DOCSLIB.ORG

All India Network Project on Vertebrate Pest Management (Rodent Control)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
All India Network Project on Vertebrate Pest Management (Rodent Control) ALL INDIA NETWORK PROJECT ON VERTEBRATE PEST MANAGEMENT (RODENT CONTROL) PROGRESS REPORT 2012-13 to 2014-2015 NETWORK COORDINATING UNIT ALL INDIA NETWORK PROJECT ON VERTEBRATE PEST MANAGEMENT ICAR-CENTRAL ARID ZONE RESEARCH INSTITUTE JODHPUR-342 003 1 COORDINATOR’S REPORT I am extremely happy to present the Progress Report of the Rodent control component of All India Network Project on Vertebrate Pest Management. This period has proved quite historic as the scope of the AINP was broadened by merging two AINPs, i.e., Rodent Control and Agricultural Ornithology, besides including a component of higher vertebrates in the ambit of new AINP on Vertebrate Pest Management from 2014-15. Besides the existing centers four new voluntary center centers viz., Bhubaneswar and Thrissur (for rodent control) and Trichy and Dapodi (for Agril. Ornithology) and six voluntary centers for higher vertebrates (three at Bangalore, one each at Hyderabad, Solan, Jodhpur and Delhi) were added. I feel immense satisfaction that the project scientists have strived hard to achieve the mandates allotted to their centers during the Guwahati Meeting in 2013. The Project registered steady progress in identifying the rodent pest scenario in selected agro-ecological regions of the country, evaluation of newer strategies of rodent pest management and transfer of rodent management technologies. Survey and surveillance activities undertaken in different agro-climatic regions revealed that lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis continued to be the number 1 rodent pest in most of the crops and cropping systems at national level. The species has shown its further spread in hot arid regions and Arunachal Pradesh and has established its populations in rice fields of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. And this a matter of great concern to us as the species is highly aggressive and colonial. Besides being highly destructive, it can replace the native rodents as we have observed in other areas. In hot arid regions, the two gerbils, Tatera indica and Meriones hurrianae maintained their predominance in rainfed as well as irrigated croplands. In Northeastern, Southern dry and hilly zones of Karnataka besides the predominance of B. bengalensis other species reported were T. indica, Milardia meltada, Mus playthrix and Mus booduga in varying proportions. In the coastal zone of Karnataka, Funambulus palmarum B. bengalensis, M. booduga and R. rattus were the major problem species. However in the Krishna Zone (AP) only two species viz., B. bengalensis and M. booduga were reported from rice fields, but in Northern Telangana Zone B. bengalensis, B. indica, R. rattus, M. booduga, M. musculus, M. meltada and T. indica were reported. Though B. bengalensis was predominant in in rice- wheat-sugarcane cropping system and in rice-wheat-maize cropping system in Punjab, the second most prevalent species was M. booduga in wheat-sugarcane cropping system and T. indica in rice- wheat-maize cropping system. In the NEH region, R. rattus, R. sikkimensis and B. bengalensis were major problem species in rainfed crops in East Siang, West Siang, Lower Dibang valley and Lohit districts of Arunachal Pradesh whereas B. bengalensis, B. indica, R. sikkimmensis, R. rattus, Mus musculus and Dremnomys lokriah were reported from North Bank Plain Zone and Lower and Central Brahmaputra Valley Zone in Assam In recent years, the project has reported rodent diversity in new areas like Andaman and Nicobar Islands where three new species viz., Cremnomys cutchicus, M. booduga, and B. bengalensis were reported. Likewise from cold arid regions of Leh Ladakh, four species were reported from crop fields, grasslands and stores & godowns situated at different altitudes. They were Rattus turkastinicus, Pitymus lecurus, Marmota himalayana and M. booduga. Of this occurrence of M. booduga was reported from the region first time. In the Kargil areas crop fields were observed to be infested with mole rats (either B. bengalensis or Nesokia indica). 2 If we see the extent of damage to various crops, Sugarcane and groundnut reported as high as 14 and 29 % damage by rodents in Assam and AP, respectively, whereas ground nut crop registered 12-17% damage in western Rajasthan. Maize and sorghum in southern transitional zone of Karnataka recorded 3.2- 3.8% plant damage by rodents. In Punjab, with a tiller damage of about 2%, rice suffered a yield loss of 15-90 kg/ha due to rodent infestation in the less irrigated zone of the State. In Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Andaman and Nicobar islands this crop registered up to 7.2, 12.3, 10.3, 2.2 and 22% percent tiller damage respectively. Wheat and cumin recorded 16.2 and 7.56% damage due to rodents in Narmada canal areas of western Rajasthan. Pulses, like cowpea, mung, bengal gram, pea, soybean etc registered 4-9% damage in different regions. Vegetable crops suffered rodent depredation of 4-13% in NEH region. Coconut in coastal Andhra recorded a nut damage of 8.35%, whereas in Andaman and Nicobar Islands it was 12-27% nut damage. Rodent infestation rates in coconut plantations in A.P. were maximum in the month of October – November. In generals, peaks in nut damage were notice in the months of September and January during all the three years. In case of cocoa rodent infestation and pod damage varied throughout the season and peak rodent infestation was noticed during July (7.2 to 9.2%), September (7.8 to 7.9%) and December (6.2 to 6.5%) in coastal A.P. Similarly in pineapple rodents inflicted 1.5- 8.87% damage in Arunachal Pradesh. In storage, rodents caused 2-5% damage. In Assam, the traditional storage structures like, Duli and Mer showed 22.2 and 14.3% loss in terms of spillage and structural damage. In Arunachal Pradesh rodent infestation reached maximum in October months and remained high in November to December (3.33 to 11.33 live burrows/ha). The damage to rice crop was up to 6.47% in East, West and Upper Siang districts. Some very interesting observations on B. bengalensis from AP indicated their higher seasonal productivity during kharif season (>26 young ones/ female) as compared to the rabi season (>13 young ones/ female). In Assam, the infestation levels shoots quickly at harvesting stage (33.7 LBC/ha) as compared to that at maximum tillering stage (7.95 burrows/ha). Likewise, in A.P. the house rats inhabiting poultry farms breed @ 3.67 & 2.62 times in monsoon and winter seasons with an annual productivity of 53.1 young ones per female. We all know that the fossorial rodents inhabit bunds. A simple but very useful observation revealed that more number of bunds (10/ 25 ha) with 0.6m size harbor more bandicoots as compared to less (4/ 12 ha) and smaller bunds of 0.30 m. Thus management of bunds alone can reduce 50% rodent infestation and therefore bund manipulation can be integrated with other rodent control techniques. UAS Bangalore and CIARI Port Blair center has initiated works on eco-biology of the largest rat of the country, i.e. Bandicota indica and Andaman rats, respectively. Burrowing behavior of M. booduga, M. platythrix, T. indica and B. indica has been completed. Similarly, CAZRI, Jodhpur attempted to understand burrowing patterns of Himalayan marmot inhabiting grasslands in Ladakh region. Studies on botanicals have confirmed the anti-rodent properties in neem leaf powder, neem kernel powder, Vitex nigundi and Polygonum leaf powder against R. rattus and B. bengalensis. The baits containing Polygonum showed highest antifeeding index (66.6%) followed by neem (49.3%) and castor (47.2%). Similarly the application of ecodon solution @ 1 liter/burrow at maximum tillering stage and just before PI stage (rice) + sherman trap (30 traps/ha) after 10 days recorded the highest reduction (87.5%) in rodent population. 3 Studies at Ludhiana revealed a good potential of eucalyptus oil and citronella oil as repellents. Eucalyptus oil when applied as spray, paint and as encapsulated wax blocks @ 5, 10 and 20% at different intervals showed repellent action against house rats. Citronella oil also at 5, 10 and 20%, as paint, encapsulated wax blocks and spray, each with three modes of application i.e. daily, once a week and alternate days has revealed significant repellent effects on R. rattus. A few chemicals were also evaluated as antifeedents against rodents by Punjab center. For example, exposure of R. rattus to baits containing 1, 2.5 & 5% cinnamic aldehyde for 3 days in bi-choice feeding test and then again after a gap of 7 and 14 days showed antifeedant effects. This effect was more pronounced with 5% concentration in both sexes. Similarly, the bioactivity of trans-Anethole essential oil compound of bitter fennel fruits also showed anti-feedant effects against B. bengalensis and R. rattus at concentration of 3% in bait. The anti-feedant index was strongest (69-77%) on first two days. Such results can be of great value in devising safer rodent management strategies. Likewise, ziram, a fungicide also showed repellent action against house rats. The scientists have attempted antifertility studies with triptolide and Imidazole. The results indicated that feeding of triptolide in baits at 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25% to B. bengalensis for 15 days had male sterilant effects as was evident in significant reduction in weights of reproductive organs; sperm density, motility and viability with higher sperm abnormality even after 30 and 60 days of treatment. Similarly, intake of Imidazole treated baits @160 mg/kg for three days revealed fairly good palatability and sterility effects on male house rats. Considering the limited number of registered rodenticides in India this house approved evaluation of new rodenticide molecules/ formulations. Therefore the Project evaluated two new anticoagulants viz., flocumafen (0.005%) and difencoum (0.005%) as wax block formulation as a part of coordinated trials.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Baratang Island
    travel BLEISURE The Andamans’ best kept secret Baratang Island The pristine Andaman and Nicobar Islands set a dreamy picture for travellers looking to get away from the city’s hubbub and the beaches here can give South Europe a run for its money. words // Edwina D'souza Andaman Map not to scale and Nicobar Islands Vistara | 22 | April 2019 travel BLEISURE he capital city of Port LAND OF THE JARAWAS any photographs and videos. It’s Blair is the gateway to the One can enter the Baratang an experience one captures with Andamans and its many Island via the Grand Trunk the eyes and not the lens, as you Tbeautiful islands like Road, Andamans’ only highway see the tribes coexist alongside Havelock, Ross and Neil Islands. connecting the south to the north. modern civilisation in present And one would be wrong to say It’s a three hour journey until you day world. that the Andamans is only about reach Jirkatang, which is the check the sun, sea and sands. Venture post to cross the Jarawa tribal A BOAT RIDE THROUGH CAVES inland and the Andamans surprises reserve. The Jarawas are one of The limestone caves in the you with its dense rainforests, the oldest existing human races Andamans are one of the most mangroves, creeks and some of in the world, who have shunned prominent attractions in the the rarest natural wonders unique interaction with the outside world. Baratang Island. Formed by the to this place. A fitting preview to According to estimates, only about compression of over millions of that is the Baratang Island in the 250 to 300 Jarawas remain and they years of gradual deposits of marine Middle Andamans, which is a still practice hunting and gathering life, corals and skeletons; these haven for nature lovers, birders as means of survival.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedingsof the 2Nd Palawan Research Symposium 2015 I
    Proceedingsof the 2nd Palawan Research Symposium 2015 i Science, Technology and Innovation for Sustainable Development nd Proceedings of the 2 Palawan Research Symposium 2015 National Research Forum on Palawan Sustainable Development 9-10 December 2015 Puerto Princesa City, Philippines Short extracts from this publication may be reproduced for individual use, even without permission, provided that this source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction for sale or other commercial purposes is however prohibited without the written consent of the publisher. Electronic copy is also available in www.pcsd.gov.ph and www.pkp.pcsd.gov.ph. Editorial Board: Director Josephine S. Matulac, Planning Director, PCSDS Engr. Madrono P.Cabrestante Jr, Knowledge Management Division Head, PCSDS Prof. Mildred P. Palon, Research Director, HTU Dr. Patrick A. Regoniel, Research Director, PSU Dr. Benjamin J. Gonzales, Vice President for Research, Development & Extension, WPU Exec. Dir. Nelson P. Devanadera, Executive Director, PCSDS Editorial Staff: Celso Quiling Bernard F. Mendoza Lyn S. Valdez Jenevieve P. Hara Published by: Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff-ECAN Knowledge Management PCSD Building, Sports Complex Road, Brgy. Sta. Monica,Puerto Princesa City Palawan, Philippines Tel. No. +63 48 434-4235, Telefax: +63 48 434-4234 www.pkp.pcsd.gov.ph Philippine Copyright ©2016 by PCSDS Palawan, Philippines ISBN: ___________ Suggested Citation: Matulac, J.L.S, M.P. Cabrestante, M.P. Palon, P.A. Regoniel, B.J. Gonzales, and N.P. Devanadera. Eds. 2016. Proceedings of the 2nd Palawan Research Symposium 2015. National Research Forum on Palawan Sustainable Development, “Science, Technology & Innovation. Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines. Proceedingsof the 2nd Palawan Research Symposium 2015 ii Acknowledgement The PCSDS and the symposium-workshop collaborators would like to acknowledge the following: For serving as secretariat, documenters, and facilitating the symposium, concurrent sessions and workshops: Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Biology of the Genus Rattus: Profile of an Archetypal Rodent Pest
    Bromadiolone resistance does not respond to absence of anticoagulants in experimental populations of Norway rats. Heiberg, A.C.; Leirs, H.; Siegismund, Hans Redlef Published in: <em>Rats, Mice and People: Rodent Biology and Management</em> Publication date: 2003 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Heiberg, A. C., Leirs, H., & Siegismund, H. R. (2003). Bromadiolone resistance does not respond to absence of anticoagulants in experimental populations of Norway rats. In G. R. Singleton, L. A. Hinds, C. J. Krebs, & D. M. Spratt (Eds.), Rats, Mice and People: Rodent Biology and Management (Vol. 96, pp. 461-464). Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 SYMPOSIUM 7: MANAGEMENT—URBAN RODENTS AND RODENTICIDE RESISTANCE This file forms part of ACIAR Monograph 96, Rats, mice and people: rodent biology and management. The other parts of Monograph 96 can be downloaded from <www.aciar.gov.au>. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research 2003 Grant R. Singleton, Lyn A. Hinds, Charles J. Krebs and Dave M. Spratt, 2003. Rats, mice and people: rodent biology and management. ACIAR Monograph No. 96, 564p. ISBN 1 86320 357 5 [electronic version] ISSN 1447-090X [electronic version] Technical editing and production by Clarus Design, Canberra 431 Ecological perspectives on the management of commensal rodents David P. Cowan, Roger J. Quy* and Mark S. Lambert Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UNITED KINGDOM *Corresponding author, email: [email protected] Abstract. The need to control Norway rats in the United Kingdom has led to heavy reliance on rodenticides, particu- larly because alternative methods do not reduce rat numbers as quickly or as efficiently.
    [Show full text]
  • Silliman Journal Is Published Quarterly Under the Auspices of Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Philippines
    ARTICLE AUTHOR 1 illiman S ournal JA JOURNAL DEVOTED TO DISCUSSION AND INVESTIGATION IN THE HUMANITIES AND SCIENCES VOLUME 57 NUMBER 4 | OCTOBER TO DECEMBER 2016 IN THIS ISSUE Annie Melinda Paz-Alberto Daryl A. Juganas Geraldine G. Anque Purisima P. Juico Lily Fetalsana-Apura Lani Lou Mar A. Lopez Shem S. Baguio Lourdes L. Oliva Antonio L. Belloso Jaychris Georgette Y. Onia Telesforo M. Belloso Fe L. Porciuncula Florenda F. Cabatit Lynlei L. Pintor Tessie A. Cabije Maria Ana T. Quimbo Rochie C. Cagara Nelson Jose Vincent Quirejero Beryl Andrea P. Delicana Agnes C. Rola Josefina T. Dizon Ellen S. Romero Benjamina Paula G. Flor Shirly C. Serrano Jonathan L. Galindez Renee Felisa O. Teh Quyen Dinh Ha Benjamin C. Tobias Roilo O. Ignacio Maria Lorena L. Tuballa Maribeth Cuevas Jadina Rowena M. Turtal Serlie B. Jamias Salvador B. Vista OCTOBER TO DECEMBER 2016 - VOLUME 57 NO. 4 2 ARTICLE TITLE The Silliman Journal is published quarterly under the auspices of Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Philippines. Entered as second class mail matter at Dumaguete City Post Office on 1 September 1954. Copyright © 2016 by the individual authors and Silliman Journal All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the authors or the publisher. ISSN 0037-5284 Opinions and facts contained in the articles published in this issue of Silliman Journal are the sole responsibility of the individual authors and not of the Editors, the Editorial Board, Silliman Journal, or Silliman University.
    [Show full text]
  • North Andaman (Diglipur) Earthquake of 14 September 2002
    Reconnaissance Report North Andaman (Diglipur) Earthquake of 14 September 2002 ATR Smith Island Ross Island Aerial Bay Jetty Diglipur Shibpur ATR Kalipur Keralapuran Kishorinagar Saddle Peak Nabagram Kalighat North Andaman Ramnagar Island Stewart ATR Island Sound Island Mayabunder Jetty Middle Austin Creek ATR Andaman Island Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 Field Study Sponsored by: Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi Printing of Report Supported by: United Nations Development Programme, New Delhi, India Dissemination of Report by: National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Kanpur, India Copies of the report may be requested from: National Information Center for Earthquake Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 www.nicee.org Email: [email protected] Fax: (0512) 259 7866 Cover design by: Jnananjan Panda R ECONNAISSANCE R EPORT NORTH ANDAMAN (DIGLIPUR) EARTHQUAKE OF 14 SEPTEMBER 2002 by Durgesh C. Rai C. V. R. Murty Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208 016 Sponsored by Department of Science & Technology Government of India, New Delhi April 2003 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are sincerely thankful to all individuals who assisted our reconnaissance survey tour and provided relevant information. It is rather difficult to name all, but a few notables are: Dr. R. Padmanabhan and Mr. V. Kandavelu of Andaman and Nicobar Administration; Mr. Narendra Kumar, Mr. S. Sundaramurthy, Mr. Bhagat Singh, Mr. D. Balaji, Mr. K. S. Subbaian, Mr. M. S. Ramamurthy, Mr. Jina Prakash, Mr. Sandeep Prasad and Mr. A. Anthony of Andaman Public Works Department; Mr. P. Radhakrishnan and Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Techniques in Animal Ecology
    Research Techniques in Animal Ecology Methods and Cases in Conservation Science Mary C. Pearl, Editor Methods and Cases in Conservation Science Tropical Deforestation: Small Farmers and Land Clearing in the Ecuadorian Amazon Thomas K. Rudel and Bruce Horowitz Bison: Mating and Conservation in Small Populations Joel Berger and Carol Cunningham, Population Management for Survival and Recovery: Analytical Methods and Strategies in Small Population Conservation Jonathan D. Ballou, Michael Gilpin, and Thomas J. Foose, Conserving Wildlife: International Education and Communication Approaches Susan K. Jacobson Remote Sensing Imagery for Natural Resources Management: A First Time User’s Guide David S. Wilkie and John T. Finn At the End of the Rainbow? Gold, Land, and People in the Brazilian Amazon Gordon MacMillan Perspectives in Biological Diversity Series Conserving Natural Value Holmes Rolston III Series Editor, Mary C. Pearl Series Advisers, Christine Padoch and Douglas Daly Research Techniques in Animal Ecology Controversies and Consequences Luigi Boitani and Todd K. Fuller Editors C COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © 2000 by Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Research techniques in animal ecology : controversies and consequences / Luigi Boitani and Todd K. Fuller, editors. p. cm. — (Methods and cases in conservation science) Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0–231–11340–4 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 0–231–11341–2 (paper : alk. paper) 1. Animal ecology—Research—Methodology. I. Boitani, Luigi. II. Fuller, T. K. III. Series. QH541.2.R47 2000 591.7′07′2—dc21 99–052230 ϱ Casebound editions of Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper.
    [Show full text]
  • (Insecta, Lepidoptera) Национального Парка «Анюйский» (Хабаровский Край) В
    Амурский зоологический журнал, 2020, т. XII, № 4 Amurian Zoological Journal, 2020, vol. XII, no. 4 www.azjournal.ru УДК 595.783 DOI: 10.33910/2686-9519-2020-12-4-490-512 http://zoobank.org/References/b28d159d-a1bd-4da9-838c-931ed5c583bb MACROHETEROCERA (INSECTA, LEPIDOPTERA) НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ПАРКА «АНЮЙСКИЙ» (ХАБАРОВСКИЙ КРАЙ) В. В. Дубатолов1, 2 1 ФГУ «Заповедное Приамурье», ул. Юбилейная, д. 8, Хабаровский край, 680502, пос. Бычиха, Россия 2 Институт систематики и экологии животных СО РАН, ул. Фрунзе, д. 11, 630091, Новосибирск, Россия Сведения об авторе Аннотация. Приводится список Macroheterocera (без Geometridae), Дубатолов Владимир Викторович отмеченных в Анюйском национальном парке, включающий 442 вида. E-mail: [email protected] Наиболее интересные находки: Rhodoneura vittula Guenée, 1858; Auzata SPIN-код: 6703-7948 superba (Butler, 1878); Oroplema plagifera (Butler, 1881); Mimopydna pallida Scopus Author ID: 14035403600 (Butler, 1877); Epinotodonta fumosa Matsumura, 1920; Moma tsushimana ResearcherID: N-1168-2018 Sugi, 1982; Chilodes pacifica Sugi, 1982; Doerriesa striata Staudinger, 1900; Euromoia subpulchra (Alpheraky, 1897) и Xestia kurentzovi (Kononenko, 1984). Среди них впервые для Приамурья приводятся Rhodoneura vittula Guen. (Thyrididae), Euromoia subpulchra Alph. и Xestia kurentzovi Kononenko (Noctuidae). Права: © Автор (2020). Опубликова- но Российским государственным Ключевые слова: Macroheterocera, Nolidae, Limacodidae, Cossidae, педагогическим университетом им. Thyrididae, Thyatiridae, Drepanidae, Uraniidae, Lasiocampidae,
    [Show full text]
  • Echinodermata Associated with Coral Reefs of Andaman and Nicobar Islands
    Rec. zoo!. Surv. India: 100 (Part 3-4) : 21-60, 2002 ECHINODERMATA ASSOCIATED WITH CORAL REEFS OF ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS D. R. K. SASTRY Zoological Survey of India, A & N Regional Station, Port Blair - 744 102 INTRODUCTION Coral reefs are an important ecosystem of the coastal environment. The reef ecosystem IS highly productive and provides substratum, shelter, food etc. to a variety of biota. Consequently a number of faunal and floral elements are attracted towards the reef ecosystem and are closely associated with each other to form a community. Thus the reefs are also rich in biodiversity. Among the coral reef associates echinoderms are a conspicuous element on account of their size, abundance and effect on the reef ecosystem including the corals. In spite of their importance in the coral reef ecosystem and its conservation, very few studies were made on the echinoderm associates of the coral reefs. Though there were some studies elsewhere, the information on reef­ associated echinoderms of Indian coast is meager and scattered (see Anon, 1995). Hence an attempt is made here to collate the scattered accounts and unpublished information available with Zoological Survey of India. Since the information is from several originals and quoted references and many are to be cited often, these are avoided in the text and a comprehensive bibliography is appended which served as source material and also provides additional references of details and further information. ECHINODERMS OF CORAL REEFS More than 200 species of echinoderms occur in the reef ecosystem of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These belong to five extant classes with 30 to 60 species of each class.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 9 Loss of Global Biodiversity
    Natural Resources: Biotic UNIT 9 LOSS OF GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY Structure 9.1 Introduction Objectives 9.2 Current Status of Biodiversity 9.3 Causes of Biodiversity Loss Habitat Destruction Over Exploitation of Resources Hunting and Export Selective Destruction Pollution Pesticides Global Climate Change Invasive Species Domestication 9.4 Extinct and Threatened Species Extinct Species Threatened Species 9.5 Causes of Species Extinction Natural Extinction Artificial Extinction 9.6 Estimating Rates of Species Extinction 9.7 Major Impacts of Biodiversity Loss 9.8 Summary 9.9 Terminal Questions 9.1 INTRODUCTION As many as 500 million kinds of plants, animals and microorganisms have made earth their home since life began, over 3.5 billion years ago. Presently, it is believed that there are only 5 to 10 million species alive. We, however, do not have an exact figure because there are many areas on the earth that are biologically unexplored. Tropical rain forests are examples of such areas, about which we know little. And a majority of the organisms living there remain to be identified. A few species naturally become extinct over time and it is believed that however, during certain periods of geological time, great numbers have been lost relatively quickly – on the scale of thousands of years. Scientists have documented five mass extinctions since the emergence of life on this planet some 3.8 billion years ago. It is thought that each of these episodes, during which a large fraction of all species were lost, was caused by a catastrophic natural event. For example, the disappearance of two-thirds of all species living on land during the time of the dinosaurs was probably the result of a large asteroid crashing into Earth about 65 million years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • FAQ Welcome to Andamans. Your Convenience Is Our Prime Concern. Please Read Below to Get Answers to Your Most Frequent Queries A
    FAQ Welcome to Andamans. Your convenience is our prime concern. Please read below to get answers to your most frequent queries and prepare you trip to Andamans with these practical advices and tips. 1. Where Andaman Nicobar Islands Locates? The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, located in the south-east of the Indian mainland geographically, float in splendid isolation in the Bay of Bengal. Once a hill range extending from Myanmar to Indonesia, these picturesque undulating islands, islets numbering around 836, are covered with dense rain-fed, damp and evergreen forests and endless varieties of exotic flora and fauna. 2. How to find Andaman on map? Coordinates: 11.7401° N, 92.6586° E 3. How to Reach Andaman? By Air and Ship The Veer Savarkar Airport, an International Airport is located in the capital town of Port Blair, the gateway to Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Port Blair, is connected with Chennai, Kolkata, New Delhi and Bangalore by air. Air India, Go Air, Indigo, Vistara & Spice Jet Airlines operate regular flights. Foreign chartered flights are also permitted to land at Port Blair subject to the fulfilment of guidelines of the Directorate General of Civil Aviation. Regular passenger ship services are available to Port Blair from Chennai, Kolkata and Visakhapatnam and back. There are three to four sailings every month from Kolkata and Chennai to Port Blair and vice-versa. There is only one sailing for Visakhapatnam in a month. The voyage takes about 50 to 60 hours during fair weather. 4. Is the passport required for Andaman? No, Indian citizens do not require a passport to visit Andaman.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vartian Collection Part I. Noctuoidea. Fibigeriana
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Plate 1: 1. Dudusa nobilis; 2. Anticyra combusta; 3—4. Cerura vinula; 5—6. C. iberica; 7-8. C. delavoiei delavoiei; 9—11. C. delavoiei canariensis; 12—13. C. intermedia. 12 3 4 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Plate 102: 1—2. Dryobotodes carbonis europaea; 3—4. D. tenebrosa; 5. Blepharosis paspa; 6—7. B. grumi; 8—9. Bryopolia chamaeleon; 10—11. B. holosericea; 12—13. B. tsvetaevi; 14—15. B. virescens; 15. Bryoxena constricta; 16—17. B.tribulis; 18—20. B. centralasiae; 21—22. B. boursini; 23—26. Antitype chi; 27—28. A. jonis; 29—30. A. suda suda; 31—32. A. suda astfaelleri. 123 4 5 6 7 8 91011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Plate 30: 1—2. Zanclognatha zelleralis; 3. Hydrillodes repugnalis; 4. Plusiodonta coelonota; 5. Oresia emarginata; 6. O. excavata; 7—8. Calyptra thalictri thalictri; 9—10. C. thalictri pallida; 11. C. hokkaida; 12. Eudocima okurai; 13. E. materna; 14—15. E. falonia; 16—17. Hypenodes humidalis; 18—19. H. orientalis; 20. H. turcomanica; 21. Schrankia balneorum; 22. S. costaestrigalis costaestrigalis; 23—24. S. costaestrigalis ssp. from Canary Islands; 25—26. S. taenialis; 27—28. Neachrostia kasyi; 29—30. Parascotia robiginosa. 1234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 17 16 15 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Plate 58: 1—2.
    [Show full text]
  • Noctuoidea I
    NOCTUOIDEA I Family: Arctiidae Taxon Original name Author, year, page Type albida Agrisius fuliginosus albida Daniel, 1952b: 316 ST albifinis Sidyma albifinis Walker, 1856: 1686 PT* albisparsa Aemene albisparsa Hampson, 1898: 439 PT* albocinerea Ghoria albocinerea Moore, 1878: 13 PT* alpicola Micrarctia hönei alpicola Daniel, 1943b: 679 ST alpina Chrysorabdia alpina Hampson, 1900: 184 PT* amnaea Aemene amnaea Swinhoe, 1894: 437 PT* amoyca Lithosia amoyca Daniel, 1954: 110 HT analimaculata Agylla analimaculata Daniel, 1952b: 322 HT analipunctaria Agylla analipunctaria*** Daniel, 1955: 143 HT anormala Spilarctia rhodophila anormala Daniel, 1943b: 710 LT, PLT ariadne Bizone ariadne Elwes, 1890: 394 PT* arizana Ilema arizana Wileman, 1910: 221 PT* Amata (Syntomis) xanthoma atuntseensis Obraztsov, 1966: 146 HT, PT atuntseensis atuntseensis Miltochrista atuntseensis Daniel, 1951b: 320 HT atuntseica Asurioides atuntseica Daniel, 1951b: 308 HT atuntseica Lithosia antuntseica Daniel, 1954: 107 ST aureolata Tigrioides aureolata Daniel, 1954: 133 ST badakshana Arctia intercalaris badakhshana Wiltshire, 1961: 340 PT Moore, [1866] 1865: basinota Lihosia basinota PT* 798 batangi Micrarctia batangi Daniel, 1943b: 679 ST benderi Paraona benderi Roesler, 1967: 72 PT bipunctata Spilarctia comma bipunctata Daniel, 1943b: 701 ST brunnescens Lithosia japonica brunnescens Daniel, 1954: 101 ST bulgarica Syntomis marjana bulgarica Daniel, 1934: 60 ST cantonensis Chionaema cantonensis Daniel, 1952b: 313 HT carpathica Parasemia plantaginis carpathica Daniel, 1939:
    [Show full text]