bitch is fit and not fat. • Minimize any contact with visitors or nurse can really build on relationships with other dogs clients and gain their trust and confidence Drug administration during gestation • Introduce pregnant bitch to the whelping as we are often the “person on the end of The optimal situation is to avoid any drug area seven to ten days prior to her pre- the phone”. administration during the bitch’s gestation dicted whelping due date. Care of the pregnant bitch period. If the bitch requires medication for a pre-existing condition or for an illness that Construction of a “pig rail” around the inside Immunisation arises during pregnancy then this should be edge of the box prevents pups from getting It is preferable to have the bitch properly discussed with the veterinarian. crushed. vaccinated prior to breeding. Vaccines (especially modified live vaccines) should Predicting the onset of labour It is very important that the bitch has be avoided during pregnancy and only be Being prepared and well organized prior to minimal disturbance prior to and during administered if there is substantial risk of an the bitch’s whelping will help predict, reduce whelping as interference can delay the infectious disease. It is important during the and efficiently and successfully manage any delivery of the pups. last three to four weeks of gestation that the complications that may arise. This is espe- Managing parturition and labour bitch is housed in a familiar surrounding and cially important if the bitch has a history of Maintenance of pregnancy depends on the to minimise exposure to pathogens (viruses, “dystocia” or problems at whelping. Predic- secretion of the hormone “progesterone” by bacteria, parasites) that can be introduced tion of the bitch’s whelping date plays an the ovaries. The foetuses decide when they from other dogs or humans and can cause important role in this pre-whelping planning are due to be born and at this time initiate a abortion, stillbirths and neonatal death. and organization. cascade of hormonal and molecular changes Nutritional requirements Behaviour and lactation which ultimately results in an acute drop in The most common error is to over feed the Bitches can start ‘nesting’ five to seven days progesterone concentration (<2ng/ml) and bitch during early pregnancy and underfeed prior to giving birth. The onset of lactation triggers the onset of labour. It is important during lactation. In the first month of gesta- can occur anytime from two weeks to just to be familiar with the normal events/stages tion the bitch should be maintained on her prior or after whelping. of whelping so that you are then able to 12 THE NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY NURSE JUNE 2013 recognize the early signs of “dystocia” and Stage 2: The cervix is fully dilated and On average one pup is delivered every 30 – get your clients to seek immediate veterinary strong visible abdominal contractions/strain- 60 minutes but there is significant variation advice/assistance so as to prevent loss of ing results in the passage of pups through the neonates. birth canal and rupture of the “allantoic sac” Above: ‘Pig rail’ inside the or foetal fluids, which are clear. The first pup Clients should be encouraged to let their whelping box. is usually delivered within 15 minutes after veterinary clinic know expected whelp dates the onset of strong abdominal contractions. Below: Caesarean section. so that the clinic is appropriately staffed for an emergency. If the bitch is only carrying one pup the client should be encouraged to schedule an elective caesarean section as unfortunately in most of these cases the bitch’s hormones are not sufficient to trigger labour. Stages of labour Stage 1: The cervix starts to dilate and synchronous uterine contractions move the pups into the birth canal. These uterine contractions are not visible externally but can be detected by Doppler ultrasound. This stage may be associated with restlessness, panting, shivering, apprehension (especially in a maiden bitch) not eating and nesting behaviour. The duration of this stage is approximately 12 hours. 13 THE NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY NURSE JUNE 2013 between breeds and individual bitches. 40% of pups are born backwards which is normal. Stage 3: The placenta is usually expelled five to fifteen minutes after the delivery of each pup. Sometimes two or three pups will be delivered before the placentas are passed. It is important to account for each placenta as a retained placenta can make the bitch very sick. However it should be noted that the bitch can eat these very quickly and it can be difficult to determine if they have been expelled or not. When to intervene 1. The bitch has reached her due date for whelping without any signs of labour or temperature drop. This is particularly important if she is pregnant with only one to two pups (determined by x-ray or ultrasound). 2. The first pup should be born within 20-30 ouration or the production of brown-pus like Above: A fat, contented neonate. minutes after the onset of strong and material from a teat or teats. Also check forceful abdominal contractions (i.e the daily for any purulent or pungent vulval onset of Stage 2 of labour). discharge. The client should contact their age. Puppies less than six weeks old are very veterinary clinic immediately if any of these 3. If strong and frequent abdominal contrac- prone to dehydration and one of the first clinical signs or if the bitch goes off her food tions occur but fail to result in expulsion indicators is weight loss. Puppies should or appears unwell. of a pup within 15-30 minutes. increase their body weight by 5-10% per It is normal for a bloody-brown, non- day and double their birth weight by ten to 4. Weak or intermittent abdominal strain- purulent discharge to be present from the twelve days of age. ing that fails to result in the birth of the vulva for three weeks post partum. However, Temperature first puppy within two hours or when the in some cases this discharge can continue for Care must be used in the provision of a heat interval between the delivery of two pups longer (up to three months!). It is impor- source. In the first three weeks of life pups in greater than two hours. tant for the client to contact their veterinary cannot regulate their own body temperature 5. A green-blood tinged vulval discharge clinic if this occurs. so they rely on the bitch and the environ- without the birth of a pup or at any stage ment for sufficient warmth. A lactating bitch may need to eat three times of pregnancy. her normal food intake to provide enough A good mother will provide most of the 6. The client is in a state of panic and cannot energy for milk production. She should required heat by presenting the skin of the be placated by phone. be fed a “Complete nutrition for growth, mammary area against which the pups hud- After care pregnancy and lactation” formulated com- dle. If the bitch doesn’t leave the pups for Postnatal management - care of the bitch mercial diet or puppy food ad lib or at least long and they are strong and feeding well, the room temperature only needs to be about Normal suckling by the pups causes the bitch three to four times daily until the puppies 22°C - 24°C.
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