Journal of Applied Biological Sciences 1 (3): 33-36, 2007

Venomous of (Araneae)

Abdullah BAYRAM1* Nazife YİĞİT1 Tarık DANIŞMAN1 İlkay ÇORAK1 Zafer SANCAK1 Derya ULAŞOĞLU2 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, University of Kırıkkale, 71450 Kırıkkale, TURKEY 2 Vera Pest Control, Ulus, İstanbul, TURKEY

* Corresponding Author Received: 26 May 2006 e-mail: [email protected] Accepted: 25 October 2006 Abstract Over 50.000 species have been described on the world. Among them about 100 species are dangerous for human. Members of Latrodectus and Loxosceles share the habitats of human beings. Chemically, venom is heterogeneous, and contains poly peptide, poly amine, nucleic acid, free amino acid, monoamine, neurotoxin, enzyme and inorganic elements. In enzymes, proteases, hyaluronidase, sphingo-myelinase, phospholipase and isomerase form necrosis. Venom is neurotoxic, and it causes paralysis. In Turkey, some species of Latrodectus, Steatoda, Loxosceles, Cheiracanthium, , , , and Argiope are venomous. The specimens that collected from different habitats and localities of Turkey were examined under stereo microscope. They were identified as species level, and the venom organs of some spiders were investigated morphologically with the light and electron microscope. Key words: Spider, Venom, Turkey, Araneae.

INTRODUCTION The aim of this article is to explain the venomous spiders, and inform their habitats and distributions in Turkey. About 50.000 species have been described on the world. All of the spiders have venom glands except the members of MATERIAL AND METHODS Uloboridae and Archaeidae. Preys of spiders are insects, other and invertebrates, and from vertebrates small fishes, The specimens were collected from different habitats frogs, lizards, birds and even mammalians such as mice. Among and localities in Northeast Blacksea Region, East Anatolia, spiders, nearly 100 species can affect human beings and big Southeast Anatolia, Central Anatolia and Mediterranean Region mammalians with their venom. Envenomation with spider bites in the period of 1993-2005. The specimens were examined call as “araneism”. under stereo microscope, identified as species level, and venom In spiders, the venom organs take place anterior of prosoma, organs of some spiders were morphologically investigated with and they consist of a pair of glands, a pair of fangs on apical the light and electron microscope (SEM, TEM) [3,11,12,13]. of the and a pair of canals that lie from the glands Keys of Heimer and Nentwig [5], Roberts [6], Tyschenko [14] through the chelicera to the tip of the fangs [1, 2, 3 ]. were used in identification. The specimens were preserved at Venomous species of Latrodectus, Loxosceles, Phoneutria, the Zoological Research Laboratory of Kırıkkale University. Atrax and Hadronyche share the habitats such as baths, toilets, garages, workshops, as well as living rooms [4]. They live also RESULTS on or in fences, stack of woods, huts and walls [5,6]. Venomous spider’s groups of Turkey can be arranged as Spider venom are mainly in two characters; neurotoxic and follow: necrotoxic. Neurotoxins cause paralysis the nerves system in arthropods and vertebrates. Necrotoxins form ulcer and heavy Black Widows (Theridiidae): The most venomous spider destruction in the issue [7,8]. Also, the venom damages the of the world is Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) (Fig. 1). LD is 0,05 mg/kg in mice (i.v.). It is a holarctic species. It muscle system and blood cells, cause breathe difficulty and 50 death. Venom of some species is fifteen time effective than has been seen in most of the Mediterranean countries but not venom of a wiper. In addition, some venomous of spiders can yet in Turkey. Every year, many cattle have been lost by these leave and circulate for two years in human body. spiders in Russian steppes. Its venom is neuro and cyto toxic. L. tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790) called as “Mediterranean Spider venom is chemically heterogeneous, and contains black widow” has been recorded from Istanbul, Ankara, polypeptide, poly amine, nucleic acid, free amino acid, Adana, Mardin, Erciş and Kars (Fig. 2). LD50 is 0.013 mg/ monoamine, neurotoxin, enzyme and inorganic elements. mice (13-17 g), 0.032 mg/rat (50-60 g). It shows Palaearctic Among enzymes, protease, hyaluronidase, sphingo-myelinase, distribution. This spider built its web on huts, coops, stacks of phospholipase and isomerase form necrosis [9,10,2]. woods and stones. From steatods (spiders with globe abdomen) Steatoda grossa (Koch CL, 1838) (Fig. 3) and S. paykulliana Violin Spiders (Loxoscelidae): that of loxoscelism. In Gnaphosidae, the Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) (Fig. 4). species Nomisia aussereri (Koch L,1872 ) It is dangerous. It likes cellars huts; and in Liocranidae, the species Liocranum workshops etc., and go into shoes, boots and annulipes Kuczynski, 1897 are dangerous. jump suit. Also, it is hided under cardboards, panels and pictures on walls. In North 34 A. Bayram et al / JABS, 1 (3):America, 33-36, 2007more than 80 percent of the spider bites are because of this species. The venom (Walckenaer, 1806) are dangerous. They can be seen in many formsViolin Spidersa button (Loxoscelidae): first. The swellingLoxosceles recedes rufescens protease, hyaluronidase, sphingo-myelinase, places in Turkey. (Dufour,and 1820) turns (Fig. a reddish 4). It is dangerous. reaction It area likes (lesion).cellars huts; phospholipaseprotease, hyaluronidase, and isomerase sphingo-myelinase, form necrosis workshopsThen itetc., transforms and go into a shoes, necrosis boots (gangrene, and jump suit. Fig. Also, protease,[9,10,2].phospholipase hyaluronidase, and isomerase sphingo-myelinase, form necrosis it is5). hided This under species cardboards, was panelsseen inand Mardin, pictures onMu walls.÷la, In phospholipase[9,10,2].The aim of and this isomerase article is form to explain necrosis the NorthHatay America, and more Elbistan than 80 percent (Kahramanmara of the spiderú ). bitesL. are [9,10,2]. becausereclusa of this Gertschspecies. The & venom Mulaik, forms a button 1940 first. that The venomousThe aim spiders, of this and article inform is to their explain habitats the distributed in North and South America, the The aim of this article is to explain the swelling recedes and turns a reddish reaction area (lesion). Then andvenomous distributions spiders, in Turkey. and inform their habitats it transformsPacific a necrosis Islands, (gangrene, Fig. 5). andThis species some was venomousand distributions spiders, in andTurkey. inform their habitats seenMediterranean in Mardin, Muğla, countries Hatay and Elbistan is more (Kahramanmaraş). dangerous. andMATERIAL distributions AND in Turkey. METHODS L. reclusaBesides Gertsch of necrosis& Mulaik, 1940its venom that distributed can cause in North MATERIALThe specimens AND METHODS were collected from and haemolysis, South America, disorder the Pacific ness inIslands, coagulation Africa and and some Fig 5. Gangrene MATERIALdifferentThe habitats specimens AND and METHODS were localities collected in Northeast from Mediterraneandeath. Dispersion countries is more of L. dangerous. rufescens Besides from of necrosis the The specimens were collected from its venomSouth can America cause haemolysis, and Africa disorder to the ness northern in coagulation is Blackseadifferent habitats Region, and East localities Anatolia, in SoutheastNortheast and bydeath. planes Dispersion and ships. of L. rufescens from the South America differentAnatolia,Blacksea habitats Region, Central and East localities Anatolia, Anatolia in Northeast Southeast and and Africa to the northern is by planes and ships. BlackseaMediterraneanAnatolia, Region, CentralRegion East in Anatolia, the Anatolia period Southeast of 1993- and Anatolia,2005.Mediterranean The specimens CentralRegion werein the Anatolia examinedperiod of 1993- under and Mediterraneanstereo2005. microscope, The specimens Region identified in were the examinedperiodas species of 1993- underlevel, Fig 1. Latrodectus mactans 2005.andstereo venom Themicroscope, specimens organs identified of were some examined as spidersspecies underlevel, were Fig 1. Latrodectus mactans stereomorphologicallyand venom microscope, organs investigated identified of some as withspecies spiders the level, were light FigureFig 1. 1. Latrodectus Latrodectus mactansmactans andandmorphologically venom electron organs microscope investigated of some (SEM, with spiders the TEM) were light morphologically[3,11,12,13].and electron Keys microscope investigated of Heimer (SEM,with and the Nentwig TEM) light and[5],[3,11,12,13]. Roberts electron [6], Keys microscopeTyschenko of Heimer [14] (SEM, andwere Nentwig used TEM) in [3,11,12,13].identification.[5], Roberts [6], Keys The Tyschenko specimens of Heimer [14] were and were preserved Nentwig used in [5],atidentification. theRoberts Zoological [6], The Tyschenko specimens Research [14] were Laboratory were preserved used in of Fig 6. identification.Kat r thekkale Zoological University. The specimens Research were Laboratory preserved of atK r thekkale Zoological University. Research Laboratory of Hunter Spiders Oxyopes lineatus Krkkale University. Latreille, 1806 (Lynx spider, (Oxyopidae); RESULTS Lycosa tarantula (Linnaeus, 1758), L. RESULTSVenomous spider’s groups of Turkey can FigureFig 4. Loxosceles Loxosceles rufescens rufescens narbonensis Latreille, 1806 and L. RESULTSbe arrangedVenomous as follow:spider’s groups of Turkey can singoriensis (Laxmann, 1770) (The Venomous spider’s groups of Turkey can FoliageFoliage Spiders Spiders (Clubionidae): (Clubionidae): These spiders are These mostly Mediterranean tarantulas, Fig. 7, are be arranged as follow: borrowing spiders, dig and live in vertical be arrangedBlack Widows as follow: (Theridiidae): The most foundspiders in fallen are foliage mostly in gardens found and in fields. fallen However, foliage the in most venomousBlack Widowsspider of (Theridiidae):the world is Latrodectus The most dangerousgardens species and Cheiracanthium fields. However, punctorium (Willers, the most 1789) tubes in the ground, Lycosidae), Pisuara Black Widows (Theridiidae): The most and C. mildei Koch L, 1864 (Fig. 6) live in or around houses. mirabilis (Clerck 1757) (Tent spider, mactansvenomous(Fabricius, spider of the 1775) world (Fig. is Latrodectus 1). LD50 is Violin Spiders (Loxoscelidae): thatdangerous of loxoscelism. species In Gnaphosidae,Cheiracanthium the Likepunctorium L. rufescens this(Willers, species prefers 1789) cellars and andC. workshops. mildei Pisauridae); from the funnel spiders venomous0,05mactans mg/kg(Fabricius, spider in mice of the 1775) (i.v.). world (Fig. It is is Latrodectus 1). a holarctic LD50 is Fig 2. Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) (Fig. 4). It isspeciesKoch attractive. L,Nomisia Epidemiology 1864 (Fig. aussereri of 6)cheiracanthism live (Koch in or looks L around,1872 like that ) () Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck mactansspecies.0,05 mg/kg (Fabricius, It has in mice been 1775) (i.v.). seen (Fig. It in is most 1). a holarctic LD of50 theis FigureFig 2 2.. LatrodectusLatrodectus tredecimguttatus tredecimguttatus It is dangerous. It likes cellars huts; of andloxoscelism.houses. in Liocranidae,Like In Gnaphosidae, L. rufescens the the thisspecies species species Nomisia Liocranum prefers aussereri 1757) (a cosmopolitan species, and can be 0,05 mg/kg in mice (i.v.). It is a holarctic Fig 2 . Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Mediterraneanspecies. It has countries been seen but in most not yet of the in workshops etc., and go into shoes, boots and (Kochannulipescellars L,1872) and Kuczynski,and workshops.in Liocranidae, 1897 It theare isspecies dangerous. attractive. Liocranum seen all over Anatolia, Fig. 8), A. gracilens species.Turkey.Mediterranean ItEvery has year, countriesbeen many seen butcattle in most not have yetof been the in jump suit. Also, it is hided under cardboards, annulipesEpidemiology Kuczynski, 1897 of cheiracanthism are dangerous. looks like Koch CL, 1841, some Histopona species, MediterraneanlostTurkey. by these Every spiders year, countries many in Russian but cattle not steppes. have yet been Itsin panels and pictures on walls. In North Turkey.venomlost by these Every is neuro spiders year, manyand in Russian cattle cyto steppes. have toxic. been ItsL. America, more than 80 percent of the spider losttredecimguttatusvenom by these is spidersneuro (Rossi, in and Russian 1790) cyto steppes. toxic. called Its asL. bites are because of this species. The venom venom“Mediterraneantredecimguttatus is neuro black(Rossi, and widow” 1790)cyto toxic.has called been L. as forms a button first. The swelling recedes tredecimguttatusrecorded“Mediterranean from Istanbul,black(Rossi, widow” 1790) Ankara, called has Adana, been as and turns a reddish reaction area (lesion). “MediterraneanMardin,recorded Erci fromú and black Istanbul, Kars widow” (Fig. Ankara, 2). has LD50 Adana, been is Then it transforms a necrosis (gangrene, Fig. recorded0.013Mardin, mg/mice Erci fromú and (13-17 Istanbul, Kars g), (Fig. 0.032 Ankara, 2). mg/rat LD50 Adana, (50- is 5). This species was seen in Mardin, Mu÷la, Mardin,600.013 g ). mg/miceIt Ercishowsú and (13-17Palaearctic Kars g), (Fig. 0.032distribution. 2). mg/rat LD50 This (50- is Hatay and Elbistan (Kahramanmaraú). L. 0.013spider60 g ). mg/mice builtIt shows its web (13-17Palaearctic on g),huts, 0.032 distribution. coops, mg/rat stacks (50-This of reclusa Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940 that 60woodsspider g ). builtIt and shows its stones. webPalaearctic on From huts, distribution. steatods coops, stacks (spiders This of distributed in North and South America, the spiderwithwoods globe built and abdomen)its stones. web on FromSteatoda huts, steatodscoops, grossa stacks (spiders (Koch of Pacific Islands, Africa and some woodsCL,with globe 1838) and abdomen) stones. (Fig. 3) From Steatoda and steatods S. grossa paykulliana (spiders (Koch Mediterranean countries is more dangerous. with(Walckenaer,CL, globe 1838) abdomen) (Fig.1806) 3)are Steatoda anddangerous. S. grossa paykulliana They (Koch can Besides of necrosis its venom can cause CL,be(Walckenaer, seen 1838) in many(Fig. 1806) places 3)are in anddangerous. Turkey. S. paykulliana They can Figurehaemolysis, 3. Steatoda grossa disorder ness in coagulation and FigureFig 5. 5. Gangrene (Walckenaer,be seen in many 1806) places are indangerous. Turkey. They can Figdeath. 3. Steatoda Dispersion grossa of L. rufescens from the be seen in many places in Turkey. FigSouth 3. Steatoda America grossa and Africa to the northern is Figby 3. planesSteatoda and grossa ships.

Fig 6. Cheiracanthium mildei

Hunter Spiders Oxyopes lineatus Latreille, 1806 (Lynx spider, (Oxyopidae); Lycosa tarantula (Linnaeus, 1758), L. Fig 4. Loxosceles rufescens narbonensis Latreille, 1806 and L. singoriensis (Laxmann, 1770) (The Foliage Spiders (Clubionidae): These Mediterranean tarantulas, Fig. 7, are spiders are mostly found in fallen foliage in borrowing spiders, dig and live in vertical gardens and fields. However, the most tubes in the ground, Lycosidae), Pisuara dangerous species Cheiracanthium mirabilis (Clerck 1757) (Tent spider, punctorium (Willers, 1789) and C. mildei Pisauridae); from the funnel spiders Koch L, 1864 (Fig. 6) live in or around (Agelenidae) Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck houses. Like L. rufescens this species prefers 1757) (a cosmopolitan species, and can be cellars and workshops. It is attractive. seen all over Anatolia, Fig. 8), A. gracilens Epidemiology of cheiracanthism looks like Koch CL, 1841, some Histopona species, Tegenaria agrestis (Walckenaer, 1802) (it is The spider is either in the central of the web an attractive spider), T. domestica (Clerck, or under a leave near to the web. Violin Spiders (Loxoscelidae): that of loxoscelism. In Gnaphosidae, the 1758) (House spider); also, the water spider Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) (Fig. 4). species Nomisia aussereri (Koch L,1872 ) Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck 1758) It is dangerous. It likes cellars huts; and in Liocranidae, the species Liocranum (Argyronetidae) are dangerous. Bites of workshops etc., and go into shoes, boots and annulipes Kuczynski, 1897 are dangerous. Tegenaria cause typical necrosis. jump suit. Also, it is hided under cardboards, panels and pictures on walls. In , more than 80 percent of the spider bites are because of this species. The venom forms a button first. The swelling recedes and turns a reddish reaction area (lesion). Then it transforms a necrosis (gangrene, Fig. 5). This species was seen in Mardin, Mu÷la, Hatay and Elbistan (Kahramanmaraú). L. reclusa Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940 that distributed in North and South America, the Pacific Islands, Africa and some Fig 9. Araneus diadematus Mediterranean countries is more dangerous. Besides of necrosis its venom can cause Crab and Jumping Spiders: Heriaeus A. Bayram et al / JABS,Fig 1 (3): 7. Lycosa33-36, singoriensis2007 35 haemolysis, disorder ness in coagulation and Fig 5. Gangrene oblongus Simon, 1918, Misumena vatia death. Dispersion of L. rufescens from the (Clerck, 1758) , Synaema plorator South America and Africa to the northern is Cambridge O.P, 1872 and Thomisus onustus by planes and ships. Walckenaer, 1805 (from Thomisidae); Tibellus oblongus (Walckenaer, 1802) and Thanatus striatus Koch C.L, 1845 (from Philodromidae); Heteropoda variegata (Simon, 1874), Micrommata virescens (Clerck, 1757) (Green spider) and Olios argelasius (Walckenaer, 1805) (from Heteropodidae); Philaeus chrysops (Poda, 1761) and some species of Phidippus (from Salticidae); Eresus cinnaberinus (Olivier, 1789) (Ladybird spider, from Eresidae); Pritha nana (Simon, 1868) and P. insidiatrix Figure 6. Cheiracanthium mildei (Foskoel, 1775) (from Filistatidae) are Fig 6. Cheiracanthium mildei Fig 8. Agelena labyrinthica Hunter Spiders Oxyopes lineatus Latreille, 1806 (Lynx Figure 8. Agelena labyrinthica venomous and dangerous. spider, (Oxyopidae); Lycosa tarantula (Linnaeus, 1758), L. Garden Spiders (Araneidae): Araneus diadematus Clerck narbonensis Latreille, 1806 and L. singoriensis (Laxmann, 1757 (Garden spider, Fig. 9), A. angulatus Clerck 1757, A. 1770) Hunter (The Mediterranean Spiders tarantulas,Oxyopes Fig. 7, are lineatus borrowing marmoreusGarden Clerck Spiders 1757; Argiope (Araneidae): lobata (Palas, Araneus 1772) (Tiger Six-eyed Spiders: spiders,Latreille, dig and 1806 live in vertical (Lynx tubes spider, in the ground, (Oxyopidae); Lycosidae), spider)diadematus, NeosconaClerck adianta 1757 (Walckenaer, (Garden 1802)spider,, Larinioides Fig. (Rossi, 1790) and S. senoculata (Linnaeus, PisuaraLycosa mirabilis tarantula (Clerck 1757) (Linnaeus, (Tent spider, 1758), Pisauridae); L. cornutus9), A. angulatus(Clerck, 1758) Clerck and L. 1757folium, (Schrank,A. marmoreus 1803). These 1758) (Fig. 10, from Segestriidae) were Fig 4. Loxosceles rufescens fromnarbonensisTegenaria the funnel agrestis spidersLatreille, (Agelenidae)(Walckenaer, 1806 Agelena 1802) and labyrinthica (it L.is ThespeciesClerck spider built 1757 vertical is ; either Argiope orb-webs in the lobatabetween central the(Palas, branches of the 1772) ofweb bushes recorded from Mu÷la, øzmir and østanbul; (Clerck 1757) (a cosmopolitan species, and can be seen all and trees. Diameter of some webs is more than 1 meter. The singoriensisan Tegenaria attractive agrestis spider) (Laxmann,, (Walckenaer, T. domestica 1770) 1802) (Clerck, (The (it is orThe(Tiger under spider a leave spider)is either near, in to the Neoscona the central web. of the adianta web some species of Dysdera that leave under over Anatolia, Fig. 8), A. gracilens Koch CL, 1841, some spider(Walckenaer, is either in the 1802) central, of Larinioides the web or under cornutus a leave nearstones and logs in gardens and fields or in Foliage Spiders (Clubionidae): These Mediterranean1758)an (Houseattractive spider); spider) tarantulas, , also, T. domestica the Fig. water 7, (Clerck, spider are or under a leave near to the web. Histopona species, Tegenaria agrestis (Walckenaer, 1802) (it to(Clerck, the web. 1758) and L. folium (Schrank, splits of walls are dangerous. isborrowingArgyroneta an 1758) attractive (House spiders, spider) aquatica , spider); T. domesticadig and also, (Clerck (Clerck, live the water in 1758) vertical 1758) spider (House spiders are mostly found in fallen foliage in 1803). These species built vertical orb-webs spider);tubesArgyroneta also, in the water ground, aquatica spider Argyroneta Lycosidae), (Clerck aquatica Pisuara (Clerck 1758) gardens and fields. However, the most (Argyronetidae) are dangerous. Bites of between the branches of bushes and trees. dangerous species Cheiracanthium 1758)mirabilisTegenaria(Argyronetidae) (Argyronetidae) cause(Clerck aretypical dangerous. are 1757) necrosis. dangerous. Bites (Tent of Tegenaria Bites spider, cause of typicalTegenaria necrosis. cause typical necrosis. Diameter of some webs is more than 1 meter. punctorium (Willers, 1789) and C. mildei Pisauridae); from the funnel spiders Koch L, 1864 (Fig. 6) live in or around (Agelenidae) Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck houses. Like L. rufescens this species prefers 1757) (a cosmopolitan species, and can be cellars and workshops. It is attractive. seen all over Anatolia, Fig. 8), A. gracilens Epidemiology of cheiracanthism looks like Koch CL, 1841, some Histopona species,

FigFigFigure 9. 9. Araneus Araneus9. Araneus diadematus diadematus

Crab and Jumping Spiders: Heriaeus oblongus Simon, Crab and Jumping Spiders: Heriaeus Fig 7. Lycosa singoriensis Crab1918, Misumena and Jumping vatia (Clerck, Spiders 1758) , : SynaemaHeriaeus plorator Fig 7. Lycosa singoriensis oblongusCambridge O.P, Simon, 1872 and 1918 Thomisus, Misumena onustus Walckenaer, vatia 1805 Figure 7. Lycosa singoriensis oblongus Simon, 1918, Misumena vatia (Clerck,(Clerck,(from Thomisidae); 1758) Tibellus,, Synaema oblongus Synaema (Walckenaer, plorator plorator 1802) Cambridgeand Thanatus striatusO.P, 1872 Koch andC.L, 1845Thomisus (from Philodromidae);onustus Cambridge O.P, 1872 and Thomisus onustus Walckenaer,Heteropoda variegata 1805 (Simon, (from 1874) , Micrommata Thomisidae); virescens Walckenaer,Tibellus(Clerck, 1757) oblongus (Green 1805 spider) (Walckenaer, and (from Olios argelasius Thomisidae); 1802) (Walckenaer, and TibellusThanatus1805) (from oblongus Heteropodidae); striatus Koch (Walckenaer, Philaeus C.L, chrysops 1845 1802) (Poda, (from and 1761) ThanatusPhilodromidae);and some species striatus of Phidippus HeteropodaKoch C.L,(from Salticidae);1845 variegata (from Eresus cinnaberinus (Olivier, 1789) (Ladybird spider, from Eresidae); Philodromidae);(Simon, 1874) , Micrommata Heteropoda virescens variegata (Simon,Pritha nana (Simon, 1874) ,1868) Micrommata and P. insidiatrix (Foskoel, virescens 1775) (Clerck,(from Filistatidae) 1757) are (Greenvenomous spider)and dangerous. and Olios (Clerck,argelasius 1757)(Walckenaer, (Green spider) 1805) and (from Olios argelasiusHeteropodidae);(Walckenaer,Philaeus chrysops 1805) (Poda, (from Heteropodidae);1761) and some speciesPhilaeus of Phidippus chrysops (from(Poda, 1761)Salticidae); and someEresus species cinnaberinus of Phidippus (Olivier,(from Salticidae);1789) (Ladybird Eresus spider, cinnaberinus from Eresidae); (Olivier, 1789)Pritha nana (Ladybird (Simon, spider, 1868) and from P. insidiatrix Eresidae); Pritha(Foskoel, nana 1775) (Simon, (from 1868) Filistatidae)and P. insidiatrix are Fig 8. Agelena labyrinthica (Foskoel,venomous and 1775) dangerous. (from Filistatidae) are Fig 8. Agelena labyrinthica venomous and dangerous. Garden Spiders (Araneidae): Araneus Six-eyed Spiders: Segestria florentina diadematus Clerck 1757 (Garden spider, Fig. (Rossi, 1790) and S. senoculata (Linnaeus, Garden Spiders (Araneidae): Araneus Six-eyed Spiders: Segestria florentina 9), A. angulatus Clerck 1757, A. marmoreus 1758) (Fig. 10, from Segestriidae) were diadematusClerck 1757Clerck; Argiope 1757 (Garden lobata (Palas,spider, 1772)Fig. (Rossi,recorded 1790) from and Mu ÷S.la, senoculataøzmir and (Linnaeus,østanbul; 9), (TigerA. angulatus spider) Clerck, 1757 Neoscona, A. marmoreus adianta 1758)some species (Fig. 10, of Dysdera from Segestriidae)that leave under were Clerck(Walckenaer, 1757; Argiope 1802) , lobata Larinioides (Palas, cornutus 1772) recordedstones and from logs Mu in gardens÷la, øzmir and and fields østanbul; or in (Tiger(Clerck, spider) 1758), and Neoscona L. folium (Schrank, adianta somesplits of species walls are of dangerous.Dysdera that leave under (Walckenaer,1803). These 1802) species, Larinioides built vertical cornutus orb-webs stones and logs in gardens and fields or in (Clerck,between 1758) the branches and L. of folium bushes (Schrank, and trees. splits of walls are dangerous. 1803).Diameter These of species some webs built is verticalmore than orb-webs 1 meter. between the branches of bushes and trees. Diameter of some webs is more than 1 meter. 36 A. Bayram et al / JABS, 1 (3): 33-36, 2007

Six-eyed Spiders: Segestria florentina (Rossi, 1790) and REFERENCES S. senoculata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 10, from Segestriidae) were recorded from Muğla, İzmir and İstanbul; some species of [1]. Foelix RF. 1982. Biology of Spiders. 3rd Edition, Dysdera that leave under stones and logs in gardens and fields Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 325 Pages. or in splits of walls are dangerous. [2]. Habermehl GG. 1981. Venomous and Their Toxins. Spinger-Verlag, Berlin. There is no research on venom of most [3]. Yiğit N, Güven T, Bayram A, Çavuşoğlu K. 2004. A species of spiders. Venom analysis of the morphological study on the venom apparatus of Agelena limitedlabyrinthica species (Araneae, is known. Agelenidae). Hundreds Turkish Journal of of speciesZoology, are need 28, 121-127. of analysis. [4].The Kaston spiders BJ. 1978. Phoneutria How to Know fera the Spiders. (Ctenidae, C. Brown LD50 Company = 0.0009 Publishers, mg/kg Dubuque, mice) Iowa. and Atrax robustus (Dipluridae) which are very [5]. Heimer S, Nentwig W. 1991. Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Ein dangerousBestimmungsbuch, in the South Verlag andPaul Parey, North Berlin, America 543 Pages. do not distributed in Turkey and the [6]. Roberts MJ. 1995. Spiders of Britain and Northern PalaearcticEurope. region Collins Field[18]. Guide, Harper-Collins Publishers, London. REFERENCES[7]. Bettini S. 1978. Venom, Springer-Verlag, New [1]. FoelixYork. RF. 1982. Biology of Spiders. 3rd [8].Edition, Nentwig W. Cambridge 1987. Ecophysiology University of Spiders, Press, Springer- FigureFig 10. 10. Segestria senoculata Cambridge,Verlag, London. 325 Pages. [2].Habermehl[9]. Maretic Z. 1975. GG. European 1981. araneism, Bulletin Venomous of British DISCUSSION AnimalsArachnological and Society Their 3, 126-130. Toxins. Spinger- It is recorded that venom of some spiders [10].Verlag, Maretic Berlin.Z, Russel FE. 1979. A case of necrotic arachnidism is It effective is recorded fifteenthat venom times of some than spiders venom is effective of fifteen a times than venom of a wiper [15]. However, spider venom does [3]. Yiin÷ Yugoslavia,it N, Güven Toxicon, T, Bayram 17, 412-413. A, Çavuúo÷lu wiper [15]. However, spider venom does not not cause important destructions like that done by venom. [11].K. Yiğit 2004. N, BayramA morphological A, Danışman studyT. 2006. on Functional the Thiscause is because important of smallness destructions of spider like and weakthat injectiondone venommorphology apparatus of the venom of Agelena apparatus oflabyrinthica Agelena gracilens mechanism.by snake For instance, venom. while This a black widow is because injects 0.02-0.03 of (Araneae,(Koch C.L., Agelenidae).1841) (Areneae: Agelenidae),Turkish Journal18th National mg (dry) venom, the long nosed wiper injects 20 mg, and the smallness of spider and weak injection of BiologyZoology, Congress 28, 121-127. (26-30 June 2006 – Kuşadası – American rattlesnake injects 437 mg in one bite [16]. Because of mechanism. For instance, while a black [4]. KastonAydın). BJ. 1978. How to Know the the following causes spiders are not dangerous as far as scorpions andwidow : injects The chelicerae 0.02-0.03 are too mg weak (dry) to pierce venom, the skin the of [12]. Spiders.Çavuşoğlu K, Maraş C. M, Bayram Brown A. 2004. CompanyA morphological humanlong (1), nosed the venom wiper injected injects is not enough 20 mg, for envenomation and the Publishers,study on the Dubuque, venom apparatus Iowa. of Alopecosa fabrilis (2),American most of spiders rattlesnake are not proud injects for biting 437 human, mg in they one bite [5]. Heimer(Araneae, S,Lycosidae). Nentwig Turkish W. Journal 1991. of Biology,Spinnen 28, 69- onlybite in [16]. panic situation Because (3), ofmost the of the following venom are not causes enough Mitteleuropas.73. Ein Bestimmungsbuch, toxicspiders for human are not they dangerousare effective for as invertebrates far as scorpions (4), most of [13]. VerlagÇavuşoğlu Paul K, MaraşParey, M, Berlin, Bayram A.543 2004. Pages. A study on spiders live far from human habitats (5). and snakes: The chelicerae are too weak to [6]. Robertsvenom and MJ. venom 1995. gland Spiders of Larinioides of Britain cornutus and(Aranea, pierceIn many the cases, skin because of of human the smallness (1), the the victim venom can not NorthernAraneidae), Anadolu . University, Collins Journal Field of Guide, Sciens and see the spider. So, it is hard to identify the spider in general. Technology 14, 85-92. Thisinjected situation is cannot cause enough misperceiving. for envenomation On the other hand, (2), it is Harper-Collins Publishers, London. possiblemost ofthat mix spiders each other are the notspider proud bites and forother bitingarachnids [7].[14]. Bettini Tyschchenko S. VP. 1978. 1971. Identification Arthropod Key Venom, to Spiders of suchhuman, as mite, they bug biteand flea.only For in instance, panic accordingsituation to (3),Russell Springer-Verlag,the European USSR. Leningrad, New York. Opred Faune USSR 105, andmost Gertsch of the [17], venom from 600 are suspected not enough spider bites toxic with for local [8]. Nentwig1-281. W. 1987. Ecophysiology of singshuman and symptoms, they are recorded effective by them for 80 invertebratespercent were bites [15]. Spiders,Sharma RP, Springer-Verlag, Taylor MJ. 1977. London. toxins, In: by other arthropods (ticks, bed bugs, fleas, etc). (4), most of spiders live far from human [9]. MareticDreisbach, Z. RH., 1975. Handbook European of posining, araneism, Lange Med. habitatsThere is(5). no research on venom of most species of spiders. BulletinPublications, California. of British Arachnological Venom analysis of the limited species is known. Hundreds of [16]. Maretic Z. 1987. Spider Venom and Their Effect, In: speciesIn aremany need ofcases, analysis. because of the smallness Society 3, 126-130. Nentwig, W., Ecophysiology of Spiders, p. 142-159. theThe victim spiders can Phoneutria not see fera the (Ctenidae, spider. LD50 So, = it 0.0009 is [10]. Maretic Z, Russel FE. 1979. A case of [17]. Russell FE, Gertsch WJ. 1983. Letter to the editor mg/kghard mice) to identify and Atrax the robustus spider (Dipluridae) in general. which are This very necrotic arachnidism in Yugoslavia, (arthropod bites). Toxicon, 21, 337. dangeroussituation in the can South cause and North misperceiving. America do not distributed On the in Toxicon, 17, 412-413. Turkeyother andhand, the Palaearcticit is possible region [18].that mix each other [11].[18]. YiBayram÷it N, A. Bayram2002. Spiders A, ofDan Turkeyúman (Araneae), T. 2006. Species the spider bites and other such as Functionallist and their distributions,morphology In: of Demirsoy the venom A, General mite, bug and flea. For instance, according to apparatusGeography and of Zoogeography Agelena gracilensof Turkey, 23rd (Koch Chapter, 5th Edi. Meteksan Publications, Ankara. Russell and Gertsch [17], from 600 suspected C.L., 1841) (Areneae: Agelenidae), spider bites with local sings and symptoms, 18th National Biology Congress (26-30 recorded by them 80 percent were bites by June 2006 – Kuúadas – Aydn). other arthropods (ticks, bed bugs, fleas, etc). [12]. Çavuúo÷lu K, Maraú M, Bayram A. 2004. A morphological study on the