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UNODC Regional Office Brazil 2003 Country Profile Brazil 2003 UNODC Regional Office Brazil 2003 This is not an official document of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme, concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitations of its frontiers and boundaries. This document has not been formally edited. It is meant for discussion and is not an official document of the United Nations. Prepared by: UNODC Regional Office Brazil Caixa Postal 07-0285 70.000-000 Brasilia, D.F. Brazil Tel: (55 61) 321-1377 Fax: (55 61) 323-1381 E-mail: [email protected] UNODC Country Profile Brazil 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of tables .................................................................................................................................................... i List of graphics................................................................................................................................................ i List of abbreviations....................................................................................................................................... ii PREFACE...................................................................................................................................................... iii Map of South America................................................................................................................................... iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ v 1. BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW OF THE DRUG AND CRIME SITUATION........................... 1 2. SUMMARY STATISTICS............................................................................................................. 5 2.1. Drugs.................................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Crime.................................................................................................................................................... 9 3. THE YEAR IN REVIEW: MAIN EVENTS..................................................................................... 16 3.1. Major political and economic events.................................................................................................. 16 3.2. Drugs.................................................................................................................................................. 17 3.3. Crime.................................................................................................................................................. 18 4. GENERAL SETTING........................................................................................................................ 19 4.1. Major characteristics of the country................................................................................................... 19 5. DRUG SITUATION........................................................................................................................... 21 5.1. Production and cultivation ................................................................................................................. 21 5.2. Manufacture ....................................................................................................................................... 22 5.3. International trafficking...................................................................................................................... 22 5.4. Diversion of drugs and precursors ..................................................................................................... 25 5.5. Drug prices......................................................................................................................................... 26 5.6. Demand.............................................................................................................................................. 26 5.7. Costs and consequences ..................................................................................................................... 29 5.8. Money-laundering.............................................................................................................................. 34 6. CRIME SITUATION ......................................................................................................................... 35 6.1. Main characteristics ........................................................................................................................... 35 6.2. Issues of specific concern................................................................................................................... 36 7. POLICY ............................................................................................................................................. 37 7.1. Drugs.................................................................................................................................................. 37 7.1.1. National drug control framework....................................................................................................... 37 7.1.1.1. Conventions adherence and national legislation........................................................................... 38 7.1.1.2. Main characteristics of national drug control policy .................................................................... 38 7.1.2. Licit control (drugs and precursors)................................................................................................... 38 7.1.3. Supply reduction ................................................................................................................................ 38 7.1.4. Demand reduction .............................................................................................................................. 39 7.1.5. Money-laundering control measures.................................................................................................. 41 7.1.6. International cooperation ................................................................................................................... 41 7.1.7. Legislation (drugs) ............................................................................................................................. 41 7.2. Crime.................................................................................................................................................. 42 7.2.1 National crime prevention framework ............................................................................................... 42 7.2.1.1 Organized Crime Convention adherence...................................................................................... 45 7.2.1.2 Legislation (crime) ....................................................................................................................... 45 7.2.1.3 Crime control institutions ............................................................................................................. 46 7.2.1.4 Main characteristics of the national crime prevention strategy .................................................... 47 7.2.1.5 Extradition agreements ................................................................................................................. 48 8. SIGNIFICANT MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION ....................................................... 50 8.1. Annex I............................................................................................................................................. 50 8.2. Annex II ............................................................................................................................................. 52 UNODC Country Profile Brazil 2003 List of tables Table 1 - General summary statistics Table 2 - Cultivation (area in hectares, potentially harvestable after eradication) Table 3 - Cannabis bush eradication by region (in tonnes) Table 4 - Seizures (in kilos) Table 5 - Precursors seized by the federal police (1997-2001) Table 6 - Seized cocaine hydrochloride (kg) Table 7 - Drug abuse prevalence Table 8 - Violent deaths (1999 to 2001) in capitals and the federal district Table 9 - Aggravated assault followed by death Table 10 - Robbery Table 11 - Theft Table 12 - Motor vehicle theft (1999 to 2001) Table 13 - Prison system per state (July 2002) Table 14 - Federal police: drug-related arrests (1997 to 2001) Table 15 - Use of drugs by adolescents per social class Table 16 - Trafficking and violence within the school environment Table 17 - Evolution of the main reasons for using drugs Table 18 - Evolution of the best approaches to prevent drug abuse Table 19 - Causes of admission, 1999 Table 20 - School safety level Table 21 - Criminality in states Table 22 - Police forces per state (2002) Table 23 - Employment: education and gender (1994 and 2000) Table 24 - Percentage of the economically active population (older than 10 years of age) per years of study – 1999 Table 25 - Illiteracy rate among the Brazilian population 15 years of age or older Table 26 - Level of education in Brazilians 5 to 24 years of age (percentage) Table 27 - Registry in the first eight school years (1996 and
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