Washington State Wine

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Washington State Wine Ny - udvidet guide om Pacific Northwest Indholdsfortegnelse 1. Washington State 2. Washington – øst for Cascades 3. Forstå Washingtons vingårdsgeologi 4. Vinhistorie i Washington 5. Washingtons druesorter 6. Washington AVA’er Washington State Washington er landets andenstørste producent af vinifera-vine. Selvom den befinder sig i Californiens skygge, leverer Washington State 5 % af Amerikas indenlandske vin, og produktionen fortsætter med at vokse i stormskridt. States vindrueagerjord er fordoblet i dette århundrede fra 24.000 acre i 1999 til næsten 50.000 acre i 2013. I 1999 annoncerede daværende Wine Commission Director Steve Burns, at et nyt vineri åbnede hver 13. dag i Amerika, og denne vækst er fortsat: i 2013 var antallet af statsvinerier steget fra 160 til over 850. 2014 medførte en rekordhøst – 227.000 ton frugt – og da staten har tilføjet omkring 2.500 acre hvert år i det forudgående årti, vil denne rekord sandsynligvis ikke holde længe. Sammenlign eksempelvis Washington med Californiens Napa Valley AVA: Washington har cirka 5.000 flere acre med vingårdsland og producerede i 2013 cirka 40.000 flere ton frugt. Og Napa Valley producerer blot 4 % af Californiens vine! Washington er ikke blot en mindre producent end Californien generelt, men har samtidig et mere snævert fokus: staten har ikke den samme enorme bulk-vinindustri, som driver Californien, og fokuserer i stedet på luksusproduktion. Washington er desuden en yngre, mindre udviklet industri. Vindyrkning udgør ofte kun et smalt udsnit af gårdes aktiviteter, og en minoritet af vinerier er ejendomsprojekter. Vindyrkningsadministrator Kent Waliser fra Columbia Valley's Sagemoor Vineyards beskriver det ganske kort: “Vinerier er ikke forbundet med vinmarker.” Mange er endda lokaliseret i eller omkring Seattle langt fra frugten selv, og de fleste er små eller mellemstore, hvorfor de leverer færre end 12.000 kasser per år. Der er imidlertid et par store vinerier i spil: Ste. Michelle Wine Estates (Chateau Ste. Michelle, Columbia Crest osv.) er statens største producent, som står for næsten 60 % af Washingtons samlede andel og er verdens største producent af Riesling. Andre store vinmagere med eget mærke inkluderer Hogue Cellars, Hedges Family Estate, K Vintners og Gallo, som kom ind på markedet med deres opkøb af Columbia Winery i 2012. I 2013 solgte hvert brand som minimum 250.000 gallon, svarende til flere end 100.000 vinkasser. Samme år solgte Ste. Michelle Wine Estates alene flere end 7 millioner kasser. Disse få store vinerier – og moderselskaber såsom Precept Wines (Canoe Ridge, Waterbrook, Willow Crest) – er drivkræfter bag Washingtons nuværende vækst. TILBAGE TIL TOPPEN WASHINGTON – ØST FOR CASCADES Vand er den begrænsende faktor. - Mike Sauer, Red Willow Vineyard De fleste af Washingtons vinifera-vingårde er lokaliseret øst fra Cascades- bjergkæden i det omfattende Columbia Basin, afvandingsområdet fra Columbia River. Disse centrale og østlige vindyrkningsregioner, som alle ligger over 46. breddekreds, deler et ganske ensartet, tørt kontinentalklima med få variationer fra region til region. Områdets varme somre – hvor gennemsnitlige eftermiddagstemperaturer kan nå 103° F – og ekstra timer med sommersol muliggør hurtig sukkermodning, mens de kølige nætter bevarer syren. Den daglige variationsgrad i Columbia Valley er 28° F, men i nogle lavere regioner kan natlige temperaturer falde med 40° F er derover. Iskolde vintre bidrager til at mildne sygdomme, da mange vingårdsplager ganske enkelt ikke kan overleve kulden. Vinlus er eksempelvis nærmest ikke-eksisterende i staten, fordi de strenge vintre, sandjorden og den enorme afstand fra vingård til vingård holder dem borte. Og med et årligt nedbør på mellem 6 til 12 tommer overkommer det østlige Washingtons tørre klima meldug og andre svampeangreb. Vinteren og det tørre klima kan muligvis modvirke pestilenser, men de medfører også udfordringer. På trods af rimelige mængder af vand til kunstig vanding, kan det være vanskeligt for avlere at opnå vandløbsrettigheder, og jordbrug i tørre områder er fysisk umuligt i de fleste regioner i det østlige, golde Washington. Hvorfor er nedbør så sparsomt i det østlige Washington? Når stillehavsvinden rammer Cascades-bjergkæden, presses den opad, afkøles og kondenseres til skyer, som snart efter afgiver deres fugt som nedbør. Dette fører til regnlæ for Columbia River Basin i det østlige Washington – så Cascades-bjergkædens vestlige side modtager årligt flere end 80 tommer nedbør, mens klimaet 50 mil mod øst er efterladt i ørkenlignende forhold. Yakima Valley nær de østlige udløbere fra Cascades-bjergkæden modtager 1/10 af det nedbør, som rammer de vestlige bjergsider. Cascades-bjergkæden er desuden ansvarlig for Columbia Basins kontinentalklima, fordi den blokerer for, at den maritime luft kan bevæge sig indlands. Vintrene er dog ikke så ekstremt kolde, som de er længere indlands: Colorado Rockies nordøst fra Columbia Basin beskytter regionen mod isnende polarluft. Det er koldt, men vinplanterne kan overleve, hvis avleren er vagtsom, og vingården er placeret korrekt. Timing er desuden en essentiel faktor: hvis temperaturen dykker for tidligt, før vinplanterne er hærdet til vinteren, vil kulden være langt mere skadende. Elevation og beliggenhed spiller en enorm rolle for at modvirke kulden og maksimere sollyseksponering. I det sydcentrale Washington er Columbia Basins lavtliggende topografi præget af bjergkamme fra øst mod vest – et område kendt blandt geologer som Yakima Fold Belt, der omfatter en stor del af Washingtons vingårdsagerjord. Disse bjergkamme – eller antiklinaler – kan nå op på 4.000 fod, mens dalbundene (synklinaler) mellem dem sjældent når 1.000 fod over havoverfladen. Formationerne er et resultat af tektonisk kompression under den miocæne epoke: med tiden er antiklinalerne foldet opad, og synklinalerne er opstået mellem dem, som jordskorpen er komprimeret. I en peropde flød ancestrale flode gennem de tiltagende antiklinaler, hvilket skabte vandhuller, indtil deres udløb blev omdigireret. I dag hæmmer disse antiklinale bjergkamme, gennemsyret af eroderede vandhuller, luftstrømmen, hvilket udmunder i et temperaturinversionslag som indsnævret, kølig luft i synklinalerne, der ikke kan undslippe. Dalbunde som de i Yakima Valley og Walla Walla Valley oplever derfore mere frigid frost, større tempertaturudsving og lavere vintertemperaturer. Ved en højere elevation, dvs. højere end 1.000 fod, har vingårdene bedre forhold – vækstgraddage, temperaturer og frostfrie dage tiltager typisk med elevationen i det østlige Washington. Beliggenheden fastslår dens signifikans: de vingårde, som ligger på sydsiden af de antiklinale bjergkamme i AVA’er som Red Mountain, Wahluke Slope og Horse Heaven Hills, er de varmeste og modtager mest sollys blandt alle gårdene i Washington. At overleve vinteren Vinplanterne får læ fra den værste frost ved højere elevation, mens vindyrkningsteknikker som Dual Trunk og begravede vinstokke også fungerer som "forsikring" i de værste vintre. Hvis en vinplante uddør i kulden, kan rodægte vinplanter vokse ud igen, men et års høst vil gå tabt. Dual Trunk-teknikken og begravede rør modvirker sådanne tab og kan potentielt lede til uforstyrret høst. Med Dual Trunk-teknikken, som anvendes i hele Washington, opsætter avlerne to separate rækker af samme vinplante parallelt én-to tommer fra hinanden. Ifølge vindyrkeren Brian McCormick fra Memaloose kan "vinteren statistisk beskadige én række, men ikke begge, selvom de i princippet gror samme sted." Vinplanter er særligt modtagelige over for krongalle efter en hård omgang frost - med to rækker halveres avlernes risiko for at miste deres vinproduktion dét år. Alternativt kan avlerne begrave vinstokke i jorden vinteren over. Hvis kronelaget dør i løbet af vinteren, kan avleren trække vinstokken op fra jorden og stadigvæk få en høst det følgende år. Denne teknik anvendes typisk for svagere vinplanter. Disse dyrkningsteknikker, højere elevation og kunstvanding efter høsten styrker Washingtons vinifera-vingårde og vinindustrien generelt i løbet af den lange vinter. Red Willow-vingården, Yakima Valley AVA. TILBAGE TIL TOPPEN ILD OG VAND: FORSTÅ WASHINGTONS VINGÅRDSGEOLOGI To afgørende geologiske processer har formet Columbia Basins grundfjeld: en periode med hyppige og kraftige vulkanudbrud for flere millioner år siden samt de nutidige Missoulaoversvømmelser. Lad os starte med vulkanerne: fra 17 til seks millioner år siden, i løbet af den Miocæne epoke, strømmede hundredvis af basalt lava fra revner gennem hele det østlige Washington og vestlige Idaho, som dækkede et område op 65.000 acre og dermed begge stater samt det nordlige Oregon. Den samlede mængde af periodens vulkanudbrud overgik 700 kubikmil – verdens største strømning nogensinde dokumenteret – og jorden sank under den basalte lavas vægt. På det dybeste punkt i Pasco Basin når det basalte lavalag 12.000 fod under jordens overflade, og meget lidt vides om skorpen derunder. På en indirekte måde spiller dette basalte grundfjeld en vigtig rolle for den moderne vinkvalitet: det formede grundlaget, der senere blev komprimeret til antiklinaler, som de ancestrale floder forsøgte at passere gennem. Man kan sige, at Columbia Basins opløftede grundfjeld faktisk påvirker vinen grundet et subtilt skiftende klima; ved at facilitere de rette omstændigheder til temperaturinversioner, varme ved elevation og så videre! Dets gennemsyrende indvirkning som bidragyder af mineraler til optagelse i vinplanterne er en anden debat, der har at gøre med dybden. Når vinplanternes rødder
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