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Integrity of Mating Behaviors and Seasonal Reproduction in Coyotes (Canis Latrans) Following Treatment with Estradiol Benzoate

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Integrity of Mating Behaviors and Seasonal Reproduction in Coyotes (Canis Latrans) Following Treatment with Estradiol Benzoate University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Publications Plant Health Inspection Service 2010 Integrity of mating behaviors and seasonal reproduction in coyotes (Canis latrans) following treatment with estradiol benzoate Debra A. Carlson Utah State University, Logan, Department of Wildland Resources Eric M. Gese USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research Center, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Carlson, Debra A. and Gese, Eric M., "Integrity of mating behaviors and seasonal reproduction in coyotes (Canis latrans) following treatment with estradiol benzoate" (2010). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 884. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/884 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Animal Reproduction Science 117 (2010) 322–330 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Animal Reproduction Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anireprosci Integrity of mating behaviors and seasonal reproduction in coyotes (Canis latrans) following treatment with estradiol benzoate Debra A. Carlson a,∗, Eric M. Gese b a Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5230, USA b United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5230, USA article info abstract Article history: Coyotes (Canis latrans) are seasonally monestrous and form perennial pair-bonds. Breeding Received 9 January 2009 is dominated by each pack’s alpha male and female, and both sexes share responsibility Received in revised form 5 May 2009 for territory defense and pup-rearing. They are also opportunistic predators on domes- Accepted 11 May 2009 tic livestock and pets. But while dominant adults have been implicated as primary killers, Available online 18 May 2009 depredation is reduced when coyotes are without pups. Contraception, therefore, may rep- resent a non-lethal solution for conflicts between coyotes and humans. Steroid hormones Keywords: successfully control fertility in some species, but have been considered contraindicated in Canis latrans Contraception wildlife and canids in particular; specific concerns include possible induction of aberrant Coyote behavior, or uterine and hematopoietic pathologies. Herein we describe a study examin- Estradiol benzoate ing the physiological effectiveness, health safety, and behavioral consequences following Mating behavior treatment of estrous coyotes with exogenous estrogen. We treated captive adult female coy- Seasonal reproduction otes in estrus with 0.01 mg/kg estradiol benzoate (EB), either before (n = 5) or immediately after ovulation (n = 6), then documented reproductive outcome, physiological variables and behavioral responses, during and after treatment. Pregnancy was averted in six females treated after ovulation, suggesting that appropriate timing of treatment proved crucial. A transient suppression of sexual behavior was observed, and in some cases, estrus appeared slightly lengthened. However, neither ovulation nor mating behavior was fully suppressed. Importantly, non-pregnant females (and their mates) displayed diestrous socio-sexual behavior similar to pregnant coyotes (behavioral pseudopregnancy). Furthermore, non- pregnant coyotes did not mate again until the next native breeding season, and we observed no deleterious physiological effects during diestrus or subsequent ovarian cycles. © 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. 1. Introduction a single mating season each winter, coyote reproduction is regulated by the female’s annual ovarian cycle, as well Coyotes (Canis latrans) are native North American as seasonal fluctuation in male spermatogenesis (Hamlett, wild canids. Their reproductive strategy includes social 1938; Gier, 1968; Kennelly, 1978; Sacks, 2005). Ovulation monogamy, territoriality (Camenzind, 1978; Andelt, 1985; is spontaneous, synchronous, and bilateral (Hamlett, 1938; Bekoff and Wells, 1986; Gese, 2001), and biparental care of Kennelly and Johns, 1976). Gier (1968) considered early offspring (Gier, 1968; Silver and Silver, 1969; Mengel, 1971; embryonic development in the coyote to be similar to the Camenzind, 1978; Andelt, 1985; Hatier, 1995). Confined to domestic dog (Canis familiaris); thus embryos likely pass into the uterus 8–10 days after ovulation, and placenta- tion begins around day 16 (Holst and Phemister, 1971; ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 435 458 9163; fax: +1 435 797 3796. Concannon et al., 1989; Tsutsui, 1989). Coyote litters aver- E-mail address: [email protected] (D.A. Carlson). aging 3–7 pups are typically born March–May in most 0378-4320/$ – see front matter © 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.05.008 D.A. Carlson, E.M. Gese / Animal Reproduction Science 117 (2010) 322–330 323 North American latitudes after a gestation of 60–63 days withdrawn. Also, bitches with estradiol continuing along (Hamlett, 1938; Gier, 1968). with progesterone treatment displayed protracted estrous Within a coyote pack, the dominant (alpha) male and behavior. female control breeding and access to food resources (par- Contraception of wildlife is associated with a myriad ticularly carcasses) within their territory (Bekoff and Wells, of technological and philosophical concerns, and suit- 1986; Gese et al., 1989, 1996a). Although the coyote’s able tools have been slow to develop (Fagerstone et al., diet includes a variety of foods (Gier, 1968; Andelt et al., 2002). In addition to being effective and safe, drug induced 1987), predation of livestock can occur when domestic ani- alterations in socio-sexual behaviors is an important con- mals range within a coyote territory. Not unexpectedly, sideration, particularly in species with a complex social therefore, alpha coyotes have been implicated as the pri- structure. The present study, therefore, was designed to mary killers (Blejwas et al., 2002). Presumably parents are examine what influence steroid hormone treatment might exploiting a nutritionally rich and easily accessible resource have on intra-pair interactions of a wild canid species. for young dependent pups, and if so, contraception rep- Coyotes represent a good candidate for contraceptive resents a promising non-lethal solution to coyote-human or contragestive regimens because, as previously stated, conflicts. Accordingly, Bromley and Gese (2001a,b) demon- breeding is confined to a single annual opportunity. Also, strated that fertility control (tubal ligation and vasectomy) both alpha male and female defend their mates during significantly reduced livestock depredation, without dis- the breeding season; thereby prohibiting access to their ruption to territory or mate fidelity. mates by same-sex competitors while suppressing mat- Exogenous estrogens have been used to terminate preg- ing among subordinate pack members. Keeping a pack nancies in domestic dogs, but life-threatening adverse intact would also help maintain social stability within reactions may occur (Feldman and Nelson, 2004). After the local population (Bromley and Gese, 2001a; Gese, fertilization, alterations in the estradiol:progesterone ratio 2001). may affect zygote transport and embryonic development within the oviduct (Harper, 1994; Johnson and Everitt, 2000; Feldman and Nelson, 2004); and exogenous estro- 2. Materials and methods gen given while an embryo is in transit has been shown to result in embryonic death (Kennelly, 1969; Jöchle et al., 2.1. Animals 1975; Tsutsui et al., 2006). Tsutsui et al. (2006) also reported cases of spontaneous abortion, prolonged gestation, and Coyotes were captive born or wild caught as pups, and reduced litter sizes in domestic dogs treated with estra- reared at the National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) diol benzoate (EB). Certain estrogen compounds and dosage facility in Millville, UT, USA (41◦68N, 111 ◦82W). All regimens, however, have been associated with severe com- animals were housed in outdoor enclosures with natu- plications, such as pyometra and bone marrow suppression ral lighting. Single male–female pairs resided in 0.1 ha (Bowen et al., 1985; Miura et al., 1985; Feldman and Nelson, pens with access to sheltered den boxes. Three pens 2004). formed a clover-shaped cluster separated by double fenc- In contrast to veterinary practice in the United States, ing and concrete barriers. Although physically separated, a small dose (0.01 mg/kg) of EB is approved for use as a all pairs were within visual and audible range of other coy- contragestive in domestic dogs in Europe (England, 1998). otes. Among 358 pet dogs treated with 0.01 mg/kg EB after The animals were fed a commercially prepared carni- misalliance in the United Kingdom, Sutton et al. (1997) vore diet (Fur Breeders Agricultural Cooperative, Sandy, reported that 95.5% failed to whelp and there were no UT, USA) once daily, and fasted 1 day per week. Water cases of anemia, leukopenia or thrombocytopenia. Thus was provided ad libitum. Vaccinations were given
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