How Do People Change Their Technology Use in Protest?: Understanding “Protest Users”
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The News Media Industry Defined
Spring 2006 Industry Study Final Report News Media Industry The Industrial College of the Armed Forces National Defense University Fort McNair, Washington, D.C. 20319-5062 i NEWS MEDIA 2006 ABSTRACT: The American news media industry is characterized by two competing dynamics – traditional journalistic values and market demands for profit. Most within the industry consider themselves to be journalists first. In that capacity, they fulfill two key roles: providing information that helps the public act as informed citizens, and serving as a watchdog that provides an important check on the power of the American government. At the same time, the news media is an extremely costly, market-driven, and profit-oriented industry. These sometimes conflicting interests compel the industry to weigh the public interest against what will sell. Moreover, several fast-paced trends have emerged within the industry in recent years, driven largely by changes in technology, demographics, and industry economics. They include: consolidation of news organizations, government deregulation, the emergence of new types of media, blurring of the distinction between news and entertainment, decline in international coverage, declining circulation and viewership for some of the oldest media institutions, and increased skepticism of the credibility of “mainstream media.” Looking ahead, technology will enable consumers to tailor their news and access it at their convenience – perhaps at the cost of reading the dull but important stories that make an informed citizenry. Changes in viewer preferences – combined with financial pressures and fast paced technological changes– are forcing the mainstream media to re-look their long-held business strategies. These changes will continue to impact the media’s approach to the news and the profitability of the news industry. -
Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, the Montgomery Bus Boycott and The
National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox The Making of African American Identity: Vol. III, 1917-1968 Black Belt Press The ONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT M and the WOMEN WHO STARTED IT __________________________ The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson __________________________ Mrs. Jo Ann Gibson Robinson Black women in Montgomery, Alabama, unlocked a remarkable spirit in their city in late 1955. Sick of segregated public transportation, these women decided to wield their financial power against the city bus system and, led by Jo Ann Gibson Robinson (1912-1992), convinced Montgomery's African Americans to stop using public transportation. Robinson was born in Georgia and attended the segregated schools of Macon. After graduating from Fort Valley State College, she taught school in Macon and eventually went on to earn an M.A. in English at Atlanta University. In 1949 she took a faculty position at Alabama State College in Mont- gomery. There she joined the Women's Political Council. When a Montgomery bus driver insulted her, she vowed to end racial seating on the city's buses. Using her position as president of the Council, she mounted a boycott. She remained active in the civil rights movement in Montgomery until she left that city in 1960. Her story illustrates how the desire on the part of individuals to resist oppression — once *it is organized, led, and aimed at a specific goal — can be transformed into a mass movement. Mrs. T. M. Glass Ch. 2: The Boycott Begins n Friday morning, December 2, 1955, a goodly number of Mont- gomery’s black clergymen happened to be meeting at the Hilliard O Chapel A. -
The Perimetric Boycott: a Tool for Tobacco Control Advocacy N Offen, E a Smith, R E Malone
272 Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tc.2005.011247 on 26 July 2005. Downloaded from RESEARCH PAPER The perimetric boycott: a tool for tobacco control advocacy N Offen, E A Smith, R E Malone ............................................................................................................................... Tobacco Control 2005;14:272–277. doi: 10.1136/tc.2005.011247 Objectives: To propose criteria to help advocates: (1) determine when tobacco related boycotts may be useful; (2) select appropriate targets; and (3) predict and measure boycott success. See end of article for Methods: Analysis of tobacco focused boycotts retrieved from internal tobacco industry documents authors’ affiliations websites and other scholarship on boycotts. ....................... Results: Tobacco related boycotts may be characterised by boycott target and reason undertaken. Most Correspondence to: boycotts targeted the industry itself and were called for political or economic reasons unrelated to tobacco Naphtali Offen, disease, often resulting in settlements that gave the industry marketing and public relations advantages. Department of Social and Even a lengthy health focused boycott of tobacco industry food subsidiaries accomplished little, making Behavioral Sciences Box demands the industry was unlikely to meet. In contrast, a perimetric boycott (targeting institutions at the 0612, University of California, San Francisco, perimeter of the core target) of an organisation that was taking tobacco money mobilised its constituency CA 94143, USA; and convinced the organisation to end the practice. [email protected] Conclusions: Direct boycotts of the industry have rarely advanced tobacco control. Perimetric boycotts of Received 25 January 2005 industry allies offer advocates a promising tool for further marginalising the industry. Successful boycotts Accepted 13 April 2005 include a focus on the public health consequences of tobacco use; an accessible point of pressure; a mutual ...................... -
Constitutional Law - Freedom of Association and the Political Boycott Elaine Cohoon
Campbell Law Review Volume 5 Article 4 Issue 2 Spring 1983 January 1983 Constitutional Law - Freedom of Association and the Political Boycott Elaine Cohoon Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.campbell.edu/clr Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Elaine Cohoon, Constitutional Law - Freedom of Association and the Political Boycott, 5 Campbell L. Rev. 359 (1983). This Note is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Repository @ Campbell University School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Campbell Law Review by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Repository @ Campbell University School of Law. Cohoon: Constitutional Law - Freedom of Association and the Political Boy NOTES CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION AND THE POLITICAL BOYCOTT-N.A.A.C.P. v. CLAIBORNE HARDWARE CO., 102 S. Ct. 3409 (1982). INTRODUCTION When several people with a common goal join together to achieve that goal, are their actions conspiratal or constitutionally protected? When that concerted action leads to economic losses, is the action unfair anti-competition or merely effective political per- suasion? The courts have been troubled by this dichotomy for years, switching sides with confusing regularity. Civil or criminal conspiracy has been severely punished because of the greater threat offered by the concerted actions of a group.' On the other hand, "the practice of persons sharing common views banding to- gether to achieve a common end is deeply embedded in the Ameri- can political process.''2 Even when there is no question of criminal or civil conspiracy, concerted actions have been prohibited for other reasons. -
The Stamp Act and Methods of Protest
Page 33 Chapter 8 The Stamp Act and Methods of Protest espite the many arguments made against it, the Stamp Act was passed and scheduled to be enforced on November 1, 1765. The colonists found ever more vigorous and violent ways to D protest the Act. In Virginia, a tall backwoods lawyer, Patrick Henry, made a fiery speech and pushed five resolutions through the Virginia Assembly. In Boston, an angry mob inspired by Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty destroyed property belonging to a man rumored to be a Stamp agent and to Lt. Governor Thomas Hutchinson. In New York, delegates from nine colonies, sitting as the Stamp Act Congress, petitioned the King and Parliament for repeal. In Philadelphia, New York, and other seaport towns, merchants pledged not to buy or sell British goods until the hated stamp tax was repealed. This storm of resistance and protest eventually had the desired effect. Stamp sgents hastily resigned their Commissions and not a single stamp was ever sold in the colonies. Meanwhile, British merchants petitioned Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act. In 1766, the law was repealed but replaced with the Declaratory Act, which stated that Parliament had the right to make laws binding on the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." The methods used to protest the Stamp Act raised issues concerning the use of illegal and violent protest, which are considered in this chapter. May: Patrick Henry and the Virginia Resolutions Patrick Henry had been a member of Virginia's House of Burgess (Assembly) for exactly nine days as the May session was drawing to a close. -
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As the largest protest wave in U.S. history continues, Record. the work of local activists is under attack by malicious outsiders who do not want people standing together in defense of Black lives. From President Trump to Report. white nationalist groups, bad actors may try to smear your efforts on social media or with fliers and other Reach Out. material. Here is a quick guide on how to respond if What To Do When Misinformation you find your efforts under attack. Remember the Hits Your Community three Rs: Record, Report, Reach Out. 1 Record • If the content is online, screenshot the content in a way that catches the time, date, and sender if possible. Do not comment, like, or share the content in a direct way–that just spreads it further to people who are connected to you on social media. If you must comment, do so on a posted screenshot, or reach out to people you know who posted it in a direct way via a direct message. • If the content is in a physical document like a flier or poster, take a photo of it that gets all of the document in the frame of the camera shot. 2 Report • Call your local law enforcement ASAP to let them know about the fake information about outside agitators and/or any threats. White nationalists are targeting law enforcement to repeat, spread, and act on misinformation, so it’s important to de-escalate with the truth as soon as possible. Share your screenshots with them. Document your outreach so you can demonstrate to others (like the media) that you informed the authorities. -
Sports and Politics: Los Angeles Times' Coverage of the 1984 Summer Olympic Games
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 270 754 CS 209 777 AUTHOR Salwen, Michael B.; Garrison, Bruce TITLE Sports and Politics: Los Angeles Times' Coverage of the 1984 Summer Olympic Games. PUB DATE Aug 86 NOTE 19p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (69th, Norman, OK, August 3-6, 1986). PUB TYPE Reports - Research/Technical (143) -- Speeches /Conference Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Assertiveness; *Athletics; Content Analysis; International Relations; News Media; *Newspapers; *News Reporting; *Political Attitudes; Political Issues; *Press Opinion; Propaganda IDENTIFIERS *Los Angeles Times; *Olympic Games ABSTRACT To investigate whether political assertionswere interjected into American sports coverage of the 1984 Olympicgames and which direction those assertions took,a study examined the Los Angeles Times' coverage of the games in its award-winning special supplement sections. The "Times" included these specialsupplements in its papers from July 22, six days before thegames began, to August 14, one day after the Olympic games concluded. All stories that were greater than four square inches, including all graphicsand headlines, were examined. Each of the 899 storieswas coded for the date, page, headline, square column inches, graphics,source of story, type of sport(s), primary nation-actor(s), whether the story contained political assertions, and whether itwas treated as a standard sports-news story, feature, or column. Itwas found that the large majority of stories did not contain political assertions. Nevertheless, among those stories that did interject political assertions into sports coverage, most of the assertions evaluated the impact of the Soviet-led boycott of the Olympicgames, suggesting that the boycott was politically successful. -
Capitol Grounds (Revised 10/6/14)
United States Capitol Police Guidelines for Conducting an Event on United States Capitol Grounds (Revised 10/6/14) The guidelines described below, in accordance with the Traffic Regulations for US Capitol Grounds, are to ensure that events held inside the boundaries of US Capitol Grounds, are conducted in a manner that protects public health and safety yet ensures that the Congressional community can fulfill its legislative responsibility. Demonstration activity is defined as any protest, rally, march, vigil, gathering, assembly or similar conduct engaged in for the purpose of expressing political, social, religious or other similar ideas, views or concerns protected by the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. Demonstration activity is allowed in designated areas as indicated on Attachment A: the “United States Capitol Grounds Demonstration Areas Map.” Prohibited Areas: Groups of any size are prohibited from demonstrating in the following areas: 1. Inside of any Congressional Buildings 2. On the steps of the United States Capitol 3. On the steps of any building on Capitol Grounds 4. In any area otherwise closed or restricted for official use 5. In roadways or any area routinely used for vehicular traffic 6. Prohibited areas as identified in the “United States Capitol Grounds Demonstration Areas Map.” The following conditions apply to all activities occurring on U.S. Capitol Grounds and permitted by the U.S. Capitol Police Board, to ensure: 1. The safety and convenience of all people who exercise their First Amendment right to free expression 2. The safety and convenience of all people visiting Congressional Office Buildings as well as the U.S. -
21 Types of News
21 Types Of News In the fIrst several chapters, we saw media systems in flux. Fewer newspaper journalists but more websites, more hours of local TV news but fewer reporters, more “news/talk” radio but less local news radio, national cable news thriving, local cable news stalled. But what matters most is not the health of a particular sector but how these changes net out, and how the pieces fit together. Here we will consider the health of the news media based on the region of coverage, whether neigh- borhood, city, state, country, or world. Hyperlocal The term “hyperlocal” commonly refers to news coverage on a neighborhood or even block-by-block level. The tradi- tional media models, even in their fattest, happiest days could not field enough reporters to cover every neighborhood on a granular level. As in all areas, there are elements of progress and retreat. On one hand, metropolitan newspapers have cut back on regional editions, which in all likelihood means less coverage of neighborhoods in those regions. But the Internet has revolutionized the provision of hyperlocal information. The first wave of technology— LISTSERV® and other email groups—made it far easier for citizens to inform one another of what was happening with the neighborhood crime watch or the new grocery store or the death of citizens can now snap a beloved senior who lived on the block for 40 years. More recently, social media tools have enabled citizens to self-organize, and connect in ever more picture of potholes and dynamic ways. Citizens can now snap pictures of potholes and send them to send to city hall, or share city hall, or share with each other via Facebook, Twitter or email. -
POLITICAL REPORTING in the AGE of INFOTAINMENT Melissa
POLITICAL REPORTING IN THE AGE OF INFOTAINMENT Melissa Oribhabor Jennifer Rowe, Committee Chair August 2014 Introduction The effects of infotainment have been felt by the news industry since politicians started appearing on talK shows and comedy shows, hoping to humanize themselves to the voting public. One of the earliest examples was in 1968 when presidential candidate Richard Nixon appeared on “Rowan and Martin’s Laugh-In” (Xenos 198). Even earlier than that, John F. Kennedy appeared on the “The Tonight Show” with Jack Paar in 1960. But with the 24-hour news cycle and the Internet drawing the public away from traditional forms of news, infotainment has become even more prevalent during the past 30 years. Infotainment can be seen easily on television, with programs such as “The Daily Show” and CNN’s “RidicuList” with Anderson Cooper; however, infotainment in terms of print journalism has not been studied as in- depth. This research not only looks at infotainment in print journalism but more specifically how it affects political journalists. Literature Review Moy, Xenos and Hess in their 2005 article “Communication and Citizenship: Mapping the Political Effects of Infotainment” define infotainment as the convergence of news and entertainment. The paper states that in recent years news programs started developing more elements of entertainment, and entertainment programs started to disseminate the news. The term “infotainment” is largely used in reference to entertainment programs that have elements of news (Moy et. al. 2005, 113). “Soft news” and “infotainment” are often used interchangeably in research on this topic. Soft news includes sensationalized stories, human-interest stories, and stories that focus more on entertainment over serious hard news content (Jebril et. -
Advertising "In These Imes:"T How Historical Context Influenced Advertisements for Willa Cather's Fiction Erika K
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research: English, Department of Department of English Spring 5-2014 Advertising "In These imes:"T How Historical Context Influenced Advertisements for Willa Cather's Fiction Erika K. Hamilton University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/englishdiss Part of the American Literature Commons Hamilton, Erika K., "Advertising "In These Times:" How Historical Context Influenced Advertisements for Willa Cather's Fiction" (2014). Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research: Department of English. 87. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/englishdiss/87 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the English, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research: Department of English by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. ADVERTISING “IN THESE TIMES:” HOW HISTORICAL CONTEXT INFLUENCED ADVERTISEMENTS FOR WILLA CATHER’S FICTION by Erika K. Hamilton A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: English Under the Supervision of Professor Guy Reynolds Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2014 ADVERTISING “IN THESE TIMES:” HOW HISTORICAL CONTEXT INFLUENCED ADVERTISEMENTS FOR WILLA CATHER’S FICTION Erika K. Hamilton, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, 2014 Adviser: Guy Reynolds Willa Cather’s novels were published during a time of upheaval. In the three decades between Alexander’s Bridge and Sapphira and the Slave Girl, America’s optimism, social mores, culture, literature and advertising trends were shaken and changed by World War One, the “Roaring Twenties,” and the Great Depression. -
Civil Disobedience and the Law
Vanderbilt Law Review Volume 22 Issue 5 Issue 5 - October 1969 Article 2 10-1969 Civil Disobedience and the Law Frank M. Johnson, Jr. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr Part of the First Amendment Commons, and the Law and Society Commons Recommended Citation Frank M. Johnson, Jr., Civil Disobedience and the Law, 22 Vanderbilt Law Review 1089 (1969) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vlr/vol22/iss5/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vanderbilt Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Civil Disobedience and the Law Fraik M. Johnson, Jr. This article is based on a speech delivered by Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr. to the faculty and students of the Vanderbilt Law School. Judge Johnson's thesis is thdt "civil disobedience" presents a special challenge to judges and lawyers. He feels that there are alternatives to "civil disobedience" for challenging and protesting the law and that lawyers have a duty to inform the public of these alternate methods. Only in extreme cases does Judge Johnson believe that "civil disobedience" is justified. He illustrates his thesis with a discussion of the events surrounding the Democratic Convention at Chicago. The 1960's have witnessed the development of protest movements which may well give the decade its name. This nation has seen other periods of discontent, other outbursts of moral indignation, and more than occasional fits of violence, but the movements of the 1960's seem distinctive.