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Strategic Culture and Regional Security Governance: the Agency of Regional Secondary Powers in the Creation of the South American Defence Council

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Strategic Culture and Regional Security Governance: the Agency of Regional Secondary Powers in the Creation of the South American Defence Council STRATEGIC CULTURE AND REGIONAL SECURITY GOVERNANCE: THE AGENCY OF REGIONAL SECONDARY POWERS IN THE CREATION OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN DEFENCE COUNCIL By BRUNO DALPONTE A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Politics and International Studies School of Government and Society College of Social Sciences University of Birmingham November 2018 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the roles Argentina, Chile, and Colombia played in the creation of the South American Defence Council (SADC), resorting to the conceptual framework of Strategic Culture to tap into the meanings and motives behind state behaviour. By doing this, it brings forward an aspect often neglected by the existing literature, emphasizing the role of agents in shaping the social structure within which they interact. The SADC, one of the first sectorial councils created within the Union of South American States (UNASUR, in Spanish), is an innovative governance mechanism in South America devoted to fostering dialogue, policy coordination, and cooperation in the defence sector. The significance of its creation cannot be overstated, bringing together a dozen countries with diverse security and defence concerns, material capabilities, ideational commitments, and diverging political agendas. However, the existing research on its creation has almost exclusively resorted to (sub)systemic approaches that examine structural incentives and constrains present at the moment of its creation. The argument of this thesis is that, in order to understand regional security dynamics in a more nuanced and comprehensive way, it is necessary to escape the temptation of approaching the topic exclusively from a regional-level perspective. Instead, the present research proposes a way by which the creation of the SADC can be studied in terms of the impact that the agency of individual states has had in shaping the South American security environment. In order to do this, it engages with different elements of the constructivist research agenda, particularly so with the notion that agents and structures are permanently immersed in a process of mutual co-constitution. Acknowledgements As anyone that has gone through the process of writing a doctoral thesis will likely know, this is a process that requires the constant support of a wide network of people, including supervisors, colleagues, family, and friends. For such a solitary endeavour as doing a PhD can be, it is also true that it can only be truly realized and enjoyed with the help provided by those around us. I would not have been able to be where I am now without the help, advice, encouragement, and support provided by my two supervisors: Dr. Marco A. Vieira and Dr. Rita Floyd. They were a source of inspiration, challenging me to try and excel at my work, but also the most amazing source of stability and reassurance when things looked bleak. I will always have the greatest respect and appreciation for you. Saying thank you doesn´t come even close to what you deserve. Dr. Adam Quinn also deserves part of the credit, having chaired two of my yearly reviews, carefully reading my submissions, and providing constructive feedback that helped me move forward in more than one occasion. Similarly, Dr. Jorge Battaglino has always encouraged me to do better, reading draft chapters and helping me with his advice and support. My research takes great inspiration in his own work. I must also thank Dr. Marina Vitelli, Dr. Roberto Durán and Dr. Lance Davies, who read draft versions of different chapters, providing valuable and constructive feedback. I would also like to extend my sincere gratitude to Carolina Frías and Diego Gajardo for providing me with the warmest of homes during my research stay in Santiago de Chile, and Germán Prieto for opening the doors of his apartment in Bogota. The three of you made my fieldwork one of the most enjoyable experiences I have ever had. The four years spent in Birmingham would not have been the same without the friends and colleagues I found along the way. The “10th Floor crowd”: Samuel Warner, Mattias Hjort, Francisco Moller, Timea Nochta, Maren Rohe, Frida Estrella, Conor McKenna, John Evemy, Kate Schenck, Darcy Luke, Melany Cruz, and Anselm Feldman (as well as our honorary members, Eva Fringi and Manu Padda). The Latin American community: Cristina Villanueva, Jorge Bouchot, Marcela Ávila, Jorge Ravagli, Rosario Quevedo, Gerardo Arriaga, and Tania Campos. Maria Losada and Raúl Pacheco. Mercedes Vázquez and Joaquín Garavaglia. These are just some of the great people I have had the pleasure to meet over the last few years, and I have the distinct honour to be able to call them my friends. You´ve become part of an extended family. I must give a special place here to my parents, Laura Sago and Gustavo Dalponte, without whose encouragement I would not have been able to dream of the possibility of doing this. Thanks for showing me how to enjoy life, I love you. Sofía and Guido, my siblings, have always been a part of that too. Keep doing what you love. My late grandparents, Ony Sago and Catalina Liberman, also deserve to be here. It was thanks to them and their eagerness to give their grandkids access to the best education possible that I even considered the possibility of pursuing a postgraduate degree abroad in the first place. Finally, this would have never been the same without the constant company, support, love, laughs, help, and push I have got from my partner: Maria Laura del Rio. Malala. I don´t have the words to express the gratitude and love I will always have for you. Thank you for being part of my life and joining me in this adventure “across the pond”. The sacrifices you´ve made so that I could pursue this are far more meaningful than anything I could write. I´m lucky to have you with me. I love with all my heart. This thesis is dedicated to you. i Table of Contents List of abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... iv List of tables and graphs ............................................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 General considerations and goal of the research project ..................................................... 1 Brief description of the SADC ...................................................................................................... 2 Expected contribution, working propositions, and research question ...................... 8 Methodological considerations ..................................................................................................... 12 Epistemological commitments, data collection and interpretation ........................... 12 Case selection .................................................................................................................................. 17 Data collection and analysis ...................................................................................................... 23 Structure of the Thesis ..................................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 2. Literature Review ................................................................................................................... 37 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 37 The role of Brazilian leadership in the creation of the SADC ............................................ 41 Brazil and South America: The region as a global trampoline? ................................... 44 Defence Industries and developmentalism ......................................................................... 47 Shortcomings of Brazil-centred explanations to the creation of the SADC ............. 48 Ideational commonalities in the creation of the SADC ........................................................ 52 The SADC as a result of a common regional agenda ........................................................ 54 Shared regional identity .............................................................................................................. 66 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 72 Chapter 3. Regional security environment ......................................................................................... 77 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 77 South America as an International Society ..............................................................................
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